Audio Visual Aids

2. INTRODUCTION
 Audio Visual Aids are also called instructional material. Audio
literally means “hearing” and “visual” means that which is found
by seeing.
 So all such aids, which endeavor to make the knowledge clear to
us through our sense are called Audio Visual Aids or
Instructional Aids.
 All these learning material make the learning situations as real as
possible and give us first hand knowledge through the organs of
hearing and seeing.

3. contd...
 Therefore, any device which can be used to make
the learning experience more concrete and
effective, more realistic and dynamic can be
considered audio visual material.

4. DEFINITION
 An audio visual aid is an instructional device in which the
message can be heard as well as seen.
 Audio Visual Aids are defined as any device used to aid in the
communication of an idea.
 E.g : black board, white board, charts, powerpoint, OHP etc.

5. Objectives of Teaching Aids
 To enhance teachers skills which help to make
teaching-learning process effective
 Make learners active in the classroom
 Communicate them according to their capabilities
 Develop lesson plan and build interest

6. contd...
 To make students good observer
 Develop easy and understandable learning
material
 Involve intimation in objectives
 To create interest in different groups
 To make teaching process more effective

7. Types
 Audio Aids-
 examples are Radio, Tape-recorder, Gramophone,Audio cassette
player.
 Visual Aids
 A)Projected Aids: examples are Slides, film strips, overhead
projector, Transparency
 B)Non –Projected Aids :examples are Chart paper, pamphlets,
brochure, handouts, Black and white board, Maps, Pictures, Models,
Text-books, Flash-cards, Print materials etc.

8. Projected Aids and Non –Projected
Aids
 Projected media is one ,in which requires
hardware like OHP, slide projector etc. for
projecting the software to be presented.
 On the other hand ,non projected media does not
require any hardware and can be projected for
presentation straight. Some e.g. of nonprojected
aid are chalk board,charts,models etc.

9. contd...
 Audiovisual Aids
 Examples are LCD projector (Liquid Crystal
Display) , Film projector, TV, Computer, VCD
player (Video Compact Disc), Virtual Classroom,
Multimedia etc.

10. Advantages
 Its helps to make learning process more effective and conceptual.
 Its helps to grab the attention of students
 It builds interest and motivation in teaching students learning
process
 It enhance the energy level of teaching and students
 It is even better for over burden classrooms
 It provides students a realistic approach and experience

11. Disadvantages
 Technical Problems
 Students Distractions
 Expensive
 Time consuming
 Need Space
 Inconvenience

12. PURPOSES OF AV AIDS
 Improve and make teaching effective
 Enable the audience to look , listen, and learn
 Make learning interesting and profitable
 Quicken the phase of learning
 Economise teacher’s effort
 Develop the knowledge
 Add variety and newness to the lesson, provide vicarious
experience
 Overcome possible hurdles during the act of teaching

13.  Stimulate curiosity
 Make personal involvement of the student in active learning
and meet individual needs of the learner
 Visualize and makes the teaching more real
 Stimulate thinking and motivate action
 Save time And energy
 Facilitates freedom among learners ,increases retention as
they stimulate response of whole organization to the
situation in which learning takes place.

14. SOURCES OF A.V AIDS
 Government
 Educational institutions
 Professional organization
 Non government organization
 National and international voluntary organizations
 Commercial producers of educational material

15. Principles in the use of A.V Aids
 Principle of selection
 Principle of preparation
 Principle of presentation
 Principle of response
 Principle of evaluation
 Principle of preservation

16. Principle of selection
 The instructional aids selected should be suitable for
the level of audience, the educational objectives and
the nature of the content that is to be instructed.

17. Principle of preparation
 This refers to cost effectiveness in preparing the A.v
aids .
 It will be better to used the locally available materials
utilizing the creativity of the students

18. Principle of presentation
 Getting an instructional aid is of no value ,when it is
not presented in an attractive and acceptable manner

19. Principle of response
 The teacher should motivate the students to respond
properly to the instructional aids

20. Principle of evaluation
 There should be a continuous evaluation of both
audio-visual aids and teaching techniques in the light
of realization of the desired objectives.

