hi this is Hariom nd i have adding recently updated AV aids and i hope this is very helpful for us

1. BY HARIOM GANGWAR
MSC NURSING IstYEAR
PSYCHIATRIC DEPART.

2. Introduction :
 Audio-visual (AV) aids, or instructional aids, or audio-visual
media, communication technology, educational or
instructional media, and learning resources are synonymous
terms. Earlier, the term used was audio-visual aids; with the
advancement in the means of communication and that of
technology, educators coined these new terms.
 The use of newer terms “educational technology” or
“instructional technology” is primarily due to the dynamic
expansion of programmed learning, computer assisted
instruction (CAI) and educational television. Research
effectiveness of AV aids in teaching–learning has been
researched extensively and findings suggest that learning is
directly proportional to the number of senses which are
stimulated with the help of AV aids during teaching–learning
process.

3.  If I hear I forget, I see I remember, I do I
learn —Chinese proverb
 Once writing is equal to ten times reading;
once teaching is equal to ten times writings
— Unknown

4. 1. AV aids are “all material used in the classroom or in other
teaching situations, to facilitate the understanding of the
written or spoken words”
—Dent
2. “Audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which
communication of ideas between persons and groups in
various teaching and training situations is helped”
—Edgar Dale
3. “Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to
make the learning experience more concrete, more
realistic and more dynamic”
—Kinder S. James
4. “Audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images
which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning”
—Burton

5. Use of AV aids serves some important purposes in teaching–learning
process which are as follows -
 Clear images: clear images are formed when we see, hear, touch, taste
and smell as our experiences are direct, concrete and more or less
permanent.
 Antidote to the disease of verbal instructions: they help to reduce
verbalism.They help in giving clear concepts, and thus help to bring
accuracy in learning.
 Vicarious experience: it has always been seen that the first-hand
experience is the best type of educative experience. However,
sometimess it is neither practicable nor desirable to provide such
experience to pupils. Substituted experiences with the help of AV aids
may be provided under such conditions.

6.  Variety: more chalk or talk does not help. AV aids give
variety and provide different tools to the teacher.
 Helpful in attracting attention: it helps the teacher in
providing proper environment for teaching and
learning.
 Conservation of energy and time: it saves a good
deal of energy and time of both the teachers and
students as most of the concepts and phenomena can
be easily classified, understood and assimilated with
the help of AV aids.
 Realism: it provides a touch of reality to the learning
situation.

7.  Encouragement to healthy classroom
interaction: it encourages healthy classroom
interaction for effective realization of teaching–
learning objectives.
 Positive transfer of learning and training: it
helps in the learning and solving of real-life
problems by making possible and appropriate
positive transfer of learning.
 Best motivators: they are best motivators.The
students work with more interest and zeal and
are more attentive.

8. While using AV aids in the classroom, certain principles should be
kept in mind to enhance its effectiveness to facilitate learning-
 The teacher should be well prepared with the particular AV aid
which he or she is supposed to use with a particular lesson. For
example, if a teacher is supposed to use transparency as an AV aid
then he should prepare it in advance, systematically arrange the
transparencies in order and keep it ready to use in the classroom.
 Check in advance whether the slide/LCD/filmstrip projector is
available in the classroom and is functioning.
 Make sure that technical support is available whenever required.
 Selection of the AV aid should be as per the requirement of the
content to be presented to the students.
 Make sure that every student is able to see or hear the AV aid
without any difficulty.

9.  AV aid should be prepared as per the prevailing
guidelines for that particular aid and it should be
attractive enough to draw the students’
attention.
 As far as possible, students should be involved in
preparation and preservation of AV aids.
 AV aid should be economical.
 Principle of stimulus variation and feedback
reinforcement should also be considered while
preparing and selecting an AV aid.

