The document discusses various instructional aids that can be used for teaching, including blackboards, bulletin boards, charts, models, maps, and handouts. It provides guidelines for effective use of each aid. Blackboards should be kept clean and writing should be large enough to see from all parts of the room. Bulletin boards require organized, dated materials that are changed frequently. Charts are useful for presenting relationships and abstract concepts visually. Models, maps, and other three-dimensional materials help simplify and concretize ideas. Handouts provide information to supplement lessons.

1. SHIJI K.S
FIRST YEAR M.Sc NURSING
GOVT.COLLEGE OF NURSING KOTTAYAM

2. CLASSIFICATION

3. BLACK BOARD
 The teacher can illustrate his/her lesson
 The lesson can be phased and summarized in the
right manner
 Questions and problems can be listed.
 Pupil’s interest in class work can be stimulated
 It provides a lot of space for decorative and creative
work.
 A teacher can review the whole lesson

4. FIXED BLACKBOARD

5. BLACKBOARD ON EASEL

6. ROLLER BLACKBOARD

8. POINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE USING
BLACKBOARD
• Blackboard should be kept clean
• Writing on the blackboard should be legible
• Letters and drawings should be large enough to be
seen from all parts of the room
• Writing should be started from top left corner
• Writing should be in straight rows
• Material on the blackboard should not be covered by
standing in front of it
• Only salient points of subject matter should be
written on the blackboard

9. CONT……
• Extreme lower corner of blackboard should not be
made use of as writing on it
• It should be ensured that blackboard is well-lit by
natural or artificial means
• Teacher should ensure that the class is attentive
while writing on the blackboard
• Occasionally students may be asked to write or draw
diagram on the blackboard

10. CONT…
• Everything required for the blackboard should be
got together before the class begins
• Duster and not hand or handkerchief should be used
for cleaning the blackboard
• Teachers should develop the ability to draw freely
on the blackboard.
• It should be ensured that the blackboard is
periodically serviced.

11. BULLETIN BOARD

12. PRINCIPLES IN THE USE OF
BULLETIN BOARD
• The contents of the board should be organized around a
central theme of content
• Materials should be dated to ensure that it does not
remain no longer than desired
• The appearance should be neat, orderly and attractive.
• Material should be changed frequently and
systematically.
• The contributions should be well labeled
• Student contributions should be encouraged and used.

13. CONT…
• Responsibility for editing the board should be
placed on one person. Appoint a bulletin board
committee to provide material.
• Everyone should be held responsible for reading
and knowing what is on the board
• All material should be appropriately classified
and labeled for future reference
• An interval of a day or two should be allowed to
elapse during which the board is left bare in order
to stimulate interest.

14. PURPOSES OF BULLETIN BOARD
To motivate the learner
To give correct initial impressions
To broaden the sensory experience of the learner
To intensify impressions and vitalize instruction
To add variety to the classroom activity
To provide information
To supplement and correlate instruction
To save time

15. FLANNEL BOARD

16. PURPOSES OF FLANNEL
BOARD
• It captures and holds attention of students
• Materials displayed can be removed easily
• Students can construct and reconstruct the
concepts visually

17. GUIDELINES FOR PRESENTATION WITH
FLANNEL BOARD
• An introduction has to be given to the group before
displaying flannel board.
• Plan the layout keeping in view the principles of
teaching.
• Arrange the materials in such a way that they lend
themselves best to illustrate the content to be
delivered.
• Try the layout to see that it fits the space on the flannel
board.
• Place the flannel board at eye level and at a slightly
inclined angle. Lighting should also be checked.

18. CONT…
• Use a minimum number of objects to let the
students focus their eyes on a few items at a
time.
• Talk to the class as much as possible but not to
the board.
• Remove the cut-outs from the board as soon as
the explanation of that concept is completed
and place the next cut-outs in position.

19. POSTERS

20. FLASH CARDS

21. GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF
FLASH CARDS
• Selection of topic and the content to be displayed
should be carefully planned
• Illustrations in the flash cards should be simple
• The number of cards should not exceed 10-12
• The size of the group should not be more than 40
• Arrange the cards in the proper sequence
• A brief introduction of the topic should be given
to the group before displaying flash cards

22. Cont…..
• Display the cards in congruent with the content
• Hold the cards and turn towards different parts of
the group and ensure it viewed by all members in
the group
• Significant points should be pointed out
• Look at the cards while the concept is explained
from the card
• Involve the audience in discussion.

