The document discusses environmental systems and models. It defines key concepts like open, closed, and isolated systems. Open systems exchange both matter and energy across boundaries, while closed systems only exchange energy. Isolated systems exchange neither. The document also explains energy and matter, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and how energy is transferred versus transformed in systems. It provides examples of photosynthesis to illustrate these thermodynamic concepts. Overall, the document provides an overview of systems thinking and modeling in environmental science.
Species interactions such as competition, predation, and symbiosis influence natural selection by affecting population sizes and survival/reproductive rates. These interactions are a major factor in determining which traits become more common or rare in a population over generations as organisms adapt to each other.
Gravity pulls the rocks, soils and debris on a downward slope, naturally, without any chemical change. This downward movement is called as mass -movement or mass-wasting.
Landslides, mudflows and rockfalls are all belonging to this category of geomorphic processes.
Mass-wasting may lead to severe natural disasters by affecting the life and building structures in different places. Understanding of mass-wasting will certainly help to mitigate the impacts of these hazards and plan the development activities.
The lithosphere is the rigid outermost layer of Earth composed of the crust and upper mantle. It exists in two types - oceanic lithosphere associated with ocean crust, and continental lithosphere associated with continental crust.
Soil is a natural resource that takes thousands of years to form. It is made up of weathered rock particles, living organisms, and dead organic matter. Soil degradation occurs through construction, acidification, salinization, and pollution.
Soil erosion is the removal of the fertile topsoil layer by water and wind. It can be caused by deforestation and unsustainable farming practices. Methods to prevent soil erosion include increasing vegetation cover through practices like crop rotation, reforestation,
There are two types of ocean currents: surface currents in the upper 400m and deep water currents that make up 90% of the ocean. Surface currents are driven primarily by solar heating, winds, gravity, and the Coriolis effect. These primary forces start the water moving and secondary forces like the Coriolis effect influence the direction of currents. Gyres are formed from the interaction of winds and the Coriolis effect, creating circular ocean currents. Deep water circulation occurs in cold, salty waters and drives the global thermohaline circulation.
The document discusses the interconnected nature of Earth's four main spheres: the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It explains that the geosphere, made up of Earth's solid interior and surface, interacts with the other spheres through volcanism, rock weathering, and nutrient cycling. The atmosphere exchanges gases with the hydrosphere and biosphere and affects climate. The hydrosphere connects the other spheres via the water cycle and influences rock weathering. The biosphere interacts with all spheres through life processes like photosynthesis and nutrient transport. Appreciating these interconnected systems is important for understanding fields like medical geology and forensic geology.
1. The document discusses key concepts about Earth's atmosphere including how solar radiation drives global climate and local weather patterns.
2. It explains different climate types based on factors like latitude, proximity to bodies of water, and elevation. Humid climates receive more precipitation than potential evapotranspiration while arid climates experience the opposite.
3. Atmospheric circulation patterns like global wind belts and ocean currents play an important role in moderating Earth's climate by transporting heat energy from the tropics to poles and distributing it around the globe over long time periods.
Biogeochemical cycles describe the cycling of essential nutrients like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur between the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of ecosystems. Energy from the sun drives these cycles as nutrients are exchanged between organisms, water, air, soil, and rock. Humans have disrupted natural biogeochemical cycles through activities like burning fossil fuels, clearing vegetation, using fertilizers, and pollution, which has contributed to issues like climate change and algal blooms.
Species interactions such as competition, predation, and symbiosis influence natural selection by affecting population sizes and survival/reproductive rates. These interactions are a major factor in determining which traits become more common or rare in a population over generations as organisms adapt to each other.
Gravity pulls the rocks, soils and debris on a downward slope, naturally, without any chemical change. This downward movement is called as mass -movement or mass-wasting.
Landslides, mudflows and rockfalls are all belonging to this category of geomorphic processes.
Mass-wasting may lead to severe natural disasters by affecting the life and building structures in different places. Understanding of mass-wasting will certainly help to mitigate the impacts of these hazards and plan the development activities.
The lithosphere is the rigid outermost layer of Earth composed of the crust and upper mantle. It exists in two types - oceanic lithosphere associated with ocean crust, and continental lithosphere associated with continental crust.
Soil is a natural resource that takes thousands of years to form. It is made up of weathered rock particles, living organisms, and dead organic matter. Soil degradation occurs through construction, acidification, salinization, and pollution.
Soil erosion is the removal of the fertile topsoil layer by water and wind. It can be caused by deforestation and unsustainable farming practices. Methods to prevent soil erosion include increasing vegetation cover through practices like crop rotation, reforestation,
There are two types of ocean currents: surface currents in the upper 400m and deep water currents that make up 90% of the ocean. Surface currents are driven primarily by solar heating, winds, gravity, and the Coriolis effect. These primary forces start the water moving and secondary forces like the Coriolis effect influence the direction of currents. Gyres are formed from the interaction of winds and the Coriolis effect, creating circular ocean currents. Deep water circulation occurs in cold, salty waters and drives the global thermohaline circulation.
The document discusses the interconnected nature of Earth's four main spheres: the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It explains that the geosphere, made up of Earth's solid interior and surface, interacts with the other spheres through volcanism, rock weathering, and nutrient cycling. The atmosphere exchanges gases with the hydrosphere and biosphere and affects climate. The hydrosphere connects the other spheres via the water cycle and influences rock weathering. The biosphere interacts with all spheres through life processes like photosynthesis and nutrient transport. Appreciating these interconnected systems is important for understanding fields like medical geology and forensic geology.
1. The document discusses key concepts about Earth's atmosphere including how solar radiation drives global climate and local weather patterns.
2. It explains different climate types based on factors like latitude, proximity to bodies of water, and elevation. Humid climates receive more precipitation than potential evapotranspiration while arid climates experience the opposite.
3. Atmospheric circulation patterns like global wind belts and ocean currents play an important role in moderating Earth's climate by transporting heat energy from the tropics to poles and distributing it around the globe over long time periods.
Biogeochemical cycles describe the cycling of essential nutrients like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur between the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of ecosystems. Energy from the sun drives these cycles as nutrients are exchanged between organisms, water, air, soil, and rock. Humans have disrupted natural biogeochemical cycles through activities like burning fossil fuels, clearing vegetation, using fertilizers, and pollution, which has contributed to issues like climate change and algal blooms.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the study of energy and its transformations, and notes its importance in predicting chemical reactions. The document outlines concepts like system, surroundings, open and closed systems. It discusses intensive and extensive properties, state of a system, state variables, and state functions. It also explains different types of processes, internal energy and enthalpy, entropy and changes in these quantities. Finally, it summarizes the three laws of thermodynamics.
Ocean circulation is driven by two main forces - gravitation and solar radiation. Surface currents are influenced by global wind patterns and the Coriolis effect, forming large gyres in each ocean basin. Deep ocean circulation, called thermohaline circulation, is driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity changes. It involves slow movement of deep water masses and accounts for 90% of ocean water movement. Major currents include the Gulf Stream and Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
The global atmospheric circulation system transports heat around the Earth's atmosphere and affects climate and weather patterns. It involves warm air rising at the equator and cold air sinking at the poles, creating circulation cells. Without this system, temperatures would become more extreme between the tropics and poles.