10.  The teacher has to play a key role in storage,
borrowing, retrieval and monitoring of the use of AV
aids. At the college level, a nursing faculty can
manage these aids in AV aids room which is an
essential part of a college of nursing as per Indian
nursing council norms.
 Models and charts can be permanently installed on
the walls in the particular classroom in which they are
supposed to be used; for example, anatomical models
charts can be placed in first-year classroom. Similarly,
models of pelvis and fetus can be placed in final-year
B. Sc classroom.

12. AV aids can be borrowed or purchased from
outside agencies, if available.The teacher has to
be knowledgeable about these agencies and
departments. Some of the sources of AV aids are
as follows.
 Educational agencies (NCERT).
 Professional organizations.
 Non-governmental organizations.
 Voluntary organizations.
 Commercial producers (Pearson Publication,
Lippincott's Ovid SP etc.).

13. AV aids can be categorized into three broad
categories, that is, audio aids, visual aids and
audio-visual aids.These categories can be
further classified as listed inTable -

15. 1. Blackboard or Green Board-
The blackboard or green board is the commonest and oldest visual aid
used for teaching. It is so commonly used that it has become a
compulsory part of a classroom.Guidelines for the effective use of
blackboard in a classroom are as follows.
 Make sure that board is clean before starting the class; erase any
material as it will distract the students.
 Divide the board into two equal halves and start writing from the first
half of the board; when it is full, continue writing on the second half;
when the second half of the board is full, then erase the first half and so
on .This writing and erasing sequence will not interrupt the students
from taking notes from the blackboard.
 Write only the key points that make the skeleton of your lesson. Don’t
overcrowd the board with too much written content on it.
 Develop the concepts of your lesson on the board as you progress
through your lesson.

16.  The size of the written letters on the blackboard should be large enough so that
every student can read it. Ensure their legibility from the last row before the
lecture.
 Use white or yellow colour chalk for writing on the board as other colors may not
be clearly visible to the back-row students.
 It is better to write in bold letters because thin letters are difficult to read.
 Use sufficient pressure while writing on board.
 Avoid writing on those areas of the board which may not be visible to all
students, such as the sides and the bottom of the board.
 Switch on the light above the board to ensure good visibility of the board. Avoid
direct glare on the board.
 Avoid speaking while writing on the board.
 Use coloured chalks to highlight or differentiate.
 Stand clear of the written word.
 Don’t show your back for a prolonged time while writing on the blackboard.
 Clean it completely after the class is over.

18. Advantages of the Blackboard
1. Easy to use.
2. Electricity is not a necessity for its usage.
3. Cheap and readily available in most of the
classrooms.
Disadvantages of the Blackboard
1. Requires good calligraphy skills to use it effectively.
2. The written material cannot be stored and reused.
3. If good quality chalk is not used it may make your
clothes and hands dirty

19.  A flannel board is simply a board covered with flannel
which is a soft cloth that is made of cotton or wool.
Flannel board can be used as a visual aid as it
facilitates placement of shapes, symbols, and cut outs
on it. It helps the students in comprehension by its
attractiveness and stimulating material presented on
it, also it brings out creativity and interest among
students. It can serve as an effective visual aid for
smaller group of students.
 The board is covered with felt or heavy flannel that
will provide a background base for cut outs or shapes.
Black and light-blue colours are considered to be
better for flannel board.

20. Advantages
1. Provides a scope for creativity and originality.
2. Students are more attracted and learn the content on the
board with interest.
3. Contents of the board can be preserved for a long time
and can be reused.
Disadvantages
1. It is time consuming to prepare the content to be
displayed on the flannel board.
2. Materials have to be adapted to make it useful for flannel
board.

21. It is the board on which current news, study material and quizzes
etc., can be displayed by the students .It is a visual aid which
stimulates the students to prepare and display interesting learning
material for the class.
It provides a unique teaching–learning experience to the students
and results in active learning as students are responsible for
preparing and displaying the learning material on the board.The
teacher must delegate the responsibility to the head student to
regularly check and maintain the bulletin board.
A teacher can also use it in a classroom to display illustration, steps
of a process, photographs, newspaper cuttings relevant to the
lesson content and any other creative work to enhance student
learning.

