The document discusses the significance of audio-visual aids in education, outlining their types, advantages, disadvantages, and historical development. It emphasizes their role in enhancing learning experiences, improving retention, and engaging students through various methods such as presentations and hands-on activities. Additionally, the document highlights principles for effective selection, preparation, and use of these aids in teaching.

2. Open
Pneumothorax

3. Mrs. Puvaneswari Ramesh
Professor
Narayana Hrudayalaya College of
Nursing
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

4. Learning Objectives
 Concepts of Audio visual aid.
 Principles of Audio Visual Aid
 Indications of Audio Visual Aid.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Audio visual Aid.
 Types of Audio Visual Aid

5. Introduction to Audio Visual aids
Communication tool
Multisensory Experience learning

6. Definitions – AV aids
 Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to
make the learning more effective, more concrete, more
realistic and more dynamic.
(Kinder)

7. 11%-Hearing
3.5%- Smell
1.5%-Touch
1%-Taste
83%-
17%
Watching / Seeing
Concept of Audio Visual aids
COBUN ( 1968)

8. HEARING WORDS
SEEING
WATCHING DEMONSTRATION
PARTICIPATING IN A DISCUSSION
READING
10% WHAT WE READ
Cone of learning- Retention
DOING DEMONSTRATION/
SIMULATING THE REAL EXPERIENCES
20% WHAT WE HEAR
30% WHAT WE SEE
50% WHAT WE SEE &
HEAR
70% WHAT
WE SAY
90% WHAT WE
SAY & DO

9. Research Evidences on AV aids
Comparative
Study (U.S)
Store information Six times more
when presented through visual aids,
compared to traditional lecture
Quasi-
experiment
 More attentive
 Increased their interest
 Increased ability to remember the
contents & motivated to learn

10. History of Audio Visual Education
 Exchange of information
PICTORIAL – 3000BC

11. Gurukul -
(Learning by doing – Science
and Life skills)
Nalanda University - 5th
century (Group discussion,
Dramatization, Clay
modeling)

12.  Ed Tech Time line –
Ancestors of Educational Technology
 John Amos comenius- (15th Century) - Founder of
Modern Instructional Technology
 Didactica Magna and Orbis Pictus
( More than 150 pictures)

13. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AV AIDS
First
generation
• Symbols and models, charts, maps,
pictures, chalk boards, posters etc.
Second
generation
• Printed books, printed workbooks,
printed posters etc.
Third
generation
• Slides, motion pictures, television,
phonograph, recording, tape
recording, radio etc.

14. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AV AIDS
Fourth
generation
• Radio and television (cable
television, satellite Television )
Fifth
generation
Electronic technology and now with
the computer technology. ( Internet,
Interactive board, Mobile phones ,
Simulations, games, Virtual reality,
Cloud computing, Learning analytics

15. Objectives / Purposes of Teaching Aids
 Enhance teachers skills
 Save energy and time
 Develop clear image
 Communicate them according to their capabilities
 Involve intimation in objectives

16.  Add variety and newness to the lesson, provide
vicarious experience
 Basis for more effective perceptual and conceptual
learning
 Make learners active, attentive and motivating.
 Increase understanding and retention
Objectives / Purposes of Teaching Aids

17. Cone of Experience- Edgar Dale

18. Direct Purposeful Experiences
 First hand experiences
 Learning by doing things
Contrived Experiences
 Representative models
and mock-ups of reality.
 Provides more concrete
experiences(visualization)

19. Dramatized experiences.
 Learners can participate in a
reconstructed experiences.
 Familiarity with the concept
Demonstrations.
 Visualize explanation of important
fact, idea, or process

20. Study Trips
 Learning experience through excursions and
visits
Exhibits
 Combination of some
of the first levels

21.  Motion pictures
 Recordings, and Radio.
 Visual symbolic
 Verbal symbolic

22. Importance of Teaching aids
 Motivation
 Clarification
 Discouragement of Cramming

23. SELECTION
EVALUATION
PRINCIPLES
PREPARATION
RESPONSE PRESENTATION
HANDLING

24. 1.Principles of Selection
 Appropriate to the age level, grade level, and other
characteristics of the learners.
 Interesting and motivating.
 True representatives of the real things.
 Realization of desired learning objectives.