23. CARTOONS

24. CARTOONS

25. PREPARATION OF CARTOON
• Suitable to the level of students.
• Cartoons should be prepared according to the educational
objectives and background of students.
• The writing and graphics should be meaningful
• Cartoons should be of adequate size.
• Symbols used in the cartoon should be clear and
understandable.
• Cartoons need to be both amusing and instructive.
• Students involvement

26. CHARTS -PURPOSES
• Showing relationship by means of facts, figures and
statistics
• Presenting material symbolically
• Summarizing information
• Showing continuity in process
• Presenting abstract ideas in visual form
• Showing development of structure
• Creating problems and stimulating thinking
• Encouraging utilization of other media of
communication
• Motivating the students.

27. SIZE OF THE CHART
The optimum size of chart is 20" x 30".
The size of the letters should be
Title—Two and half inches
Subtitle and headings—One and one-
third inches
Space between lines—One to two inches

28. TYPES OF CHARTS
 Narrative Chart
 Tabulation Chart
 Cause And Effect Chart
 Chain Chart
 Time Chart
 Pictorial Chart
 Flow Chart

29. NARRATIVE CHART
Left-to-right arrangement of facts and idea for
expressing the events in a process

31. CAUSE AND EFFECT CHART

32. CHAIN CHART

33. TIME CHART
The time chart is used for showing the
sequence of time of various events or for
depicting chronologically all the happenings
relevant to the development of a process,
certain organization or any problem

35. FLOW CHART

36. FLANNEL GRAPH
Flannel graph is a thick piece of cardboard or plywood or
wooden board of 3’ x 4' size on which a rough piece of flannel
is stretched or fastened tightly with drawing pins.

37. GRAPHS
Graphs are flat pictures which employ dots,
lines or pictures to visualize numerical and
statistical data to show relationships or
statistics.

38. TYPES OF GRAPHS
Line graph
Bar graph
Pie graph
Column graph
Surface graph

40. COLUMN GRAPH

41. SURFACE GRAPH

43. TYPES OF MAPS
 Relief maps
 Historical maps
 Distribution maps
 Geographical maps

44. PROCEDURES FOR THE USE OF THREE-
DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS
• Students should have actual first hand
experience
• Teacher and student should have a definite
objective:
• Students should be stimulated for further
inquiry

45. MODELS
A model is three-dimensional representation of a
real thing.

46. FUNCTIONS OF MODELS
• Models simplify reality
• Models concretize abstract concepts
• A model enables to reduce or enlarge objects
to an observable size
• A working model will secure immediate
attention and serve as motivation to learn

47. MOCK UPS
Mock-up refers to a specialized model or
working replica of the object being depicted

48. DIORAMAS

49. OBJECT

50. SPECIMEN

51. MOULAGE

52. TYPES OF PUPPET
• Black light puppet
• Bunraku puppet
• Carnival or body puppet
• Chin face puppet
• Finger puppet
• Hand or glove puppet
• Marionette or string puppet

53. CONT…..
• Human-arm puppet
• Instant puppet
• Shadow puppet
• Animation or digital puppet

54. BLACK LIGHT PUPPET

55. BUNRAKU PUPPET

56. CARNIVAL OR BODY PUPPET

57. CHIN FACE PUPPET

58. FINGER PUPPET

59. HAND OR GLOVE PUPPET

60. MARIONETTE OR STRING
PUPPET

61. SHADOW PUPPET

62. ANIMATION OR DIGITAL PUPPET

63. PURPOSES OF PUPPETS
Developing communication skills
Teaching emotions
Helps for the development of fine motor skills
Promotion of imaginative skills
Motivate and support children with difficulties
in communication and interaction.
Development of social skills,

64. PUPPET SHOW

65. HANDOUTS
Uses
• Directly related to the lesson content
• As an information sheet—presenting complex,
rare or hard to find information
• As a reading list
• As a worksheet/quiz sheet/proforma/workbook
• As a permanent source of reference

66. GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING HANDOUT
Be typed; use at least 12 point font
Use headings and page numbering consistently
Use bullet points rather than continuous sentence
Make good use of space
Keep lines left justified with a ragged right edge
Avoid excessive use of capital letters and
underlining
Leave plenty of space between columns of text
Avoid starting a sentence at the end of a line

67. PAMPHLET

68. STYLES FOR ORGANIZING A
PAMPHLET
• The tutorial style
• Frequently asked question style
• Testimonial style

69. LEAFLET
Leaflet is a small book usually having a paper
cover.

70. ADVANTAGES OF LEAFLET
• The printed material has a high degree of
acceptance,credibility and prestige
• Printed matter is unique in that it can be passed
from person to person without distortion
• It is permanent and the message will not change
unless it is physically altered.
• It can be reread for reinforcement
• Complex and lengthy material can be explained in
detail

71. ACTIVITYAIDS
• Demonstration
• Field trip or excursion
• programmed instruction
• Exhibition
• Aquarium
• Vivarium
• Terrarium
• Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)

72. DEMONSTRATION

73. FIELD TRIP OR EXCURSION

74. AQUARIUM

75. VIVARIUM

76. TERRARIUM