The document discusses key concepts relating to temperature and heat, including:
- Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object. When matter is heated, its atoms and molecules move faster.
- Heat flows spontaneously from warmer to cooler objects due to differences in average particle kinetic energy. The energy that transfers between objects due to a temperature difference is called heat.
- Thermal equilibrium is reached when objects come to share a common temperature, with equal average kinetic energies per particle. A thermometer measures temperature by coming into thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
Here are the key steps to derive the expression for heat of reaction at constant pressure:
1) For a chemical reaction occurring at constant pressure, the enthalpy change (ΔH) is equal to the heat absorbed or released by the system (qP).
2) Enthalpy change (ΔH) is defined as the change in internal energy (ΔU) plus the product of pressure (P) and change in volume (ΔV).
ΔH = ΔU + PΔV
3) For a reaction at constant pressure, the volume change (ΔV) is small and pressure remains constant.
4) From the first law of thermodynamics, the change in internal energy (Δ
1. The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It defines internal energy, heat, work, and important thermodynamic terms.
2. The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form. The change in internal energy of a system is equal to heat supplied plus work done.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate thermodynamic concepts including the conversion of potential to kinetic energy for a mass of water falling over a waterfall.
Camels, desert rats, and plants in dry environments have developed structural adaptations to conserve water. Camels can tolerate high levels of dehydration and have long legs and fur to insulate from heat. Desert rats avoid dehydration by being nocturnal and getting water from their food. Xerophytic plants like grasses reduce transpiration through waxy coatings and closing their stomata during the day.
The document discusses several factors that influence Earth's climate:
1) Solar energy is the main driver of climate, affecting global temperatures as it is absorbed by the atmosphere, oceans, and land.
2) Other factors like Earth's orbit, axial tilt, and rotation influence the distribution of solar radiation and cause seasonal changes.
3) Large bodies of water like oceans influence climate by slowly storing and transferring heat around the world.
The document describes the different layers that make up the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It provides details on the composition and characteristics of each layer, such as the crust being the outermost solid layer and the inner core being made of solid iron and nickel. It also discusses the lithosphere, which includes the crust and upper mantle, and the types of rocks that make up the different layers, such as basalt in the crust and iron and nickel in the outer core.
This document provides an overview of Earth's atmosphere including its composition, structure, and circulation patterns. It discusses key topics like the greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, climate zones, and factors that create suitable conditions for life. The atmosphere is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - each with distinct temperature characteristics. Atmospheric circulation is driven by convection, wind patterns, and interactions between air masses. Climate and weather are also influenced by feedback loops within the carbon cycle and factors like albedo that can both amplify and dampen global temperature changes.
structure and composition of lithosphereDebasis Ray
The document discusses the lithosphere, which is the outermost solid shell of the Earth composed of the crust and upper mantle. It is divided into three main sections. The first section introduces the lithosphere and describes its composition and structure. The lithosphere consists of oceanic and continental crust and the upper mantle. The second section discusses various geological processes that affect the lithosphere like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and plate tectonics. The third section describes the chemical composition and types of rocks found in the lithosphere.
Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur, particles must collide and the collision must provide enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. Reactions with a lower activation energy are more likely to occur. Increasing concentration, temperature, or surface area increases the rate of reaction by providing more opportunities for collisions that can surpass the activation energy. Catalysts also increase reaction rate by lowering the activation energy required.
The document discusses the four main spheres that make up the Earth's systems - the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. It aims to define each sphere and explain how they interact with each other. For example, it notes that volcanoes erupt, sending ash and gases into the atmosphere and biosphere. The document also provides definitions for key terms like weather, climate, and the layers of the atmosphere.
Thermodynamics is the branch of science dealing with heat, work, temperature, and energy. It can be studied from both a macroscopic and microscopic perspective. A system is defined along with its surroundings and boundary. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on what crosses the boundary. Thermodynamic properties are either extensive or intensive, and describe the state of a system. A process is a change in a system's state, and can be reversible or irreversible. Thermodynamic equilibrium requires thermal, mechanical, and chemical equilibrium.
The document discusses different types of winds and how they are caused. It explains that temperature variations between different regions of the Earth due to uneven heating from the sun lead to differences in air pressure and the formation of wind. Winds blow in three main circulation cells in each hemisphere - Hadley, Ferrel, and polar cells - helping to transport heat from the equator to poles. Primary winds include trade winds and westerlies that blow throughout the year between latitudes. Secondary winds change seasonally, like land and sea breezes. Local winds are influenced by local geographic features. Aeolian processes refer to how wind erosion, transportation, and deposition can shape the Earth's surface over time.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of the universe, Earth, and life. It describes how the Big Bang created the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. It then explains how galaxies, stars, and planets formed, including theories about how the solar system originated. The formation and geological history of Earth is covered in detail, breaking its timeline into Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Key events like the emergence of life and mass extinctions are highlighted.
Biogeochemical Cycles (Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle)Alex Ponce
The document discusses biogeochemical cycles, specifically the carbon and nitrogen cycles. It explains that in the carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants through photosynthesis and enters the food chain as plants are eaten. Carbon returns to the atmosphere through respiration and decomposition by organisms or from burning fossil fuels. In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is fixed from the atmosphere by bacteria, taken up by plants, and converted between forms like ammonium, nitrites and nitrates by bacteria and fungi as organic matter decays.
Basic concept and first law of thermodynamics agsmeice
This document provides an introduction to engineering thermodynamics. It defines key terms like heat, power, temperature, and the science of thermodynamics. It describes different types of thermodynamic systems like closed, open, isolated, homogeneous, and heterogeneous systems. The document outlines thermodynamic properties, processes, cycles, and the first law of thermodynamics. It also reviews the laws of perfect gases and examples of thermodynamic processes like isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, reversible, and adiabatic processes.
Ecosystems 4 Dynamic Equilibrium And FeedbackEcumene
Dynamic equilibrium refers to a steady state of balance or harmony within a system. Negative feedback helps maintain this state of dynamic equilibrium by reducing inputs and leading to stability. Positive feedback is less common and can destabilize the equilibrium by increasing change, such as when pollution in a lake causes more fish deaths due to oxygen depletion from decay, resulting in further pollution.
This presentation defines a thermodynamic system as a quantity of matter that is the focus of analysis to study changes in properties from the exchange of heat and work with surroundings. Thermodynamic systems can be open, closed, or isolated. An open system allows for mass and energy transfer with surroundings, like engines. A closed system keeps mass constant while allowing energy transfer, like a pressure cooker. An isolated system exchanges neither mass nor energy, like a thermos flask or the universe.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the study of energy and its transformations, and notes its importance in predicting chemical reactions. The document outlines concepts like system, surroundings, open and closed systems. It discusses intensive and extensive properties, state of a system, state variables, and state functions. It also explains different types of processes, internal energy and enthalpy, entropy and changes in these quantities. Finally, it summarizes the three laws of thermodynamics.