23. Guidelines for Effective Use of Bulletin Board
I. A bulletin board should be installed at a well-lit place.
II. Neutral colour should be used as background color of the
bulletin board.
III. It should not be over crowded, else it will lose its
attractiveness.
IV. Items should be displayed creatively, systematically and
logically which will create an appeal and attract attention
of the students.
V. A suitable title should be given to each group of items
placed on the board.
VI. Replace the items after a period of time with newer ones.

24. Advantages
1. Cheap and effective visual aid, if used
properly.
2. Material displayed on the board can be
stored in files and reused whenever required.
3. Stimulates the student to search for or
prepare creative work to display on board.
4. Useful aid to display various announcements
and classroom rules.

25. Flash card, as the name indicates, is a card which is made of hard
or compact paper of varying size on which brief content or
illustration is displayed. A series of cards are sequentially arranged
and flashed one by one for a few seconds in front of a small group
of students to depict a concept or step of process or list of clinical
manifestations of a disease, which attracts the students’ attention
and enriches their learning experience.
The teacher should hold the card on the chest or use a folding case
to show the card one by one to the students while making sure
that each student is able to see the card.The teacher should
provide running commentary of the content while showing the
card.Ten to twelve cards for one talk can be used.The messages
on the card should be simple and brief line drawings or
photographs, etc..

26. .... In nursing education flash cards are frequently used in the clinical
setting during case presentation, drug presentation or during
planned health teaching. However, it can also be used in
classroom teaching, provided that the size of the group is small.
Advantages of Flash Cards
1. Easy to prepare and use.
2. Portable, so can be used whenever required.
3. Effective aid to teach a complex process.
Disadvantages
1. Cannot be used for larger group of students because the size of
card is not large enough to be seen by all students.
2. Time consuming to prepare the cards.

27. It is made of compact sheets or large pads of papers which may include
picture maps, cartoons, handmade diagrams and photographs, etc.
A flip chart is used as a visual aid in which information is provided in
sequence with the help of clipped compact sheets which are arranged in
sequence, and each paper sheet is flipped up after it has been shown to
students.
6. Poster
Posters are a widely used visual aid to communicate messages to the
mass.A poster should be dramatic to attract attention of the target
group with any prominent or central feature standing out sharply.

28. You might have seen posters of pulse polio program; can you recall
what the message in that poster was?Was it too long or too short?
It was a short easily communicable message “do boond zindagi
ki”.
It is noteworthy that many students wrongly consider poster and
chart as synonyms. Posters are usually used for communication
with very large groups and the message on it is short and crisp
while charts rare used for small groups with slightly more content
written in technically complex language on it. A poster is usually
prepared on a very large size tuff sheet and is displayed at a well-
lit place where most of the students or the target group can see it.
A lot of creativity and imagination is required to prepare a good
poster.
One picture is worth a thousand words: Chinese Proverb

29. Advantages
1. Effective mean to communicate with large groups of people.
2. Attracts attention of the audience.
3. Does not require detailed study of the topic to prepare a good
poster.
4. Relatively cheap and easy to use.
Disadvantages
1. It does not communicate enough information.
2. May become ineffective when it becomes part of the routine
environment.
3. Time consuming and requires a lot of creative work and
imagination to prepare a good poster.

30. Charts are an effective and simple visual aid frequently used by nursing
students and teachers to explain steps of a process, a concept or for
comparison of two contrasting ideas that are too complex to explain in
words alone .
Similarly, a teacher can draw some pictorial on a chart to facilitate
learning of a difficult concept.The one difference between a chart and a
poster is that while using the chart, the teacher has to explain the
content which is written or drawn on it in technical language; in contrast,
in the poster the message is clear and concise and self explanatory.
Guideline to Prepare Charts
 Select a good quality chart of appropriate size (20″ × 30″ or 30″ × 40″) and
type (table chart, wall chart, flow chart) as per the requirement.
 Do not use a number of different color shades unless it is a must.