21. Principle of preservation
 All the aids that are used by the teachers or the
students must be maintained properly and kept away
from dampness,dust,insects etc.

22. Characteristics
 Relevancy
 Accuracy
 Interest
 Comprehensibility
 Motivation
 Realism

23. RELEVANCY-
 The aid must be relevant to the concept which needs to be
developed.
 A very important standard value is the extent to which any aid is
directly related to the understanding of the subject matter.
 A visual aid could be accurate to the best details understandable
and interesting and yet to be of little value because of its
irrelevancy.

24. ACCURACY
 It is very important to make the audio visual aids accurate
but it is difficult to make them as accurate as desired. The
chart is always missing the third dimensional attribute
and must be viewed from a fixed position. The models
overcome both these difficulties but are seldom as
accurate in the details as pictures. The accuracy of
understanding is often considered to be important rather
than the accuracy of specimen.

25. contd...
 For example, if someone is teaching the principal parts of
flowers by drawing an apple blossom. It is of littler importance
whether the diagram resembles the apple blossom in every
detail but the important thing will be to clarify the proper
relation of such parts as sepals, petals, stamens etc. For this
reason a good diagram might be of even greater value than an
accurate photograph. So it is the accuracy of the concept
produced rather than the accuracy of details (exactness) in
visual aids, which is important. On the other hand a teacher
uses a large model of a fern plant in his classroom and then finds
that the students when given actual plant, do not recognize it as
being the same thing.

26. INTEREST-
 Its presence makes the learning process very easy and its
absence makes it a repulsive. Its presence makes the work a
privilege and its absence makes it a punishment. It is a main
job of the teacher to create interest in the students for
learning. Almost all the subjects should be taught with the
help of audio visual materials so many concepts in secondary
classes that can be make interesting with the help for charts,
models and films. For example molecules, and digestive
system, historical events, mathematical figures, geographical
maps and graphs etc.

27. Comprehensibility
 In selecting and using visual aids we must try to choose those
things as aids which relate the new experience with past
experience and which are within the comprehension of the
students who are to use it.
 For example, a teacher finds that his class is experiencing
considerable difficulty in locating and understanding the
relation between the parts of a circulatory system. The teacher
then draws purely a diagrammatic sketch on the black board
clearly. This clarified the difficulties, because it is simple and
readily comprehended by the students.


28. Motivation
 Audio visual aids motivate learners as they make the
learning process in classroom interesting especially in
activity oriented subjects for effective learning.

29. Realism
 A visual aid must possess the quality of developing real
concepts of the things. Suppose we try to develop in
our students the concept of the movement of electrons
in the atom. We in this case try our best to describe
accurately with the help of diagrams but the students
are shown the actual film of the movements of
electrons, a very different concept will be developed.
Nearly all the visual aids are lacking one or the other
characteristics but the actual specimen clarify the
concept due to realism

30. OTHER CHARACTERISTICS-
 Meaningful
 Purposeful
 Accurate in every aspects
 Simple
 Cheap
 Improvised
 Large size
 Up to date
 Easily portable
 Motivate the learners
 According to the mental level of the students

31. Visual Aids can be benefited by
 Having Language Disorder
 Autism Spectrum Disorder
 Down Syndrome
 Those who have Learning Disabilities
 Student who have English as a secondary Language
 Personality Development Delay
 Have the problem of Hearing Impairment
 Have the symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