Ocean circulation is driven by two main forces - gravitation and solar radiation. Surface currents are influenced by global wind patterns and the Coriolis effect, forming large gyres in each ocean basin. Deep ocean circulation, called thermohaline circulation, is driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity changes. It involves slow movement of deep water masses and accounts for 90% of ocean water movement. Major currents include the Gulf Stream and Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
The global atmospheric circulation system transports heat around the Earth's atmosphere and affects climate and weather patterns. It involves warm air rising at the equator and cold air sinking at the poles, creating circulation cells. Without this system, temperatures would become more extreme between the tropics and poles.
The document discusses key concepts relating to temperature and heat, including:
- Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object. When matter is heated, its atoms and molecules move faster.
- Heat flows spontaneously from warmer to cooler objects due to differences in average particle kinetic energy. The energy that transfers between objects due to a temperature difference is called heat.
- Thermal equilibrium is reached when objects come to share a common temperature, with equal average kinetic energies per particle. A thermometer measures temperature by coming into thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
Here are the key steps to derive the expression for heat of reaction at constant pressure:
1) For a chemical reaction occurring at constant pressure, the enthalpy change (ΔH) is equal to the heat absorbed or released by the system (qP).
2) Enthalpy change (ΔH) is defined as the change in internal energy (ΔU) plus the product of pressure (P) and change in volume (ΔV).
ΔH = ΔU + PΔV
3) For a reaction at constant pressure, the volume change (ΔV) is small and pressure remains constant.
4) From the first law of thermodynamics, the change in internal energy (Δ
1. The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It defines internal energy, heat, work, and important thermodynamic terms.
2. The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form. The change in internal energy of a system is equal to heat supplied plus work done.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate thermodynamic concepts including the conversion of potential to kinetic energy for a mass of water falling over a waterfall.
Camels, desert rats, and plants in dry environments have developed structural adaptations to conserve water. Camels can tolerate high levels of dehydration and have long legs and fur to insulate from heat. Desert rats avoid dehydration by being nocturnal and getting water from their food. Xerophytic plants like grasses reduce transpiration through waxy coatings and closing their stomata during the day.
The document discusses several factors that influence Earth's climate:
1) Solar energy is the main driver of climate, affecting global temperatures as it is absorbed by the atmosphere, oceans, and land.
2) Other factors like Earth's orbit, axial tilt, and rotation influence the distribution of solar radiation and cause seasonal changes.
3) Large bodies of water like oceans influence climate by slowly storing and transferring heat around the world.
The document describes the different layers that make up the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It provides details on the composition and characteristics of each layer, such as the crust being the outermost solid layer and the inner core being made of solid iron and nickel. It also discusses the lithosphere, which includes the crust and upper mantle, and the types of rocks that make up the different layers, such as basalt in the crust and iron and nickel in the outer core.
This document provides an overview of Earth's atmosphere including its composition, structure, and circulation patterns. It discusses key topics like the greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, climate zones, and factors that create suitable conditions for life. The atmosphere is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - each with distinct temperature characteristics. Atmospheric circulation is driven by convection, wind patterns, and interactions between air masses. Climate and weather are also influenced by feedback loops within the carbon cycle and factors like albedo that can both amplify and dampen global temperature changes.
structure and composition of lithosphereDebasis Ray
The document discusses the lithosphere, which is the outermost solid shell of the Earth composed of the crust and upper mantle. It is divided into three main sections. The first section introduces the lithosphere and describes its composition and structure. The lithosphere consists of oceanic and continental crust and the upper mantle. The second section discusses various geological processes that affect the lithosphere like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and plate tectonics. The third section describes the chemical composition and types of rocks found in the lithosphere.
Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur, particles must collide and the collision must provide enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. Reactions with a lower activation energy are more likely to occur. Increasing concentration, temperature, or surface area increases the rate of reaction by providing more opportunities for collisions that can surpass the activation energy. Catalysts also increase reaction rate by lowering the activation energy required.
The document discusses the four main spheres that make up the Earth's systems - the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. It aims to define each sphere and explain how they interact with each other. For example, it notes that volcanoes erupt, sending ash and gases into the atmosphere and biosphere. The document also provides definitions for key terms like weather, climate, and the layers of the atmosphere.
Thermodynamics is the branch of science dealing with heat, work, temperature, and energy. It can be studied from both a macroscopic and microscopic perspective. A system is defined along with its surroundings and boundary. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on what crosses the boundary. Thermodynamic properties are either extensive or intensive, and describe the state of a system. A process is a change in a system's state, and can be reversible or irreversible. Thermodynamic equilibrium requires thermal, mechanical, and chemical equilibrium.
The document discusses different types of winds and how they are caused. It explains that temperature variations between different regions of the Earth due to uneven heating from the sun lead to differences in air pressure and the formation of wind. Winds blow in three main circulation cells in each hemisphere - Hadley, Ferrel, and polar cells - helping to transport heat from the equator to poles. Primary winds include trade winds and westerlies that blow throughout the year between latitudes. Secondary winds change seasonally, like land and sea breezes. Local winds are influenced by local geographic features. Aeolian processes refer to how wind erosion, transportation, and deposition can shape the Earth's surface over time.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of the universe, Earth, and life. It describes how the Big Bang created the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. It then explains how galaxies, stars, and planets formed, including theories about how the solar system originated. The formation and geological history of Earth is covered in detail, breaking its timeline into Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Key events like the emergence of life and mass extinctions are highlighted.
Biogeochemical Cycles (Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle)Alex Ponce
The document discusses biogeochemical cycles, specifically the carbon and nitrogen cycles. It explains that in the carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants through photosynthesis and enters the food chain as plants are eaten. Carbon returns to the atmosphere through respiration and decomposition by organisms or from burning fossil fuels. In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is fixed from the atmosphere by bacteria, taken up by plants, and converted between forms like ammonium, nitrites and nitrates by bacteria and fungi as organic matter decays.
Basic concept and first law of thermodynamics agsmeice
This document provides an introduction to engineering thermodynamics. It defines key terms like heat, power, temperature, and the science of thermodynamics. It describes different types of thermodynamic systems like closed, open, isolated, homogeneous, and heterogeneous systems. The document outlines thermodynamic properties, processes, cycles, and the first law of thermodynamics. It also reviews the laws of perfect gases and examples of thermodynamic processes like isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, reversible, and adiabatic processes.
Ecosystems 4 Dynamic Equilibrium And FeedbackEcumene
Dynamic equilibrium refers to a steady state of balance or harmony within a system. Negative feedback helps maintain this state of dynamic equilibrium by reducing inputs and leading to stability. Positive feedback is less common and can destabilize the equilibrium by increasing change, such as when pollution in a lake causes more fish deaths due to oxygen depletion from decay, resulting in further pollution.