31.  Give a clear and concise heading to the chart which describes what
the chart is meant to depict. For example, “Clinical manifestations
of congestive heart failure”, “Pathophysiology of MI”.The heading
should be written in sufficiently large size letters that is eye-
catching.
 Prepare a dark or light background as per your requirement and
accordingly select the colour of text and other material which will
be presented on the chart.
 Use imagination and creativity to provide good color
combinations in the chart while depicting contents or pictorial
material. Contents should be arranged systematically.
 Enhance the esthetic look of the chart by systematically
presenting information on it.
 Display the chart at a well-lit place and at appropriate height and
distance from where students can see it easily.

32. Advantages
 Easy to prepare and handle.
 It is portable, therefore can be used in any setting for a small
group of students.
 It is not costly, hence can be used widely to explain comparison,
process, and sequence of events.
 Can be reused when required.
 Easy to store.
Disadvantages
 Useful to teach only small group of students, not for large groups.
 May not attract students’ attention if it is not carefully planned,
designed and is jumbled with information.

33. Graphs are visual aids that are most commonly used to present
statistical data as well as the trends of certain characteristics.
Undergraduate and postgraduate nursing students use this aid to
present their research findings before research committees.
There are certain types of graphs that can be used to depict a
group of data.
Pie Graph
It is also known as circle diagram.The data are presented thorough
the sections of a circle.The total frequencies or value is equated to
360 degrees and then the angles for the corresponding
components are calculated. After determining their angle, the
required sectors are drawn in the circle (Figure next).

38. A cartoon is humorous caricature which gives an
obvious message indirectly. It involves the
features of objects and people which are
embroidered along with some general symbols.
The drawing in a cartoon should be simple and
easily understandable.
The symbols used should be familiar and
represent a concept or idea to which students
can react intellectually.

39. 1. Objects
An object is a three-dimensional visual aid. It is a sample of a real thing, which is
visible and tangible to the students. For example, a syringe, thermometer, Swan–
Ganz catheter and stethoscope are objects.
The object can be used as a real visual teaching aid to explain the various parts or
the structure and its proper use. Students become excited and attentive when
they see the sample of a real thing, which leads to permanent learning about the
focused instrument, item or material. Sometimes, it is difficult to present the real
object in the classroom because of some constraining factors, for example, the
object is costly, inaccessible and fragile. In this situation it is better to use
a replica instead of the real object.
 Replica: It is the exact copy of the real object.The size, shape and feel of the
replica are the same as the real object. For example, fetus dummy, pelvis,
skeleton system, etc.
 Facsimile: It is the same as a fax. It is the true copy or duplicate of the written or
printed document.

40.  A diorama is a three-dimensional arrangement of an
object, like cut outs or models, to illustrate a central idea,
theme or concept.These objects and models are arranged
in a show case which is like a big box with a glass covering
and background printed with a shade or a scene.
 It is an effective AV aid to teach the appearance of actual
things which are impossible to bring to the class room. It
also provides opportunity to show live things in the
classroom, e.g., an aquarium.The major disadvantage of
dioramas is that it is costly to prepare and sometimes it
may communicate false information to the students if it is
not a replica of the actual thing.

