This document discusses the four fundamental forces in nuclear physics - gravitation, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. It describes nuclear fusion and half-life decay. It also explains the types of particles involved in different types of nuclear decay such as alpha, beta, and gamma particles and emissions.

1. Nuclear Physics:
Nuclear Fusion, Half-Life Decay, Fundamental Forces,
Alpha/Beta/Gamma Particles
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2. Brief Overview:
Four Fundamental Forces:
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3. Brief Overview:
Four Fundamental Forces:
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4. Brief Overview:
Four Fundamental Forces:
• Gravitation
• Electromagnetism
• Strong Nuclear
•Weak Nuclear
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6. Attraction by force proportional to masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
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8. Electric charges attract or repel one
another with a force inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them
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10. ~Violation of Symmetry
Decay through weak interaction
~Electroweak Theory
The first type is called the "charged current interaction" because it is mediated by
particles that carry an electric charge (the W+ or W− bosons), and is responsible
for the beta decay phenomenon. The second type is called the "neutral current
interaction" because it is mediated by a neutral particle, the Z boson.
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14. Nuclear Fusion
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15. Nuclear Fusion
Fusion of deuterium with tritium creating helium-4, freeing a neutron, and
releasing 17.59 MeV of energy, as an appropriate amount of mass changing
forms to appear as the kinetic energy of the products, in agreement with
kinetic E = Δmc2, where Δm is the change in rest mass of particles.
1u0 + 235U92 --> 236U*92 --> FF1 + FF2 + (2-5u)
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16. Half-life decay
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17. Half-life decay
The amount of time it takes
for the substance to have
decayed halfway (or to have
lost half of its’... substance).
That simple.
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18. Alpha Decay/Emission
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19. Alpha Decay/Emission
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20. Beta Decay/Emission
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21. Beta Decay/Emission
Electron or positron (anti-electron) emission... to
obtain the optimal ratio or protons to neutrons.
Electron emission is Beta Minus (β−) and positron
emission is Beta Plus (β+).
anti-neutrino
electron neutrino
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22. Gamma Decay/Emission
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23. Gamma Decay/Emission
“The mechanism is that when a nucleus emits an α or β particle, the daughter nucleus is usually left in an excited
state. It can then move to a lower energy state by emitting a gamma ray, in much the same way that an atomic electron
can jump to a lower energy state by emitting a photon. Emission of a gamma ray from an excited nuclear state typically
requires only 10−12 seconds, and is thus nearly instantaneous. Gamma decay from excited states may also follow nuclear
reactions such as neutron capture, nuclear fission, or nuclear fusion.”
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"Weak Interaction." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 May 2013. Web. 28 May 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction>.
Works Cited
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