This presentation defines a thermodynamic system as a quantity of matter that is the focus of analysis to study changes in properties from the exchange of heat and work with surroundings. Thermodynamic systems can be open, closed, or isolated. An open system allows for mass and energy transfer with surroundings, like engines. A closed system keeps mass constant while allowing energy transfer, like a pressure cooker. An isolated system exchanges neither mass nor energy, like a thermos flask or the universe.
Chem 2 - Chemical Equilibrium I: What is EquilibriumLumen Learning
This document discusses chemical equilibrium. It defines equilibrium as a state where the macroscopic properties of a system (such as pressure, volume, temperature) have stopped changing, even though microscopic reactions continue to occur. For a system to be at equilibrium, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions must be equal. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts, such as the equilibrium between NO2 and N2O4 gases. It emphasizes that regardless of whether a system starts with only reactants or only products, the equilibrium concentrations or pressures will be the same once equilibrium is reached.
A system processes input signals to produce output signals. It is a combination of elements that manipulate one or more signals to accomplish a function. There are different types of systems including causal/anticausal, linear/nonlinear, time-invariant/time-variant, stable/unstable, static/dynamic, and invertible/non-invertible systems. Causal systems depend on past and present input values, while anticausal systems depend on future input values. Linear systems satisfy superposition principles, while nonlinear systems do not. Time-invariant systems produce identical output shifts for identical input shifts. Stable systems produce bounded outputs for bounded inputs. Dynamic systems possess memory while static systems do not. Invertible systems have inverse systems that can
1. This document provides a multiple choice quiz on concepts in thermodynamics. It covers topics like the properties of mixtures, open and closed systems, gas laws, heat capacities, ideal gases, and processes like compression and expansion.
2. There are 31 multiple choice questions testing understanding of concepts like intensive and extensive properties, different temperature scales, values of the universal gas constant, gas laws, standard temperature and pressure, heat capacities, ideal gas behavior, processes in turbines and compressors, and use of charts like Mollier diagrams.
3. The questions require identifying properties and processes, calculating values like partial pressures and molar densities, matching concepts to definitions, and determining final conditions based on given initial states and
notes on thermodynamics system and properties ,which is the on of the basics of thermodynamics useful for mechanical ,chemical engineering,physics students also can read this. for practice objective questions on thermodynamic visit www.testindia24x7.com free online web portal
This document discusses thermodynamic properties of fluids, including:
1) Derivations of equations relating the primary thermodynamic properties of pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy, and entropy for homogeneous phases and fluids.
2) Calculations of changes in enthalpy, entropy, and internal energy based on changes in pressure and temperature.
3) The thermodynamic properties of Gibbs energy and residual properties.
4) An example problem calculating the enthalpy and entropy of saturated isobutane vapor at a specified temperature and pressure using compressibility factor and ideal gas heat capacity data.
This document defines different types of thermodynamic systems - open, closed, and isolated. An open system allows both mass and energy to flow in and out across its boundary, like a container of heated water. A closed system only allows energy like heat to pass through its boundary, like water heated in a closed vessel. An isolated system does not interact with its surroundings and does not allow mass or energy transfer across its boundary, like a perfectly insulated rigid closed vessel.
This document provides an introduction to fundamentals of thermodynamics. It defines key concepts such as systems, surroundings, boundaries, properties, and processes. It describes different types of systems including closed, open, and isolated systems. It also defines intensive and extensive properties, and explains thermodynamic equilibrium, states, paths, processes, cycles, and pure substances.
1. The document discusses operations that can be performed on continuous-time signals, including time reversal, time shifting, amplitude scaling, addition, multiplication, and time scaling.
2. It provides examples of each operation using the unit step function u(t) and illustrates the effect graphically. Combinations of operations are also demonstrated through examples.
3. Key operations include time shifting which delays a signal, time scaling which speeds up or slows down a signal, and their combination which first performs one operation and then the other.
This document provides an overview of topics related to environmental science and sustainability. It includes sections on:
1. Human population and demographics like growth rates, structures, and projections.
2. Renewable and non-renewable resources like forests, water, and energy. It discusses uses, conservation, and problems from overexploitation.
3. Key concepts in environmental science like habitats, pollution, and effects of deforestation. Diagrams, definitions, and exam strategies are also provided to help students understand and apply the content.
This document defines stability as the tendency of a body to return to its original state after being disturbed by restoring forces. It identifies four key factors that affect an object's stability: base of support, center of gravity, mass, and line of gravity. The document outlines the characteristics of stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium and the types of objects that exhibit each state.
The document discusses different types of volcanoes including active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes. It provides definitions and examples for each type. An active volcano is considered one that is currently erupting or showing signs of unrest. A dormant volcano has not erupted in historical times but could become active again if conditions changed. An extinct volcano is one that scientists consider unlikely to erupt again due to lack of magma supply. The effects of volcanic eruptions and features like lahars (volcanic mudflows) are also summarized.
The document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It also discusses plate tectonics and the different types of plate boundaries: constructive, destructive, conservative, and collision. At destructive boundaries, oceanic plates are subducted under continental plates, forming volcanoes. At collision boundaries, continental plates push together to form mountain ranges. At constructive boundaries, plates move apart and new crust is formed.
Earth Science 6.3 : Causes of Volcanic EruptionsChris Foltz
Magma forms deep underground due to decreasing pressure and rising temperature, and volcanoes erupt when this magma reaches the surface. Most volcanoes are located along plate boundaries, where tectonic plates are moving apart or colliding. Scientists can predict volcanic eruptions by monitoring earthquake activity, volcanic gas emissions, changes in slope and surface temperature at volcanoes, all of which indicate rising magma.
This document discusses thermodynamics and heat engines. It covers the laws of thermodynamics, including the first law that states energy is conserved as it is transferred or transformed, but not created or destroyed. It also discusses the second law which states heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold to a hot body. The document describes heat engines and their components. It provides examples of heat engines like steam engines, turbines, and internal combustion engines. It also discusses the efficiency of heat engines.
This document provides an overview of plate tectonic theory and the evidence that supports it. It discusses early ideas including continental drift theory and how the development of seafloor spreading theory addressed continental drift's lack of a driving mechanism. It then summarizes key evidence for seafloor spreading including the global system of mid-ocean ridges, patterns of magnetic reversals in ocean crust, and the age progression of ocean floors. This led to the modern theory of plate tectonics unifying continental drift and seafloor spreading.
Flooding can be caused by both physical and human factors. Heavy rainfall, snowmelt, steep drainage basins, and coastal influences can increase flooding risk naturally. Human activities like urbanization, deforestation, and improper infrastructure development exacerbate flooding through reduced infiltration and faster runoff. Flooding can have severe social and economic impacts through property damage, transportation disruptions, and health issues, but may also provide benefits like fertile soils under some circumstances. Risk analysis aims to estimate the probability and potential impacts of flood events.