41. A specimen is a three-dimensional visual aid which is most commonly
used in teaching of anatomy, zoology and botany. It is a representative of
the whole thing. For example, a specimen of human lung or heart is
representative of all human lungs or hearts in terms of structure and
function, hence can be used for the study of the human lung or heart.
Likewise, a handful of black gram or rice or wheat is representative of
their grain species and can be used for the study of the same.
Advantages
 Specimens provide first-hand information to the students, hence they
are an effective visual aid widely used in study of anatomy.
Disadvantages
 Very costly teaching aid as it requires organ donation to get a specimen
in an anatomy lab.
 Difficult and costly to preserve and store the specimen

42. Models are three-dimensional (height, width and depth) visual aids which
are not same in size, shape or function of the real object. Although
models are not the same in size and shape or other physical parameters
to the real objects, still they imitate the real object, and hence can be
used as effective visual aids. Models are more creative and attractive,
and therefore catch the eye of the students easily.
In nursing sciences models are most frequently used to teach the
physical setup of an institution, for example, water sanitation plant,
hospital, cath lab etc., or to teach structures of various body organs, for
example, model of heart, lung, kidney etc., or to teach a procedure, for
example, model of three-bottle water-seal drainage system.
Advantages
 It is a useful visual aid for small as well as large group sizes.
 Models can be used to reduce very large objects and enlarge very small
objects to a size that can be conveniently observed by the students.
 It can be helpful to teach anatomy, nursing procedures and physical
setup of various departments in a hospital.

43.  Help to stimulate reality when it is not possible to access
the real object or replica.
 Models are useful for demonstrating the interior
structures of objects or systems with a clarity that is often
not possible with two-dimensional representations.
 Models can be stored and reused whenever required.
Disadvantages
 Can convey wrong information to the students if not
prepared carefully.
 Costly and time consuming to prepare good models.
 Require a lot of space and caution to store the model.

44. Puppets have been used as a visual aid for teaching in India and China for the last
4000 years. Puppets are an inanimate object used in the art of puppetry,
popularly known as “Kathputli” in India. It is a three-dimensional AV aid usually
made of wood but any other material can be also be used to prepare it.
A puppet enacts a particular character in a puppetry show, which can be planned
to teach some principles, attitude toward specific health-related issues like
HIV/AIDS and contraception in specific communities. History of nursing and
changing trends in nursing education can also be taught with the use of puppets.
It requires a well-written script to make the teaching effective and interesting.
Students learn by viewing the performance of the puppets during the show as
well as by making the puppets, and acting as puppeteers.
Puppets can be of various types; for example, hand/glove puppet, string puppet,
rod puppet, shadow puppet. String puppets are very popular in north-west part
of India while rod and shadow puppets are common in southern India.

45. Advantages
 Students learn by doing (making puppets, script
writing, and organizing puppet shows).
 Puppets can be stored and reused.
 Puppet play provides the opportunity to the students
to get comfortable in situations that are unfamiliar or
challenging.
Disadvantages
 Time consuming and difficult to make good puppets.
 Requires special training to become good puppeteers.

46. 1. Leaflets
Printed material, which includes leaflets, pamphlets and magazines are the major
means of conveying propaganda. Leaflets were initially used in military settings
to communicate a message rapidly among soldiers.
A leaflet is a written or pictorial message on a single sheet of paper that is printed
on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths; however, it has no
standard size, shape, or format. While selecting the size, shape and weight of the
paper, the primary consideration is that the paper accommodates the message
and be easy to distribute.The most commonly recommended size of leaflet is
6″×3″.The major factors which affect the leaflet sizes are the length of message,
artwork required, and the purpose of the leaflet. A properly developed and
designed message on a leaflet can have a deep and lasting effect on the learner,
and hence it is commonly used as an effective AV aid in a teaching–learning
situation.
Guidelines for Making Effective Leaflets
 The teacher must persuade the students with the reasonableness of the message
so that the reader will be motivated either to pass it on to others or to relay the
message by word of mouth.