32.  TYPES OF A.V. AIDS-
THERE ARE 2 TYPES-1. PROJECTED AIDS
2. NON PROJECTED
AIDS

33. 1. PROJECTED AIDS-
 FILM
 FILM STRIPS
 OPAQUE PROJECTOR
 OHP-OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

34.  NON PROJECTED AIDS-
1. AUDIO AIDS- radio, television, recordings
2. GRAPHIC AIDS- charts, cartoon, diagrams, flash
cards, graphs, maps, photographs, pictures, posters,
models
3. DISPLAY BOARDS- black/white board, bulletin
board, flannel board, magnetic board, peg board
4. ACTIVITY AIDS- demonstration,
experimentation, field trips

46. CHARTS

56. NARRATIVE CHART-

58. Chain chart

64. Pull chart

65. Evolution chart

71. DEFINITION
 Leaflet are printed educational aids of a single sheet paper
folded to make a full page of printed matter on single side.
 It is commonly referred to as any piece of printed
information which includes fact sheet ,guides ,small
booklets, brouchers and usually distributed for a
campaign to disseminate the information or message to a
large population.

74. GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING
LEAFLET
 HEADING :
 Leaflet heading is the part which is most prominently
responsible for catching the attention of people and is
therefore considered as the most important part of the
leaflet .
 The heading must be precise, focused on the main
theme and written in eye catching words and
colours.

75. Contd..
 SUBHEADING :
 leaflet subheading are essential when the main heading
is not successful in covering the theme of the main text or
if stress required on a specific point.
 Text :
 The text in leaflet must be possible and should begin with
impressive and interesting sentences to capture the
attention of readers.

76. Contd..
 Pictures:
 To make the leaflet more eye catching the pictures are
mixed in the text so that it becomes more easily
understandable, interesting and meaningful.
 Good colour combinations and background must be
used in organizing the leaflet so that leaflet could be
more attractive and amazing

77. Contd..
 The size of leaflet is customized so that it is easy to carry
and read .
 The written word must be large enough so that everyone
including the elderly people with diminished eyesight
may read the content.
 Leaflets must be good mixture of text, illustrations and
pictures so that they become more interesting for the
readers.

78. ADVANTAGES:
 Leaflets are a good combination of written word
illustrations and pictures so they are more widely
accepted
 They should have facts to enjoy a high level of credibility
and prestige in readers
 They are considered a permanent source of message
which cannot be altered until and unless the leaflet is
tempered with.
 A wide range of people may be targeted to spread the
message through leaflets.

79. DISADVANTAGES
 Illiterate people can’t be targeted through leaflets to spread
message
 Planning ,printing and designing the leaflets requires a lot
of time ,effort, men and money.
 Expert skilled professional manpower is required for
planning the designing leaflets
 Distribution of leaflet is not easy task ,it requires a
strong coordination ,efforts, time and money.

80. PAMPHLETS

81. PAMPHLETS
 A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (i.e.; without a
hard cover or binding).It may consist of a single
sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and
folded in half, in thirds or in fourth, or it may
consist of a few pages that are folded in half and
stapled at the crease to make a simple book.

82. PURPOSES
 To mobilize people to support a cause
 To advertise a meeting or a specific event.
 To popularize a slogan or a message
 Explain an issue to community
 Inform people of their rights
 Win support for a campaign

83. PREPARING PAMPHLETS
 Discuss the purpose, message , the target people and
content
 Discuss the quantity and quality of pamphlet
 Each side also should carry the organizations logo or
name
 Keep the language simple by avoiding long and
complicated sentences
 The best pamphlets are short and simple
 All facts should be correct

84. ADVANTAGES
They are best method for dissemination
of information or a message to larger
group of people
They save time and resources in
dissemination of information to a large
group of people.

85. DISADVANTAGES
 They waste a lot of money and time if
printed pamphlets are not distributed
properly
 only literate and educated people can be
benefitted with this educational aid
 They do not ensure that the target group has
surely paid attention and time to read the
pamphlet.