Population 9 - Intro To Population And ResourcesEcumene
The document discusses different perspectives on the relationship between population growth and resources. It describes Thomas Malthus' view that population grows exponentially while resources only grow arithmetically, eventually exceeding resources and resulting in checks like famine. Later, Esther Boserup argued that population pressure drives innovation to more productively use resources. Paul Ehrlich warned of overpopulation risks while Julian Simon believed human ingenuity allows indefinite resource growth. Their famous bet showed resource prices generally decreased by 1990, supporting Simon's view. Debates continue between those prioritizing resource limits versus those believing in human adaptation.
1) A system is defined as a collection of elements that interact and exchange energy and matter. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether they exchange energy, matter, or both.
2) The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. All systems transform energy to do work and function.
3) The second law of thermodynamics describes how entropy increases as energy is dissipated and becomes unavailable to do work. Living systems must continuously acquire and transform energy to maintain order and fight entropy.
The document discusses systems, synergy, and models. It defines a system as being made up of individual parts that work together to perform a function. Synergy is described as two or more things working together in a particularly fruitful way to produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects. A model is defined as a representation or simulation of something that is used when the real thing is unavailable or impractical.
1. Essentials of thermodynamics-1.pptx BSNshahbazsahbi8
This document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics and their applications in biophysics. It introduces biophysics as applying physics principles to biological systems. Thermodynamics provides a framework to understand energy transformations in living organisms. The three laws of thermodynamics - zeroth law regarding thermal equilibrium, first law of energy conservation, and second law of entropy increase - are explained. The third law is also introduced. Examples are given of how these laws apply to biological processes like cellular respiration, protein folding, and temperature regulation. Biological thermodynamics is defined as studying biochemical dynamics controlled by energy processes like ATP hydrolysis and enzyme kinetics.
Biochemistry involves the study of biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as their structures, functions, and reactions in living systems. Bioenergetics is the study of energy transfer and utilization in living systems. It concerns the initial and final energy states of reactions irrespective of time. The change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is the main measure in bioenergetics, as it indicates the energetic feasibility of reactions and whether they will occur spontaneously. Living cells maintain homeostasis even when far from equilibrium by expending energy to increase order and releasing energy to increase entropy in the surroundings.
This presentation introduces the key concepts of thermodynamics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics and their applications. It discusses how thermodynamics originated with the steam engine, the different forms energy can take, and how heat is transferred. The first law relates to the conservation of energy while the second law introduces the concept of entropy and limits on heat engines. Applications highlighted include renewable energy technology, cooking, and transportation. An experiment is described that uses a glass beaker, water, calcium oxide, and a thermometer to study temperature changes and energy transfer, relating the results to the laws of thermodynamics.
The document outlines key concepts related to systems and models. It defines a system as a set of components that function and interact in a regular, predictable manner and can be isolated for study. Systems can operate on various scales from ecosystems to the entire planet. Open systems exchange matter and energy with surroundings, while closed systems only exchange energy. Feedback loops, both positive and negative, allow systems to self-regulate and maintain equilibrium. The document also discusses energy transfers within systems and how the second law of thermodynamics results in increasing entropy. Models are used to represent real-world systems and their strengths and limitations must be evaluated.
Thermodynamics is the science of energy and its transformation. The document discusses the history and development of thermodynamics from attempts to understand steam engines to the formulation of laws of thermodynamics. It defines key concepts in thermodynamics including system and surroundings, open and closed systems, intensive and extensive properties, and provides examples to illustrate these concepts.
1) The document introduces concepts of thermodynamics including heat, work, temperature, pressure, and volume and how they relate to systems.
2) It discusses the zeroth law of thermodynamics which establishes the concept of temperature and thermal equilibrium.
3) Examples of open, closed, and isolated systems are provided as well as intensive and extensive properties.
This course provides an introduction to thermodynamics over 15 weeks. Topics covered include the first and second laws of thermodynamics, properties of pure substances, energy analysis of control volumes and cycles, and isentropic processes. By the end of the course, students are expected to understand fundamental thermodynamic principles, laws, and be able to apply concepts such as the first law to calculate work and heat transfer in open and closed systems. Assessment includes exams and problem solving.
Thermodynamics is the science of energy transfer and its effect on physical properties. It is concerned with macroscopic properties that can be observed by the human senses, such as pressure, temperature and volume. A thermodynamic system is defined as a region in space that is separated from its surroundings by a boundary. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether mass and/or energy are allowed to transfer across the boundary. Thermodynamic properties describe the state of the system, and a change in state through a succession of equilibrium states is called a process. Thermodynamics can predict equilibrium states and the natural direction of change in non-equilibrium systems.
The document discusses key concepts related to energy, equilibria, and feedback mechanisms in ecological systems. It defines the first and second laws of thermodynamics, explaining that energy is neither created nor destroyed, but can be converted to different forms. Systems can exist in stable or unstable equilibria between which there are tipping points driven by positive and negative feedback loops. Positive feedback amplifies changes while negative feedback contributes to stability. Tipping points occur when small changes cause large effects and a shift to a new equilibrium state.
This document discusses thermodynamics and the first law of thermodynamics. It defines key thermodynamic terms like system, surroundings, open system, closed system, isolated system, state functions, internal energy, work, and heat. It explains that the internal energy of a system can change when heat is transferred in or out of the system or when work is done on or by the system. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat transferred plus the work done. The document provides examples of how to calculate these energy changes for different types of thermodynamic processes.
This document discusses thermodynamics and the key terms used in thermodynamics. It defines a system as the part of the universe being observed, with the surroundings being everything outside the system. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether matter and/or energy are allowed to transfer between the system and surroundings. The internal energy (U) of a system is a state function that can change due to heat transfer, work done on or by the system, or transfer of matter. Thermodynamics examines the energy changes involved in chemical reactions and processes on a macroscopic scale.
This document provides an overview of thermodynamics, including definitions of key terms, types of systems and processes, the three laws of thermodynamics, and concepts like state functions, equilibrium, and exergonic and endergonic reactions. It defines thermodynamics as the branch of science dealing with different forms of energy and quantitative relationships between them. The objectives are to define terms, state the laws of thermodynamics and their limitations, explain applications to chemical reactions, and derive equations.
The document discusses key concepts of the first law of thermodynamics including:
- Energy can change forms but is conserved, neither created nor destroyed.
- The energy balance of a system equals energy entering minus exiting by heat, work, and mass flow.
- Energy transfer occurs through heat, work, and for open systems, mass flow.
- Energy efficiency compares useful energy transferred to total energy supplied.
It provides examples of efficiency calculations for devices like heaters, generators, and pumps. The homework problems reinforce applying the first law to analyze energy transfers and changes within thermodynamic systems.
The document discusses systems theory and provides definitions and principles about systems. It defines a system as a collection of components bound more strongly to each other than their environment. Systems can exist because of stable components and binding forces. Complex systems can exhibit emergent behaviors from simple local rules operating at a large scale. All complex adaptive systems use some form of computation, and the theory of evolution describes how selective pressure favors replication of better adapted systems in large ecosystems of variable systems.