47.  The heading of the leaflet must be brief, summarizing the theme by
using short and effective words.
 To gain the interest of a target audience within the first few words, the
first sentence of the text should contain the essence of the message.
 While using pictures in leaflets the picture and the text must
complement each other.
Advantages
 A leaflet can be passed from student to student without distorting the
information on it.
 It allows for the use of photographs and graphic illustrations which can
be easily understood by all level of students.
 It is permanent and can be stored and retrieved whenever required.
 It can be useful to communicate messages for a very large as well as
small group of students.
 It reinforces learning by providing chances of rereading as and when
required by the students

48. Disadvantages
 Dissemination of the leaflet is time consuming and costly.
 It is less timely than other means of communication.
 It can be altered by overprinting.
 Development and design of effective printed material requires trained and knowledgeable
personnel.
2. Pamphlet
 The pamphlet has been used for centuries as an economical AV aid for broad
distribution of information. A pamphlet is a booklet which is unbound or without
a hard cover. It typically consists of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle
stapled at the crease to make a simple book. In order to count as a pamphlet,
UNESCO requires a publication to have at least 5 but not more than 48 pages,
exclusive of the cover pages; a longer item is a book.
 Pamphlets can contain anything from information on emergency management
of heart attack to the steps of basic life support, warning signs of cancer and
warning signs of stroke etc. It may also describe particular drugs, steps of some
emergency conditions which will help the students to learn by providing them
rapid access to the material as and when required.

49. 1. Overhead Projector
Overhead projector (OHP) is one of the most frequently used visual aid in nursing
education which has replaced the blackboard in most of the classrooms.As the
name indicates, it is a projecting device that is made of a lamp, lens and mirror
arrangement which projects material, which is written or drawn on a transparent
plastic sheet (transparency), on a screen (Figure )
The size of the plastic sheet is usually 25 × 20 cm. Although it is not a
sophisticated instrument like the data projector but it still requires some
guidelines to be followed to make it an effective teaching aid.
Guidelines for Overhead Projector
 Make sure that every student in the class can see the screen easily without any
obstacle.The OHP should be set up for optimum image size and focused before
the class starts.
 The stage of OHP where the transparency is placed should be clean so that it will
not obscure the images of the transparency.

51.  Follow the general rule of one idea-one transparency.
 The transparency must be covered with a opaque sheet while putting it on the OHP stage then
progressively disclose one point at a time.
 While using a transparency don’t talk to the screen, but talk to the students and use a pointer on
the OHP stage to point out on the transparency.
 Be creative while preparing a transparency; for example, to build up a complex diagram three or
four transparencies can be used as overlays on the original transparency or you may employ
cutouts to build visuals in stages.
 Radiographs can be projected successfully with the overhead projector. For this purpose, the
classroom must be darkened.
 Switch off the projector light when you are not using the OHP because the bright screen will
distract the students and also it is not good for the health of the OHP (projector may overheat).
 Black, blue and green colors are considered good for transparency preparation. Avoid yellow,
orange and red (not projected well by OHP).

52.  Not necessary to write text content in runningCAPITAL LETTERS.
 Write in legible letters.
 While preparing transparencies, follow the rule of seven or eight lines per transparency and seven or
eight words per line.
Advantages of theTransparency
 Transparencies can be prepared well in advance and can be stored and reused whenever required.
 Progressive disclosure of a transparency is helpful to gradually build up the concept under study.
 Material can be prepared by the teachers themselves.
 It is a time-saving and cost-effective visual aid.
Disadvantages of theTransparency
 Novice teachers may feel difficulty in proper use of transparency.

53.  Creativity and imagination is required to make good transparency.
 Students may read on the transparency if the teacher exposed it entirely in the beginning,
creating disharmony in what the teacher is teaching and what the student is reading.
 Difficult to handle and preserve the transparency.
 Electricity is a must for its use.
 Teachers usually tend to talk to the screen instead of students.
 Inappropriate teacher's position may cause difficulty in watching the transparency.
 Printed transparencies which teachers use because of lack of time to prepare a transparency
cannot be considered as good approach.
 Students require notes or handouts if class is taken with the help of transparency because most of
their time is spent in reading the transparency.
 Not useful for students with visual impairment and dyslexia.

