The document discusses teaching aids and audio-visual aids. It begins by explaining that teaching aids were originally developed in physical sciences and engineering to supplement a teacher's instruction and make learning more engaging. It then discusses the objectives and characteristics of audio-visual aids, classifying them into audio, visual, and audio-visual categories. The document outlines the advantages of audio-visual aids, such as providing sensory experiences, substituting for direct experiences, and motivating students. It emphasizes that teachers must carefully select aids that are appropriate for their students and learning objectives.

2. IntroductIon
Initially the origin of teaching aids is from physical sciences and engineering.
Teaching Aids are devices presenting units of knowledge through auditory or
visual stimuli or both with a view to help learning. They concretize the
knowledge to be presented and help in making a learning experience real,
living and vital. They supplement the work of a teacher and help in the study
of text books. The use of audio-visual aids has mechanized the education
and teaching learning process. B.F. Skinner comments that our kitchens are
more mechanized than education. This statement seems to be true even in
our country.
The Great Educationist: Comenius has well said “The foundation of all
learning consists in representing clearly to the senses, sensible objects so
that they can be appreciated easily.”
objectIves
1. To supplement the spoken word : Only verbal descriptions do not help
to bring the facts home to the pupils. The teacher must take the help
of teaching aids to supplement and explain the spoken word.
2. To make the subject real, vivid, interesting and life like: The use of
teaching aids can add zest, interest and vitality to any teaching
learning situation.
3. To Develop Concepts, improve attitudes and Extend Appreciation
and Interests: The use of teaching aids will lead to the development of
proper concepts, improvement of attitudes and extension of
appreciation and interests.

3. CharaCteristiCs of audio Visual-aids
The following are the main characteristics:
1. It helps in developing the perception of the learner.
2. It aids in positive transfer of learning and training.
3. It facilitates in understanding and comprehension.
4. It provides reinforcement to the learners.
5. It increases the retention of the learners.
These are the generalized statements about the audio-visual aids, but the
teacher has to take decision in selecting appropriate audio-visual aids on the
basis of students-level and objectives of learning.
type of audio-Visual aids
Initially the origin of teaching aids is from physical sciences and engineering.
The use of audio-visual aids has mechanized the education and teaching
learning process. The audio-visual aids are classified into three categories:
1. Audio-teaching aids
2. Visual teaching aids, and
3. Audio-visual aids
1. Audio Teaching Aids: This type of teaching aids facilitate audio senses
and encourage the listening function. The audio sense is more active
by the use of such teaching aids. The audio sense is active in lecture
and question-answer strategies. The use of tape-recorder, radio,
record player and gramophone make the learner more active and

4. attentive in teaching process. The students take more interest when
lesson is displayed with the help of such teaching aids. These aids
produce only sounds.
2. Visual Teaching Aids: These teaching aids facilitate the visual sense
and encourages the sensing function. The visual sense is more active
by the use of such aids. This sense is more active when teacher uses
pictures, maps, graphs, models and line-drawing in his teaching
activities. No teaching can be possible without the use of such
teaching aids. The visual teaching aids play a significant role in
teaching: geography, physics, chemistry, biology and economics etc.
The geography content cannot be taught without the use of maps and
globe. The visual aids are most useful and economical than audio-aids.
3. Audio-Visual Teaching Aids: These teaching aids are used to facilitate
both audio and visual senses and encourage listening and observing
functions. Thus, these aids involve more than one sense
simultaneously and learner is more active. This is most effective and
useful that earlier aids. The learning structure can be generated more
easily and comprehensively. These aids develop the perception of the
learner which is the basis for the understanding of any concept.
Televisions, films and radio tapes are the examples of auto-visual aid.
These are costly and rarely used in teaching learning situation.
adVantages of audio-Visual aids
The following are the advantages of audio-visual aids:
1. Provision of Sensory Experience: Learning requires an adequate
background of sensory experience. New words and unfamiliar objects
cannot be followed and understood properly unless they are attached
to specific elements of one’s experience.

5. 2. Provision of Substitutes for Direct Experiences: Audio – Visual
materials will come to our aid at that time to facilitate understanding
of new concepts, facts and symbols. Pictures, models and specimens
etc may be used as accurate and effective substitutes of direct learning
experiences.
3. Supplement to Direct Experience: Direct experiences can very well be
supplemented with audio-visual aids by vicarious or representative
learning. Visiting a post office or a cotton textile mill, pupils can learn
more about the postal system and about the manufacture of cloth if
these direct learning experiences are followed by seeing a film or
motion picture on the subject.
4. Important Motivators: Audio-visual aids are important motivators.
They possess vividness, clarity and dramatic appeal. Children enjoy
looking at pictures, going to movies and listening to radio. These are
the effective medium of holding the attention and to simulating new
interests and activities among children.
5. Effective Aid to the Slow Learner: Audio-visual aids are particularly
helpful to poor readers and slow learners who cannot get all the
required knowledge from the text books. They can more easily
understand and remember the facts, gained through pictures, movies,
models and radio etc. than gathered from abstract symbols and
printed pages.
6. More Efficient Learning: With the proper use of audio-visual aids,
pupils not only learn more rapidly but they also remember the facts,
thus learned, for longer period.
7. Development of the Power of Imagination and Observation: Audio-visual
aids provide sensory images much more clear and effective than
the verbal images. It makes learning more natural and easy.

6. Classification of Audio – Visual Aids
Instructional Media
Audio
1. Tape Recorder.
2. Record Player.
3. Radio
Visual
Audio – Visual
1. Films
2. T.V.
3. Computer
Non-projected/written
1. Pictures
2. Charts
3. Graphs
4. Maps
5. Globe
6. Chalk Board
7. Flannel Board
8. Bulletin Board
Projected
1.Slides(Slide
Projectors)
2.FilmStrip(Film
Projector)
3. Epidiascope
4. Overhead Projector

7. The effecTive use of
insTrucTional aids
Before using any instructional aid, we must know:
1. What are our specific and general objectives?
2. Why have we chosen it?
3. Does it give a true, correct and accurate impression of the thing
it represents?
4. Is it appropriate for the age, intelligence and experience of the
learners?
5. Does it advance the lesson any further?
6. Is its physical condition satisfactory?
7. Is it worth the time, expense and effort involved?
8. Have we taken into account those students who are physically
handicapped (defective in seeing and hearing)?
9. Specifically how do we proceed i.e. at what point shall be used
the aid, in what manner, and how many time. In short, we may
say that we should have the right aid for right time and in right
quantity.