This document provides an overview of the course content for BMB 2101: Metabolism and Human Nutrition. The 3-credit course covers topics related to bioenergetics including definitions, types of bioenergetic reactions, metabolism, laws of bioenergetics, free energy, entropy, the TCA cycle, ATP-ADP cycle, and ATP as an energy carrier. The course aims to explain how energy is transferred and involved in chemical bond formation in cells, tissues, and organisms. Key areas of study are cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and how food energy is released and converted to ATP.
I am pleased to present an outstanding Sample ESS IA that secured an impressive 28 out of 30 marks, resulting in a remarkable 7-point score. This exemplar serves as a valuable reference and resource for your ESS class, offering comprehensive insights and invaluable guidance for both students and educators alike.
Key Points:
Exceptional Achievement: The IA achieved a remarkable 28 out of 30 marks, showcasing excellence in content, research, and presentation.
7-Point Performance: Scoring a perfect 7 points in the IA demonstrates a deep understanding of Environmental Systems and Societies.
Educational Resource: This exemplary IA serves as an educational resource, providing a model for structuring, researching, and presenting ESS projects.
Invaluable Insights: Reviewing this IA will offer invaluable insights into what constitutes a high-scoring ESS IA, helping students aim for excellence.
Guidance for Students: Students can utilize this IA as a reference to enhance their own IA projects, aiming for similarly outstanding results.
Educator's Tool: Educators can use this IA to exemplify quality work to their students, facilitating better understanding of assessment expectations.
We encourage you to make the most of this exemplary ESS IA as a guiding light in your pursuit of excellence in Environmental Systems and Societies studies.
This document outlines an investigation into the effect of carbon dioxide emissions on temperature in the USA and UK from 2009-2019. The research question asks to what extent different levels of CO2 concentration in the USA vs the UK affect average temperature. Secondary data on CO2 emissions and average temperature in both countries will be collected from credible sources over the 10-year period. The hypothesis is that there is a correlation between CO2 concentrations and temperature trends, and differences in CO2 levels between the countries will result in differences in temperature trends. Key variables are CO2 concentration as the independent variable and average temperature as the dependent variable.
The document contains contact information for ESSGurumantra.com with their Gmail ID repeated in 14 lines. It concludes by listing their social media profiles and podcast/music platforms where users can follow the organization, including their website, Facebook, YouTube channel, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, SlideShare, Pinterest, Spotify, SoundCloud, and Google Podcast.
The document discusses various topics related to genetics and biotechnology including genetic engineering, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA profiling, and genetically modified foods. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms and processes such as how PCR is used to amplify DNA, the steps involved in PCR including denaturation, annealing and elongation, and how gel electrophoresis can be used to analyze PCR products. It also summarizes techniques like DNA profiling that are used for forensic investigations and paternity testing.
This document contains a series of logic and reasoning puzzles to test creativity and problem-solving skills. It includes 25 puzzles of varying difficulty across several categories like word puzzles, number puzzles, and visual puzzles. The puzzles require skills like rearranging letters, words, or images to find hidden meanings and complete word or phrase patterns.
The document is an exam for the Environmental Systems Standard Level course, consisting of 30 multiple choice questions testing various concepts related to environmental science. Some of the topics covered include population ecology, energy flow, greenhouse gases, the carbon and nitrogen cycles, and atmospheric structure. The exam is 45 minutes long and candidates are instructed to choose the single best answer for each question and mark their choice on an answer sheet.
The document provides lists of top 10 websites in various categories that are useful for career development and job searching. These categories include sites for careers, in-demand tech skills in 2019, learning Excel for free, free online education, reviewing resumes for free, and preparing for interviews. The lists highlight popular websites like LinkedIn, Coursera, Khan Academy, Leetcode, and ResumeGenius that can help with tasks like networking, developing skills, getting education/training, improving resumes and interview skills.
Very interesting - Can you guess what is common between all these prominent temples.
If your answer is, they all are Shiva temples, you are only partially correct.
It is actually the longitude in which these temples are located.
They all are located in 79° longitudes. What is surprising and awesome is that how the architects of these temples many hundreds of kilometers apart came up with these precise locations without GPS
1. Madurai is unique as it is guarded by 3 surrounding hills and was once full of Kadabam trees.
2. The Nandi statue at Meenakshi Amman Temple is one of the largest in Asia. Tirumalai Naicker Mahal is the largest palace in Tamil Nadu, built without using ceiling supports.
3. Gandhi Museum was originally the palace of Ranimangammal and is the only museum dedicated to Gandhi outside of India. It houses the blood-stained shawl Gandhi was wearing when assassinated.
K.Guru Charan Kumar, IB ESS Teacher at Pathways World School, Aravali discusses the importance of taking his IB students on field trips that enhance the learning they do in the classroom. Over the past year, K. Guru has shared numerous adventures with the IB community and we asked him to reflect on why field experience is central to his teaching.
Guru Charan Kumar KANAHAVEL attended the IB Asia Pacific DP Category 1 & 2 Workshops in Singapore from August 10-12, 2012 for the subject Environmental Systems and Societies. The certificate certifies his participation in subject sessions at the workshops organized by the IB Regional Office for Asia Pacific and led by experienced IB practitioners.
My mission is to deliver world-class international education power point presentation through the provision of high-quality curricula, assessment and services for the IGCSE EVM.
A wide range of materials and resources is available through my Slide share to support teachers and learners in Cambridge schools. Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts.
The content of this power point presentation is designed to encourage reflection on the limits to growth and sustainable development for IGCSE EVM.
The content of this PowerPoint is structured as a series of learning outcomes that lay out what candidates should know, understand and be able to analyze and discuss.
Environmental Management is concerned not only with the impact of humankind on the planet but also with the patterns of human behavior necessary to preserve and manage the environment in a self-sustaining way. Study is linked to the areas of new thinking in environmental management, environmental economics and the quest for alternative technologies. Classroom studies and optional coursework allow candidates to obtain a local as well as a global perspective.
My mission is to deliver world-class international education power point presentation through the provision of high-quality curricula, assessment and services for the IGCSE EVM.
A wide range of materials and resources is available through my Slide share to support teachers and learners in Cambridge schools. Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts.
The content of this power point presentation is designed to encourage reflection on the limits to growth and sustainable development for IGCSE EVM.
The content of this PowerPoint is structured as a series of learning outcomes that lay out what candidates should know, understand and be able to analyze and discuss.
Environmental Management is concerned not only with the impact of humankind on the planet but also with the patterns of human behavior necessary to preserve and manage the environment in a self-sustaining way. Study is linked to the areas of new thinking in environmental management, environmental economics and the quest for alternative technologies. Classroom studies and optional coursework allow candidates to obtain a local as well as a global perspective.
My mission is to deliver world-class international education power point presentation through the provision of high-quality curricula, assessment and services for the IGCSE EVM.
A wide range of materials and resources is available through my Slide share to support teachers and learners in Cambridge schools. Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts.