86. स्ट्रोक क
े उपचार
•तुरंत अस्पताल
जाएं
•अगर कोई भी
लक्षण २४ घंट तक
रहे तो दिमाग का
स्ट्रोक हो सकता है
दजसे शुरू क
े ३
घंटो क
े अंिर
ठीक दकया जा
सकता है
•समय से जांच
करवाएं
बचाव क
े उपाय
•आहार
•खाने में कम नमक इस्तेमाल करें I
•मछली, हरी सब्जियां फल का सेवन करें
I
•कम तेल वाले भोजन का सेवन करेंI
•पोटादशयम से भरपूर भोजन (नाररयल
पानी , क
े ला, पालक, अनार) का सेवन
करें I
•व्यायाम
एम.एम कॉलेज
ऑफ नर्सिंग,
मुलाना, अंबाला
र्वषय:
स्ट्रोक क
े प्रबंनन

87. स्ट्रोक क्या है?
यह एक ऐसी बीमारी है दजसमे दिमाग
की नादियों में रुकावट की वजह से
सही रूप में दिमाग को ऑक्सीजन
नहींदमल पाती है/
कारण
•धूम्रपान
•शराब
•तनाव
• 55 वर्ष या
उससे अदधक
आयु
•दनब्जिय
जीवनशैली
•उच्च रक्त चाप
•अदधक वजन
• मधुमेह
लक्षण
•सााँस लेने में
कदठनाई
•चलने में कदठनाई
•चक्कर
•दसर ििष
•चेहरे क
े एक तरफ
ििष,
•चेहरे का पक्षाघात
•अंधापन हो जाना
•दनगलने में कदठनाई
इलाज़
डॉक्टर की सलाह से खून को पतला
करने की िवाई ले

103. MEANING OF MODELS
 A three-dimensional representation of a person or things or
of a proposed structure, typically on a smaller, scale than the
original.

104. PURPOSE OF MODELS
 Model are useful and necessary because:
 The real thing may not be available in that season or may
be far away from the institute.
 The real thing may be too big to be brought to the
institute.
 The real thing may be too dangerous to be felt or handled
by the students.
 The real thing may be too expensive.
 The real thing may be too small to be seen at all or seen
properly.
 Models simplify reality.

105. Contd...
 Models help in clarifying the abstract concept of
knowledge.
 They also facilitate visualization and learning of the large
objects
 Models also offer a clear and correct of invariably large
real object such s a dam, bridge and mountain etc.
 Further, functional models also help in understanding the
real working of various objects instrument and machines.
 Promotes creative interest in students.

106. FUNCTION OF MODEL
 Models simplify reality.
 Models concretize abstract concept.
 Models enable us to reduce or enlarge objects to an
observable size.
 A model provides the correct concept of an industrial unit
or a bridge or a dam like, the Bhakra Dam etc.
 A working model explains the various process of objects
and machine.

107. Contd....
 Preparation of model could form a topic for project
work. This is very helpful to creative activities in
pupils.
 Cardboard plastic, plastic of paris, woos thermocole
and metal etc. can be used in the preparation of a
model.

108. TYPES OF MODELS
 Scale model:
 Correct idea of an object can be displayed, e.g. a dam or
project.
 Simplified model:
 Give an idea of an external form of an object, e.g. animal,
birds, fish.
 Working model:
 To demonstrate in a simple way of an operation or process,
e.g. fetal circulation.
 Cross- section model:
 Inside of an object is visible. Immense value will be
observed in sciences, e.g. cross- section of blood vessel

109. Contd....
 Cut – away and x – ray models:
 Cut – away and x- ray models are the replica of the original
thing to show internal parts of a thing. It may be either in
the form of a cross- sectional model. Cross sectional
models are difficult to make in the institutions as they
require expertise to construct them.
 Sand models:
 Sand models are made by using sand, clay and saw dust.
For example, a tribal village or a forest area.
 Solid models:
 A solid model is the replica of an original thing made with
some suitable material like clay, plaster of paris, wood,
iron, etc. To show the external parts and features of the
thing.

