INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA AND METHODS INTRODUCTION Audio-visual aids are sensitive tools teaching that facilitates learning. They are multi sensory materials which motivate, classify and stimulate individuals. The aim of the learning with technological media is ‘clearing the channel between the learner and things that are no worth learning.’ The basic assumption underlying audio-visual aids is that learning-clear understanding stems from the sense of experience. The teacher must ‘show’ as well as ‘tell’. Audio-visual aids help in completing the triangular process of learning i.e., motivation, clarification, stimulation. Audio-visual aids are also called “instructional material”. DEFINITON An Audio-Visual Aid is an instructional device in which the message can be heard as well as seen. “Audio-visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning”. –Burton Audio-visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These are also termed as multi-sensory materials. –Edger Dale Audio-visual aids are anything by means which learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight. –Good’s Dictionary of education KEY CONCEPTSBOF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS Audio-visual aids are sensitive tools in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quickness learning, facilitates for clear understanding. A Chinese proverb: If I hear, I forget If I see, I remember If I do, I know This proverb says the importance of sensory perception in teaching, learning situation: Seeing-87% Hearing-07% Odour-03% Touch-02% Taste-01% Audio-visual aids provide significant gains in informational learning, retention and recall, thinking and reasoning activities, interest, imagination, better assimilation and personal growth and development. The aids are the stimuli for learning ‘why’, ‘how’, ‘when’ and ‘where’. The hard to understand principles are usually made clear by the intelligent use of skillfully designed instructional aids. On the use of audio-visual aids, the Kothari commission (1964-66) observed that it should indeed bring about an ‘educational revolution’ in the country. The National Policy on education, 1986 and as modified in 1992 has laid a great stress on the use of teaching aids, especially improvised aids, to make teaching learning more effective and realistic. PURPOSES To initiate & sustain attention, concentration & personal involvement of stu

1. Prsented by: Kanika Guleria
MSc(N) 1st year

2. DEFINITION
• Audio-visual aids are
those sensory objects or
images which initiate or
stimulate and reinforce
learning.
--Burton

4. PURPOSE
To initiate & sustain attention, concentration & personal
involvement of student in learning
To provide basis for more effective perceptual & conceptual
learning
To bring remote events in the classroom
To increase the meaningfulness of abstract concepts
To save time & energy

5. CONT…..
To provide clear, accurate and vivid image during the
process of learning
To stimulate thinking & motivate action

6. PRINCIPLES
Principle of
selection
Principle of
preparation
Principle of
physical
control
Principle of
proper
presentation
Principle of
response
Principle of
evaluation

7. IMPORTANCE OF INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIAL
• Improve and make teaching effective.
• Enable the audience to look, listen and learn.
• Make learning interesting and profitable.
• Quicken the phase of learning.
• Foster/develop the knowledge.
• Add variety and newness to the lesson, provide
vicarious experience.
• Overcome possible hurdles during the act of
teaching.

8. • Bring expected behavioral change among the
learners.
• Stimulate curiosity.
• Provide direct contact with reality or serves as a
source of information.
• The students acquire clear, accurate and vivid image
during the process of learning.
• Increase and sustain attention and concentration.
• Make personal involvement of student in active
learning and meet individual needs of the learners.
• It can serve as an open window through which the
student can view the world.
CONT…..

9. • Spread of education as mass scale. It will provide
opportunity for providing adult education.
• Promote scientific temper as students observe
demonstrations and scientific phenomenon.
• The students will get opportunity to handle, touch,
feel, operate, and manipulate the Audio-Visual aids.
• Stimulate thinking and motivate action.
• Save time and energy.
CONT…..

10. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
INSTRUCTIONAL AID
• Meaningful &
purposeful.
• Simple.
• Cost effective & cheap.
• Large enough to be seen
by everone.
• Easily portable.
• Adapted to the
intellectual maturity of
the students

11. EFFECTIVE USE OF AV AIDS
Planning
Preparation
Presentation
Evaluation

12. 1. PLANNING
• Know clearly the
objectives of the
presentation.
• Plan well in advance
• Anticipate the problem
and avoid them.
• Anticipate the size of the
audience; the aids
should be visible, audible
for entire group of
audience.

13. • Plan for the use of variety of colorful visual aids,
number of aids has to be planned.
• Plan in advance for appropriate time of
presentation.
CONT…..