54. A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single graphical image is placed or
photographed. Slides are an important visual aid which is commonly used to provide high-quality images
to the learner with the help of a slide projector. It projects still images in sequence on the screen which
enriches the learning experience of the students. Slide projectors and filmstrip projectors are AV devices
which are used to project slides and filmstrips on the screen.
Slides are small-format photographic transparencies in color or black and white which are projected with
the help of slide projectors. On the other hand, filmstrip projectors project images contained in
filmstrips, which are a series of small slides photographed in permanent sequence on a 35mm or 16mm
film, either in color or in black and white.
Each film strip usually contains 12 to 18 films in a sequence.They are less expensive, easily handled and
can be stored for future use.They are adaptable for use in every subject area.There are two types of
slides which are as follows.
 Photographic slides: they may be black and white or colored.The size may vary between 2″ × 2″ and 3″ ×
4″.
 Handmade slides: this type of slides can be made by using different types of materials (acetate sheets,
cellophane, etched glass etc.).
Advantages
 Attracts the attention of the students.

55.  Makes learning easy.
 It is a portable visual aid, can be used in variety
of settings.
Disadvantages
 It is a costly visual aid.
 Handling of the slide and slide projector is
difficult.

56. 1. Public Address System
Public address (PA) systems consist of a microphone or input source, a mixer amplifier and one or
more loudspeakers to convert electrical signals into sound. Simple PA systems of this type often
provide 50 to 200 watts of power and are often used in small venues such as college auditoriums,
lecture theater and big classrooms to make teacher's voice audible to the students. A sound
source, such as a computer, may be connected to a PA system so that audio or video can be
played through the system.
PA systems with a larger number of speakers are widely used in institutional and commercial
buildings, to read announcements or declare states of emergency. Intercom systems which are
often used in schools also have microphones in each room to send replies to the central office.
2. Radio
A radio is an auditory aid which is used to present teaching material in the form of voice only. Its
primary purpose is to entertain public but it can be exploited as a teaching aid.The broadcasting
of radio programs is done by “Akashwani” center, which reaches the public direct in their homes.
As a teaching aid it can supplement classroom teaching and may be useful in improving
pronunciation and language of the students.

57. A tape recorder is a portable electronic device that can play pre-recorded sound as well as record
the sound on a magnetic tape. It provides functions to play, forward, rewind and pause a
particular tape. It can be used to teach verbal communication skills and counseling skills to the
nursing students. Nowadays, CD and DVD players have replaced the traditional tape recorder, as
they are more convenient and have a large storing capacity on a single CD-ROM or DVD-ROM.
VI. AudioVisual Aids
1. Multimedia
When two or more different types of media are used sequentially in a single instruction or for self-
paced learning package, the term multimedia is used. Using multimedia or multi-image, a large
amount of information can be passed across to students, and high interest can be created in
students. Furthermore, different media can be tailored towards different objectives outlined for
the lesson.
2. LCD Projector
LCD projector is the latest technological innovation which has revolutionized the world of AV
aids. It is a versatile teaching aid (multimedia) which is useful in almost all educational disciplines.
Content is projected with the help of a LCD projector, which can project everything on the screen,
whether it is

59. Advantages
 Attracts the attention of the students.
 Makes learning easy.
 Can use a variety of presentation modes.
Disadvantages
 It is costly and sophisticated equipment.
 Requires careful handling.
 It is not a portable device.
3. PowerPoint Slides
PowerPoint is a utility of Microsoft office which can provide high quality,
high-tech delivery of teaching materials through the use of slides on a
computer screen (Figure ). Being a versatile AV aid it can incorporate
anything, like pictures, audio, video, animation, text, graphs etc. on the
slides, thereby increasing the student interest and attention through
stimulus variation.