114. ADVANTAGES OF MODELS
 Models heighten reality of thing and make learning direct
and meaningful as they are three – dimensional.
 Models illustrate the application side of certain principles
and laws.

115. Contd...
 Models explain the complex and intricate operations in a
simplified way and thus make comprehension easier.
 Models are lasting and ultimately work out to be cheaper
teaching aids.
 Still models are easy to make with the help of discarded
materials like empty boxes, pins, clips, nails, rags and clay.

116. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
(PROJECTEDTED AIDS)

117. DEFINITION
 An overhead projector is a variant of slide projector
that is used to display images to an audience.

119. PARTS OF OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
 Projection lens
 Mirror
 Focusing knob
 Transparency
 Switches

120. WORKING TECHNIQUES OF OVER HEAD
PROJECTOR
 Stand off to one side of the Overhead Projector while you face your students.
 Place the Overhead Projector to your right.
 Place the Overhead Projector on the table low enough so that it doesn’t block
you.
 Just simple lay-out
 Avoid large tables of figures.
 Don’t read the text on your side.
 Avoid too much text.
 Place the overhead projector on a stable table with the objective lens facing
the screen behind the teachers.
 Put the cord plug into a power wall-socket. Switch on the blower first and
then the bulb.
 Place the acetate or cellophane transparency on the glass top.

121. PRECAUTIONS OF OVER HEAD
PROJECTOR
 Do not keep the bulb on for a long time, it can overheat the
projector and damage the acetate transparencies as well as the
bulb.
 Switch off the bulb after every 5 to 10 minutes of use of the
projector keeping the blower on for some time.
 Do not shift the overhead projector when the bulb is on as the
filament of the bulb may break due to jerks during shifting.

122. Contd...
 Keep the Overhead Projector clean especially the glass
surface and the lens
 Don’t jerk the Overhead Projector and move it when
the lamp is on or when it is still hot Face the audience,
not the screen when using the Overhead Projector

123. ADVANTAGES OF OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
 It is vivid and interest-catching – Gives a bright images
on the screen.
 No need to blackout the room – Image is clear even in a
bright room.
 There are few technical problems if carefully used.
 Can be used to focus audience’s attention.
 Teacher can face students while discussing information
on the transparency.

124. Contd...
 Images can be projected to high up to enable all to see
the images clearly
 Useful for instructing large groups
 Sequence of material can be modified during
presentation.

125. DISADVANTAGES OF OVER HEAD
PROJECTOR
 Bulky, difficulty to carry and shift or transport.
 Totally dependent on Electricity
 Can serve as a distraction
 Accessories like screen, a stand or table to place
Overhead Projector, an extension board, sockets etc
are required

127. DEFINITION- A movable model of a person or animal that
is typically moved either by strings controlled from
above or by a hand inside it.

129. PURPOSES

130.  PURPOSES-
1. Puppets are a good visual representation to use
when singing, dancing or storytelling
2. It help students act out everyday scenarios
3. They are good tool to get young children’s attention

131. TYPES OF PUPPET-

132. MIRIONETTE PUPPETS (STRING PUPPET)- FIGURES WITH MOVABLE
LIMBS OPERATED THROUGH STRINGS

133. STICK PUPPETS
They Are Fixed On Sticks. Many Types Of Fruits
And Vegetables Can Be Displayed Through Them

134. HAND OR GLOVE PUPPETS
It fits in the hand like a glove and Are Operated
From Below By Fingers

135. SHADOW
PUPPETS

136. FINGER
PUPPETS

137. Human arm
puppets

138. ANIMATION
OR DIGITAL
PUPPET

139. INSTANT PUPPETS

140. CHIN FACE
PUPPET

141. CARNIVAL
OR BODY
PUPPETS

142. BLACK
LIGHT
PUPPETS

143. PRINCIPLES OF USING PUPPET AS AN AV AID-
 Puppet action must be accompanied by short
dialogues
 Play must be based on actions rather than words
 Puppet show should not have many characters
(maximum 4).