14. 2. PREPARATION
• Select a convenient & comfortable meeting place.
• Anticipate the need for special effects either total
lighting or darkness, prepare to provide either, at
the right time.

15. • Make sure that all the equipments are in good
working order.
• Prepare by rehearsing or previewing in order to
make a smooth presentation.
• Arrange the audio-visual aids in sequence and have
them within easy reach.
• Keep aids out of sight until actually required for use.
CONT…..

16. 3. PRESENTATION
• Motivate the audience and stress the key points.

17. • Present aids at the right moment and in proper
sequence.
• Display only one aid at a time.
• Remove all unrelated material.
• Stand beside the aid, not in front of it.
• Speak facing the audience and not the side.
CONT…..

18. 4. EVALUATION
• At the end, evaluate by
providing for discussion
and application to
discover and dispel
misunderstanding,
if any.
• Undertake follow-up
studies and observe
results.

19. GUIDELINES FOR SLECTING & MAKING
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
1. Easy to see
2.Simple &
direct
3. Easy to
handle
4. Key point 8. Time & place
7. Good working
condition
6. Accurate
5.
Understandable
9. Upto date
ideas
10.Encourage
the viewers
11. Message to
be conveyed
12. Avoid over
writing
13. Select the
colors

20. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS
Instructional Media
visual
Audio
1. Tape Recorder.
2. Record Player.
3. Radio
Audio – Visual
1. Films
2. T.V.
3. Computer
Non-
projected Projected

21. CLASSIFICATION
I.
Auditory aids: e.g. radio, recordings, mike,
phonograms, megaphone, microphone,
gramophone
Visual aids:
• Non projected/unprojected, e.g. (models) 3-D
materials, pictures, charts, flannel board, graphs,
boards, cartoons, maps, photographs, posters,
printed materials
• Projected aids, e.g. epidioscope, slide projector,
overhead projector, film projector, opaque projector

22. CONT….
• Audio-visual aids, e.g.
television, video, sound-
motion pictures
• Aid through activity, e.g. field
trips, models, collection of
material and exhibition
• Traditional media, e.g.
puppets, dramas, folksongs,
and folk dance.

23. II.
Visual aids
• Projected aids, e.g. films,
filmstrips, opaque
projector, overhead
projector, slide projector,
slide projector
CONT….

24. Non-projected aids,
• Graphic aids, e.g. cartoons,
charts, comics, diagrams,
flash cards, graphs, maps,
photographs, pictures,
posters, printed materials, flip
books, illustrated books.
• Display boards, e.g.
blackboard, bulletin board,
flannel board, magnetic
board, PEG board
• 3-D aids, e.g. diagrams,
models, mockups, objects,
puppets, specimen
CONT….

25. • Audio aids, e.g. radio,
recordings (tape, disco) and
television, video tapes,
language laboratories,
sound distribution systems
• Activity aids, e.g. computer
assisted instructions,
demonstrations, dramatics,
experimentation, field trips,
programmed instruction
and teaching machines
CONT….

26. III.
• Big media, e.g. computer,
VCR, and TV
• Little media, e.g. radio,
filmstrips, graphic, audio
cassettes other visuals
CONT….

27. ADVANTAGES
• Helps in effective perceptual and conceptual
learning.
• Helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of
students.
• Helpful in new learning.
• Helps in saving energy and time of both the
teacher’s and students.
• Provides near realistic experience.
• Useful in for education of masses.

28. CONT….
• Motivates pupils to participate actively
• Helpful to poor readers and slow learners who
cannot get all the required knowledge from the text
books

29. LIMITATIONS
• Financial hurdles
• Technical Problems
• Student Distractions
because of special
effects & light.
• It can take more time to
prepare
• All the av aids are not
Convenient

30. REFERENCES
• Bhaskar N, Elakkuvana D. Text Book of Nursing Education.
First Edition: 2013. EMMESS Medical Publishers.
• Farroq U. Audio-Visual Aids in Education. Study Lecture
Notes. 31 July 2014.
http://www.studylecturenotes.com/curriculum-
instructions/audio-visual-aids-in-education
• Nupur. What are the Main Advantages of Audio-Visual Aids.
Preserve Articles. 2014.
http://www.preservearticles.com/2012032829111/what-
are-the-main-advantages-of-audio-visual-aids.html
• Neeraja KP. Textbook of Nursing Education. Reprint Edition
2003. JAYPEE BROTHERS Medical Publishers (P) LTD New
delhi