61. Guidelines to Make Effective PowerPoint Slides and Presentation
 Choose dark or light background of the slides as per your requirement.
 Select dark color font if your background is light and vice versa.
 Choose an appropriate layout for each slide as per the requirement (comparison, picture, video,
audio layout slide).
 Projected text should be large enough so that everybody in the classroom can see it without any
difficulty. Ideally, headline font size should be 36–44 font size and rest of the text should be in 32–
36 font size. It should never be less than 24 font size. Select Sans Serif font type as it is considered
best for PowerPoint presentations. All CAPITALIZED letters are difficult to read and should be
avoided.
 Use images to emphasize a particular point or concept but it should never be used just to occupy
free space on the slide. Images must be relevant to the content of the slide, otherwise it may
distract the students.
 Use simple animation whenever necessary, it is better to use it sparingly.
 Follow the rule of eight (eight lines in each slide, eight words in each line.)

62. Disadvantages
 It easily becomes a replacement for the presenter, not reinforcement.
 More chances of misuse; presenter may just read on from slides, spoiling the purpose of the AV
aid.
 The teacher may dare to take a class without enough preparation by putting all the content
material on the slides and just reading from it in the classroom.
Advantages of PowerPoint
 Greater flexibility in selection of slides and illustration of teaching points.
 Picture quality can be improved and pictures can also be edited as per requirement.
 Safe, clean and minimal storage space required.
 Textual information can be copied and retrieved any time and can be converted into hard copy.
 Capable to provide maximum stimulus variation, e.g., photographs interspersed with models and
data, audio, video and animation etc.
 Cartoon slides or fun slides can serve an educational purpose as well as lighten the teaching–
learning environment.
 Maintain a high level of interest in the lesson.
 Promote greater student participation.
 Can be used at all levels of learning.
 It is time-intensive to create PowerPoint slides but it is an investment which can easily be updated
and reused once teaching and learning patterns develop.

63. Films are AV aids which communicate through sound and sight simultaneously. It
blends pictures, colors, objects and graphs to suits its purpose. It may be fixed
filmstrips or slides, and motion picture films.
Types of Films
There are many types of films which are available commercially but the following
types are more frequently used as teaching aids.
 Instructional films: it pertains to specific instructional subjects and the duration
of a film is usually 10–20 minutes. Films division of government of India in
cooperation with ministry of education has produced many instructional films on
different subjects.
 Documentary films: it presents actual truthful material in a cinematically
interesting way.
 Discursive films: a topic or series of related topics are presented in a systematic,
logical way through this type of films.
 Drill films: useful to teach disaster drills to nursing students.

64. Advantages
 Direct the attention of the whole class to the screen and to the pictures and words on it.
 Can depict the situations which the teacher cannot present in the class room.
 It can be shown over and over again if required.
 Attracts high degree of attention of the students, and hence can teach a large content material in
short time.
 Motion pictures are able to communicate emotional experience and attitude.
Disadvantages
 Films are costly.
 Trained staff is needed which is generally not available.
 It is difficult to discuss important points during the projection of a film.

65. Television is considered as the electronic blackboard of modern society as well as a medium of
mass communication. It activates the sense of hearing and vision, and hence results in better
learning. It attracts the students and creates interest and desire to learn among students.
Advancement in technology has changed the size and shape of television, refining its quality as
an educational media.Television can be used to show video, seminars, demonstrations and
lectures from an expert who is otherwise inaccessible in the classroom. Its use as an AV aid is
versatile and is considered very important in nursing education. It is a boon for distance education
as it broadcasts a number of educational programs through satellite into the homes of students.
Advantages
 Can be used for large group of students.
 Saves the time of teacher and is an economical device.
 Reduces teacher's workload.
Disadvantages
 Requires electricity for operation.
 Requires maintenance as well as a suitable place for installation.

67.  file:///C:/Users/harry%20patel/Desktop/CHAP
TER%208%20-
%20EDUCATIONAL%20MEDIA%20-
%20Communication%20and%20Nursing%20
Education.html
 http://www.slideshare.net/SaimaSam/role-
of-media-in-education
 https://avaudiovisualaids.blogspot.in/2010/10
/av-aids-in-teaching.html

68. THANKYOU