The content of this power point presentation is designed to encourage reflection on the limits to growth and sustainable development for IGCSE EVM.
The content of this PowerPoint is structured as a series of learning outcomes that lay out what candidates should know, understand and be able to analyze and discuss.
Environmental Management is concerned not only with the impact of humankind on the planet but also with the patterns of human behavior necessary to preserve and manage the environment in a self-sustaining way. Study is linked to the areas of new thinking in environmental management, environmental economics and the quest for alternative technologies. Classroom studies and optional coursework allow candidates to obtain a local as well as a global perspective.
As part of the IB philosophy, one must understand that not everything can be taught within the classroom. Thus, field trips provide the perfect opportunity to apply ourselves fruitfully. Laden with their luggage, and appetite for knowledge, the group of ESS and Geography students readied themselves for the learning expedition to Sundarbans, West Bengal.
The most engaging component of ESS & Geo IBDP is the coursework/fieldwork which culminates in an Analytical report based on Primary Data which the students gather and work upon. In this context we are all set to embark on our journey to Sundarbans Delta (UNESCO World Heritage site) which is located in Kolkata. This year 41 IBDP students with 4 teachers ventured for the very first time in the country to visit the Sundarbans(Kolkata) for the field trip.
The IBDP ESS & Geography students studied “Ecological Footprints of Eco tourism & Environmental Sustainability, Quality and Patterns of Resource Consumption” with special reference to Mangrove forest of Sundarbans, West Bengal.
Farmers from Maldevta Village, who work in the lowest sector of the economy, have minimal land and resources to help them grow crops. This obligates them to enter the hills with their cattle to allow grazing. Farmers also clear some forest areas, to increase their farm land for more income, thus reducing the biodiversity. As a result of the reduced in forest area and resources, wild animals invade villages and destroy farmlands. In some cases, because of minimal knowledge of the chemical Pesticides, it’s overuse affects not only the farmland, but also nearby water resources as it leads to eutrophication. This relates to my RQ because after surveying the villagers and collecting the raw data from the Simpson’s Diversity index it allowed me to evaluate the effect of human intervention on the natural environment and thus evaluating the effect of Ecological Footprint.
This IA talks about research is to compare Simpson Diversity of four areas of Mahendrapur village based on the amount of sunlight received and the amount of nutrients found near the place where they are located (near the water body or away from the water body).
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
2. INDEX
• Type of System
• Components of a system
• Thermodynamics nutrient cycles
• Laws of Thermodynamics
• Transfer vs. transformation
• Laws of Thermodynamics
• Equilibria-Steady-State-Static
• Feedback Mechnasim
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
2
3. What is ENERGY?
• Energy is defined as the ability or the capacity
to do work.
• Energy causes things to happen around us
• Energy lights our cities, powers our vehicles,
and runs machinery in factories. It warms and
cools our homes, cooks our food, plays our
music, and gives us pictures on television.
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
3
4. What is MATTER?
• Matter is generally considered to be anything
that has mass and volume
• Example:
• a car would be said to be made of matter, as it
occupies space, and has mass.
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
4
6. TYPES OF SYSTEM
1. OPEN SYSTEM
2. CLOSED SYSTEM
3. ISOLATED SYSTEM
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
6
7. Systems are defined by the source and ultimate
destination of their matter and/or energy.
1. OPEN SYSTEM: a
system in which both
matter and energy are
exchanged across
boundaries of the
system.
Most natural living systems are OPEN systems.
SYSTEMS & MODELS
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
7
11. 2. CLOSED SYSTEM: a system in which energy
is exchanged across boundaries of the system, but
matter is not. Example-Aquarium & Terrarium
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
11
13. Terrarium
A small enclosure or closed container in which selected living
plants and sometimes small land animals, such as turtles and
lizards, are kept and observed.
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
13
14. 3. ISOLATED SYSTEM: a system in which
neither energy nor matter is exchanged with
its envioronemt.Do not exist naturally
NO SUCH SYSTEM EXISTS!!!
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
14
17. Components of a system:
1. Inputs such as energy or
matter.
Calories
Protein
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
17
18. 2. Flows of matter or energy within the
systems at certain rates.
Calories
Protein
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
Calories
Protein
SYSTEMS & MODELS
18
19. 3.Outputs of certain forms of matter or
energy that flow out of the system into
sinks in the environment.
WasteHeat
Calories
Protein
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
WasteMatt
er
19
20. 4. Storage areas in which energy or matter can
accumulate for various lengths of time before
being released.
Calories
Protein
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
20
21. RECAP
•
•
•
•
What is open system? Example
What is closed system? Example
What is Isolated system? Example
Components of a system
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
21
24. energy input
from sun
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
(plants, other producers)
nutrient
cycling
RESPIRATION
(hetero & autos, decomposers)
energy
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
output (mainly heat)
SYSTEMS & MODELS
24
28. Laws of Thermodynamics
• The study of thermodynamics is about energy
flow in natural systems
• The Laws of Thermodynamics describe what
is known about energy transformations in our
universe
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
28
29. Two basic processes must occur
in an ecosystem:
1. A cycling of chemical elements.
2. Flow of energy.
Energy flows through systems while
materials circulate around systems.
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
29
31. Cycling of Chemical Elements
TRANSFERS: normally flow
through a system and involve a
change in location.
TRANSFORMATIONS: lead to
an interaction within a system in
the formation of a new end
product, or involve a change of
state.
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
31
32. Transfer vs. transformation
• Transfer involves a change in
location
– e.g. water falling as rain, running off the
land into a river then to the sea
• Transformation involves a change
in state
– e.g. evaporation of water from a lake
into the atmosphere
• Energy examplesSYSTEMS & MODELS
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
32
37. Describe
Transfer and Transformation
• Transfer - just a movement from one place
to another ….water mountain to ocean..
• Transformation - actual change of state or
material -- liquid water/evaporates… CO2
to sugars/starch in plant .
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
37
38. Distinguish
flows and storage
• Flows are input and output • exmple….input food -- output wastes
energy
• Storage -- usually a transformation into a
form of matter/energy that can be used
later……
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
38
39. What is Thermodynamics?
1. Thermodynamics is the study of the
energy transformations that occur in a
system.
2. It is the study of the flow of energy through
nature.
3. Within a system energy cannot be re-used.
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
39
41. • Two laws
• First Law of Thermodynamics
• Second Law of Thermodynamics
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
41
42. 1st Law of Thermodynamics
•States that energy can be transferred and transformed,
but it CANNOT be created nor destroyed.
•Law of Conservation of
Energy.
•Energy of the universe is constant.
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
SYSTEMS & MODELS
42
49. Energy at one level must come
from previous level
Sun
Producers (rooted plants)
Producers (phytoplankton)
Primary consumers (zooplankton)
Secondary consumers (fish)
Dissolved
chemicals
ESS/GURU/CHAPTER1
Tertiary consumers
(turtles)
Sediment
SYSTEMS & MODELS
Decomposers (bacteria and fungi)
49
51. Using the first law of thermodynamics explain why the
energy
pyramid is always pyramid shaped (bottom bigger than
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top)
57. • The titan arum or Amorphophallus titanum s
a flowering plant with the largest unbranched
inflorescence in the world.