25. 2.Principles of preparation:
 Locally available material should be used.
 The teachers should receive some training in the
preparation of aids.
 Students may be associated in
the preparation of aids.

26. 3.Principles of Presentation
 Can carefully visualize the use of teaching aids before
their actual presentation.
 Familiarity with the use and manipulation of the aids.
 Handle with care.
 Proper display of aids

27. 4.Handlin
g
Principles
• Discussion
• Continuous
evaluation
• Safe storing arrangement
• Facilitate their lending
• Teachers guide the
student to respond
actively
6.Evaluatio
n
5.Respons
e

28. Characteristics of AV aids
 Relevancy
 Useful and purposeful teaching
 Accuracy
 Interest
 Minimize verbalism
 Comprehensibility
 Simple/ cheap

29. Advantages of using AV aids
 Learning process - More effective and conceptual.
 Grab the attention of students
 Builds interest and motivational teaching
 Enhances the energy level of teaching and students
 Provide a realistic
approach and experience
to the students

30. Disadvantages of using AV aids
 Technical Problems
 Improper selection/ usage
 Financial hurdles
 Students distractions
 Time consuming
 Need Space

31. Factors influencing in selection of
A.V. aids
 Objective of training Programme / teaching
 Nature of subject matter being taught
 Nature of audience or large group
 Relative cost
 Teacher familiarity

32. Factors influencing in selection of
A.V. aids
 Skill in selection, preparation and its use
 Availability, functioning or working condition
of A.V. aid
 Knowledge of resources

33. Limitations of AV aids
 Apathy of teachers
 Indifference of students
 Financial problems
 Absence of infra structure
 Language barriers
 Do not replace the teacher
 Not followed the principles in making (Letters &
symbols are illegible, colors are misused)

34. Classifications of Audio visual Aids
 OHP
 SLIDES
 FILM
STRIPS
 LCD
PROJECTO
R-PPT
 TV
 INTERACTIV
E WHITE
BOARD
 MOBILE
LEARNING
 VIRTUAL
LEARNING
 CHALK
BOARDS
 CHARTS
 FLASH
CARDS
 MODELS
 BOOKS
 HANDOUTS
 PUPPETS
 FLANNEL
BOARDS
PROJECTED
NON-
PROJECTED ELECTRONIC

35. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
 A projector having a flat, transparent top on which a
sheet like transparency is places, and an overhead
mirror reflects on the transparency to a screen.

36. Preparation and storing of OHP film
 OHP Transparency Film ( Acetate Sheet) - 8.5 x 11” or
10X10’’
 Place lined paper / (6 mm) grid sheet beneath acetate
sheet
 Use letter style – 6mm for Text and 9 mm for Titles
 Use capital letters for titles.
 Use one lettering style.
 Store them flat, clean and interlocked with paper

37. Methods of using overhead projector
 The projector should not be subjected to mechanical
vibrations.
 Use voltage stabilizer.
 Halogen lamps will not with stand heavy surge in
voltage and never touch the lamp by hand.
 The OHP should be kept in a fixed place

38. Methods of using overhead projector
 Use masking tape
 Stand off to one side of OHP while facing the
audience.
 Use pointer
 Place the OHP on a table (Avoid
key stone effect)

39. Advantages
 It can be used in a fairly lighted room.
 Material projected can be changed easily and quickly.
 Particularly suited for complex diagrams, charts and
illustrations.
 Can build up information
point- by-point through the use of overlays.

40. Disadvantages
 A blown bulb or power failure can spoil all your hard
work.
 Image quality can also be a problem.
 Can be disorienting to manipulate transparencies on
projector plate.

