After studying the material, the student will be able to understand various audiovisual aids used in distance education like film production, role of photography, contribution of video cameras, and equipment requirements. Motion pictures are effective teaching aids that provide realistic impressions through visuals and sound. They capture attention, aid in retention of concepts, and allow analysis of topics that cannot be seen otherwise like machinery workings. Teachers must ensure AV aids are meaningful, accurate, simple, affordable, and suitable for the students' level to maximize learning benefits like enjoyment, stimulation, and attention.

3. After studying the material, the student will be able
to:
1. Clarify the production of AV aids;
2. Explain the steps involved in film production;
3. State the significance of transparencies in
distance education;
4. . Identify the role of photography in distance
education;
5. Analyse the contribution of video camera in
distance education; 6. Identify the requirement of
audio visual equipment in the resource centeres.

4. Motion picture as an aid to teaching is inferior
to direct experience. But in some cases motion
picture will be able to provide expected
learning outcome better than even direct
experience. The bright image on the screen
with the associated sound is more realistic if it
is in colour.

5. 1. Motion picture presents certain meanings involving
motion. Ac gives impression of reality and promotes
better understanding.
2. . Motion pictures compel attention and, as a result,
help in permanent retention of observed events.
3. . Many general topics can be covered and conveniently
presented an easily digestible form and in an
interesting way to maintain attention.
4. . Fast and slow motion can be shown to occur at normal
speed, making analysis and appreciation possible. Slow
motion technique is slowing down the action as in the
class of a fast working machinery and movement of the
limbs and parts of body in sports events and games.

6. 5. Motion pictures present materials that cannot be seen
by the human eye and even by microscope and
telescope. Technical animation involved animated
drawings can effectively serve to explain things that
are too abstract, too large, too hidden or too
theoretical for effective comprehension as well as
working of machines, processes and movement of
atoms, molecules, etc.
6. Motion pictures bring the past and the distant to the
classroom.
7. Motion pictures reach a mass audience at a low
average cost per person.

7.  They should be meaningful and purposeful
 They should be accurate in every aspect
 They should be simple
 They should be cheap
 They should be up to date
 They should be easily portable
 They should be according to the mental level of
students
 They should be motivate the learners
 They should be large enough to be properly seen
by the students for whom they are meant.
 They should be improvised

8.  Provides greater enjoyment in learning
 Stimulates more rapid learning
 Increases retention
 Compels attention
 Enlarge or reduces actual size of objects
 Brings distant past & the present into the
classroom

9. 1. Projected Aids
2. Non Projected Aids
 Projected AV Aids
 Opaque projectors
 Slides
 Film strips
 Overhead projectors
 LCD panels
 Slide projector (image lantern)
 Epidiascope
 Slide cum film strip projector
 Film (video materials)

10.  Cartoons
 Chalks
 Comics
 Diagrams
 Flash cards

11. Teachers are using digital cameras to enhance
education inside and outside of the classroom and
from all accounts, the students love them as must if
not more than the teachers do. In addition to the above
mentioned advantages offered by digital cameras
teachers more that digital cameras help students to
become more involved with the subject at hand. With
any project the use of a digital camera becomes a
cognitive process as the student reason and plan what
pictures to take and why these pictures are needed.

12. As the same suggests, black board is a rectangular
piece of wood or stone blackened with colour, meant for
writing with white and colored chalk during the course of
teaching in the class. It is an important teaching aid in the
hands of teacher which enables him to display his teaching
talents to the maximum. It is said that a teacher who does not
use black board in the process of teaching cannot b a good
teacher and a class without a blackboard is not a class. A
teacher does not deserve to be called a teacher if he does not
know how to use the black board and if he does not
adequately use the same in the class in explanations. A good
blackboard and its use help teachers to bring pupils sense of
sight to help their sense of hearing which ultimately helps
them to acquire learning speedily.

13. In order to really appreciate the
importance of blackboard as an aid to effective
teaching, it is essential that it should be properly
used. Although the use of blackboard seems very
easy and simple but in reality when a teacher uses
it, he has to face so many difficulties. Use a
blackboard in itself is an art and a teacher has to
make lot of practice before acquiring this art. It
also needs confidence which a teacher gets only
with the passage of time along with teaching
practice. A teacher to be really good and popular
teacher should learn and practice the technique of
using blackboard. Classroom teachers are advised
to bear in mind the following important points in
order to ensure best utilization of blackboard.

14. 1. The first and perhaps the most important consideration in this
regard is about the location and size of the chalkboard. The
size of the board should be in accordance to the size of the
class.
2. . It should be painted black from time to time so that
anything written on it can easily be read by the students. A
good blackboard should not shine and reflect light. Its surface
should not be very smooth; otherwise writing on it with chalk
becomes difficult.
3. . The blackboard should be dusted properly either with a
duster or a piece of clean cloth. The letters written on the
board should be bold, clear and legible, so that students can
easily read, understand and write down in their note books.

15. 4-While making use of blackboard, a teacher should be very careful
about his standing position. He should not stand before the board
in a manner as to cover the whole of it.
5. Blackboard work should be simple and letters should be bold, well
formed, uniform and well-paced. The lines should be straight.
Anything that teacher writes on the blackboard should be in order,
neat and legible.
6. The teacher should not write the entire lesson or everything
concerning the lesson. If he does so, it will amount to writing own
the whole lesson or book on the blackboard.
7. In order to make blackboard work attractive and to catch the
attention of the students, use of colored chalks is experienced to be
very useful.
8. The teacher should not exercise the monopoly of using the
blackboard. Students should be given equal opportunity.

16. 9-It is necessary for the teacher to plan the
blackboard work in advance. He should not do
it at the spur of the moment.
10. For certain lessons on Geography, Science,
Economics and Mathematics, a teacher should
use the necessary tools like rule, compass,
stencil etc.
11. Light on the blackboard should come from
the right side. Glaring and dazzling light is
very harmful for the eyes.

17. THE END
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