41. Power point presentations
 LCD( Liquid Crystal Display ) panel
 It is very popular and alternative to OHP.

42. Guidelines for PPT
 First slide - Topic , Name of the presenter
 Last slide - Reference.
 Limit the number of slides 12 slides for 10 minute
presentation.
 Avoid patterned back ground,
ensure text contrasts with
background

43. Guidelines for PPT
 Legible font can be used.
 Follow rule of Seven
 Use lower case letters with correct spelling.
 Use of sound or video for interest creation.
 Be consistent in making the slides
 Use appropriate picture with one/ two animation

44. Advantages
 Interesting and motivating for students
 Easy to present and maintain eye contact with a
large audience
 Can combine text, graphics and multi-media content
to create professional presentations

45. Disadvantages
 Time consuming for teachers
 Technical faults ( Power supply)
 Some animations will not be supported by all systems
 Speakers create slides so they have something to
present rather than outlining, organizing, and focusing
on their message.

46. Chalk board/ Blackboard
A blackboard or chalkboard is a slightly
abrasive writing surface made ( wood, ply, hardboard,
cement, ground glass, asbestos, etc.) with black,
green or bluish-green paint on it.
White chalk sticks are generally used
for writing on the board.

47. Types of chalk / black board
 Ordinary board held by Easel
 Roller chalk board
 Magnetic board
 Black ceramic unbreakable board
 Green glass chalk board
 Write and wipe off white board

48. Characteristics of chalk / blackboard
 Size- 5m x 6m
 Surface- Rough, Dull
 The writing should be easily eliminated with duster.
 The chalkboard should be mounted on an
appropriate height

49. Use of chalk boards
 Use with other aids
 For writing important points
 For drawing illustrations
 For solving problems of mathematics and science
 For giving notes to students
 To give exam and test

50. Skills involved in effective use of
chalk board
 Don’t write everything on chalkboard.
 Most convenient place - Left side to stand
 Take half stick of chalk and hold the chalk between
the thumb and forefinger.
 Write in sequence as head line
 There should be equal gap in between the words.

51.  The margin space for the top and bottom of the
board should be equal. Use more pressure for
strong line
 Try to keep 2/3rd part of the board when drawing.
 Never use fingers in place of duster.
 Use duster (cleaned after each class)

52.  Write in straight rows starting at the top corner.
 Avoid abbreviation
 Do not talk as you write
 Extreme lower corners should not be used.
 Use coloured chalks.

53. CHARTS
 Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial
and written key information in systematic way to
summarize, compare. ex: anatomical charts and
figure, diagrams etc.

54. PURPOSES
 To show the relationships by means of facts and
figures.
 To show continuity in process
 For presenting the material symbolically
 Presenting abstract ideas in visual form

55. TYPES OF CHARTS
 Tabulation chart
 Bar chart
 Line chart
 Pie chart
 Flow chart
 Evolution chart
 Tree chart

56. PREPARATION OF CHARTS
.

57. Size of the chart
 Standard chart paper in sizes 90x60cm and 70x55cm
or 20’’x30’’.
The size of the letters
 Title – Two and half inch
 Subtitle and headings – One and one third inches
 Space between lines- One and two inches

58. PREPARATION OF CHARTS
 Based on objectives
 The layout should be balanced and should use the space
effectively
 Title of the chart should be simple, short ,clear and
impressive.
 One chart should convey just one idea or one principle.
 Charts crowded with information are less effective

59.  Light coloured chart paper should be used
 Simple hand-drawn charts with non- decorative lettering
are more effective.
 Involve students in making charts
 Charts should be visible to every pupil in the class.
 Use a pointer.
 A chart should give neat appearance.
PREPARATION OF CHARTS

60. POSTERS
 Posters are simple graphic visual aid which conveys
single idea or single subject.

61. PRINCIPLES OF POSTER
MAKING
 Brevity: Not more than five words is best.
 Simplicity: Too many words should not be used on a
paper.
 Idea: A poster must tell its story, at a glance. Hence
illustrations and captions should be large enough.

62.  Layout: Bold simple styled letters will be easy to
read expressive letters also can be used to attract
attention and to convey the idea.
 Colour: Black or Yellow is
recognized to be the most striking
combination.

63.  Lettering:
Letters should be legible and of appropriate size.
 Poster size:
This usually confirm to the paper sizes available
such as 10”x15”, 15”x20”, 20”x30” etc. These can be
used horizontally or vertically

64. FLASH CARDS
 Flash cards are small cards of generally 25×30 cm
(10x12 inches) size which are shown for a few
moments before the class or group to send across
a message or impart an idea.
 Flash cards would be used along with the other
graphic aids to make the lesson effective.

65. PREPARATION OF FLASH CARDS
 Cut a chart paper and cut it into four equal parts to
get the flash cards.
 Write the content on it and it should be large enough
 It is advisable to make a rough card on an ordinary
paper first and then transfer.
 Use colour to make it attractive.
 The number of cards should be 10 to 12 in a set.

66. USING THE FLASH CARDS
 Give brief introduction about the lesson to the
students.
 Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high
with both your hands so that all the students can see
it.
 Add more information to the
students responses.

67. FLANNEL BOARD
 Flannel board or felt board is a little more than piece
of rigid material covered with cotton, wool, suede
cloth.
 Pupils may be often asked to
fix these to arouse their
creative interest.

68. PRINCIPLES OF FLANNELGRAPH
 One piece of rough textured (dark green or blue) cloth
will adhere or stick to another.
 The backing material (30”x40” ) may be wall board,
massonite, plywood, softwood, heavy cardboard etc.
 Rough textured materials that may be used include
cotton, flannel, khadhi.

69. Guidelines for the presentation of
flannel board
 Tightly stretch the flannel or cloth to the board with
drawing pins.
 Stick the flannel in an organized manner and number
it properly based on space.
 Adequate lighting should be there.

70.  Use minimum number of objects based on the
principles
 Stick the object when explanation is given and
remove the cut outs from the board once the
explanation is over

71. Interactive White board
 A SMART Board is a brand of interactive whiteboard.
It allows teachers and students to control the
computer through touching the screen. Add-on
devices and software can be purchased to increase
the interactivity.

72. Interactive Whiteboards
 Touchscreen: It allows users to alter the data in the
screen with their fingers. The addition of this feature
has made its use much simpler and effective.

73.  Imaging: The high quality imaging make the classes
far more entertaining and informative.
 Online Help: The users can access the web through
the device.

74. Smart Tools: Some of these smart tools are the
magnifier, pointer, spotlight, screen capture etc.

75.  Integrating a wide range of material into a lesson e.g.
a picture from the internet.
 They allow teachers to create easily and rapidly
customized learning objects from a range of existing
content.
 They allow learners to absorb Information more
easily.
 They allow learners to participate in group
discussions
Advantages of Interactive Whiteboards

76. Disadvantages of Interactive
Whiteboards:
 High cost : IT classrooms with modern devices
are needed
 Technical Inability: Old school teachers are not
comfortable with modern technology
 Teacher Training: Special training for the teachers
are needed
 Technical problems- Internet facility with good
speed is needed. Touch sensitivity limitations are
there

77. Mobile learning(m-learning)
Mobile learning is an educational system.
Mobile learning supports, with the help of mobile
devices, a continuous access to the learning
process. This can be on appliances like your phone,
laptop or tablet.

78. Usage of Mobile in learning
 Offering mobile learning material- Texts, videos or
audios.
 Interaction during lessons- Teachers ask questions
and the pupils will answer them on their mobile or
devices. Automatically credited if the answer is
correct.
 Synchronous learning -Immediate feedback from
your teacher or fellow students

79. Benefits
 Relatively inexpensive as compared with PCs and
laptops
 Multimedia content delivery and creation options.
 Continuous and situated learning support
 Decrease in training costs
 Potentially a more rewarding learning experience
 Students are motivated

80. Disadvantages
 Distraction
 Connectivity and battery life
 Screen size and key size
 Meeting required bandwidth for nonstop/fast streaming
 Content security or copyright issue from authoring group
 Multiple standards, multiple screen sizes, multiple
operating systems
 Limited memory

81. Conclusion
Audio visual aids are great tool for teachers
to enhance the education of their students with the
multi sensory approach…….