• The titan arum's inflorescence can reach over
3 metres (10 ft) in circumference.
• The leaf structure can reach up to 6 metres
(20 ft) tall and 5 metres (16 ft) across
• The corm is the largest known, weighing
around 50 kilograms (110
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58. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
1. The Second Law is the Law of Entropy(disorder,
randomness or chaos).
2. It is essential state that as energy is transformed from
one from to another the conversion is never 100%
efficient and therefore energy is always lost to that
system
3. Every energy transformation or transfer results in an
increase in the disorder of the universe
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61. The Second Law of Thermodynamics can also be stated in the following way:
•
•
•
In any spontaneous process the energy
transformation is not 100 % efficient, part
of it is lost (dissipated) as heat which, can
not be used to do work (within the system)
to fight against entropy.
In fact, for most ecosystems, processes are
on average only 10% efficient (10%
Principle), this means that for every energy
passage (transformation) 90% is lost in the
form of heat energy, only 10% passes to
the next element in the system.
Most biological processes are very
inefficient in their transformation of energy
which is lost as heat.
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62. What results
from the second
law of
Thermodynamic
s?
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63. Second Law of Thermodynamics
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64. •Any conversion is less than 100% efficient and
therefore some energy is lost or wasted.
•Usually this energy is lost in the form of HEAT (=
random energy of molecular movement). We
usually summarize it as respiration.
(photosynthesis)
Waste
heat
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Mechanical
energy
Chemical
energy
(food)
Chemical
energy
Solar
energy
Waste
heat
SYSTEMS & MODELS
(moving,
thinking,
living)
Waste
heat
Waste
heat
64
65. Only 25% of chemical “E” stored in gasoline is
transformed in to motion of the car and 75% is
lost as heat!!
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66. RECAP
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What is a SYSTEM?
Types of system
What is open system
Closed system
Isolated system
What is thermo dynamics?
What is First law of thermodynamics?
What is second law of thermodynamics?
What is transfer of energy?
What is transformation of energy?
Tallest flower
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67. The Second Law of Thermodynamics
in numbers: The 10% Law
For most ecological process, theamount of energy that is passed
from one trophic level to the next is on average 10%.
Heat
900 J
Energy 1
Process 3
1000 J
J
Heat
90 J
Heat
9J
Process 1
Process 2
100 J
10 J
J = Joule SI Unit of Energy & MODELS
SYSTEMS
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68. Without adding energy to a system, the
system will break down .
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69. Primary Producers and the 2nd law of
Thermodynamics
(Output)
(Output)
(Output)
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70. Consumers and the
2nd law of
Thermodynamics
How efficient is the cow
in the use of the food it
takes daily?
Respiration
2000 kJ.day-1
10% for growth
565
kJ.day-1
Urine
and
Faeces
2850 kJ.day1
Food Intake
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71. The Ecosystem and the 2nd
law of Thermodynamics
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
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72. Why both the laws are important
in ecosystem or environment?
• Both the laws are important because
when analyzing the energy transfers
in an ecosystem and living organism
is general
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74. RECAP
• What is First Law of Thermodynamics
• What is Second Law of
Thermodynamics?
• What is EQUILIBRIUM?
• Three types of equilibrium
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76. What is Equilibrium
• Equilibrium is the tendency of the system
to return to an original state following
disturbance, a state of balance exists
among the components of that system.
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78. STEADY –STATE EQUILIBRIUM EXAMPLE
death
birth
If these birth & death rates are equal there is no net change
In population size
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79. QUESTION
WHERE YOU CAN SEE STEADY –STATE
EQUILIBRIUM IN ECOSYSTEM
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80. Food chain & Food web are the example of Steady –State Equilibrium
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81. Steady –State Equilibrium
• A Steady –state equilibrium is a characteristic
of open system where there are continuous
inputs and outputs of energy and matter, but
the system as a whole remains in a more or
less constant state
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82. Rate of water entering = Rate
of water leaving
Hence the level of water is
constant
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83. STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
• Static Equilibrium in which there is no change
over time
• The force within the system are in balance, and
the components remain unchanged in their
relationship
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84. let us consider two children sitting on a seesaw. At balance point (i.e., the equilibrium
position) no movement of children on the seesaw occurs.
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85. QUESTION
WHERE YOU CAN SEE STATIC
EQUILIBRIUM IN ECOSYSTEM
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86. • Most non living system are in Static
Equilibrium
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87. STABLE & UNSTABLE EQUILIBRIUM
• In a stable equilibrium the system tends to
return to the same equilibrium after a
disturbance
• In an unstable equilibrium the system returns
to a new equilibrium after disturbance
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90. RECAP
• What is First Law of Thermodynamics
• What is Second Law of
Thermodynamics?
• What is EQUILIBRIUM?
• Three types of equilibrium
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97. What is FEEDBACK?
• Systems are continually affected by
information from outside & inside the system
is called as FEEDBACK
• Feedbacks can be positive or negative
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98. The sense of cold is the information, putting on clothes or
heating up is the reaction
cold
clothes
heating up
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101. What is feedback loop?
• Natural system act in exactly the same way.
• The information starts a reaction which in turn
input more information which may starts
another reaction.
• This is feedback loop
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103. What is FEEDBACK SYSTEM?
• The way that living systems and non
living systems self-regulate or maintain
homeostasis (the maintenance of a steady
state in an organism, ecosystem or
biosphere) is through feedback systems is
called as FEEDBACK SYSTEM
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104. Negative feedback systems
Walking in hot sun, temperature rises
ONE ACTION IS INCREASING
Body will lose heat
ONE ACTION IS DECREASING
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105. Negative feedback systems
• Negative feedback systems include a sequence
of events that will cause an effect that is in the
opposite direction to the original stimulus and
thereby brings the system back to its
equilibrium position.
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106. Example of Negative Feedback
• Predator/prey relationships
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107. • Predator/prey relationships are usually controlled by
negative feedback where:
The increase in prey increase in predator
decrease in prey decrease in predator
increase in prey---and so on in a cyclical
manner.
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108. The classic study in Northern Canada between the Wild Cat and
the hare populations is famous for its regular 11 year cycle of
rising and falling populations.
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109. Negative feedback
• Predator Prey is a classic Example
– Snowshoe hare population increases
– More food for Lynx Lynx population increases
– Increased predation on hares hare population
declines
– Less food for Lynx Lynx population declines
– Less predation Increase in hare population
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117. Positive feedback
•
•
•
A runaway cycle – often called vicious cycles
A change in a certain direction provides output that
further increases that change
Change leads to increasing change – it accelerates
deviation
Example: Global warming
1. Temperature increases Ice caps melt
2. Less Ice cap surface area Less sunlight is reflected away
from earth (albedo)
3. More light hits dark ocean and heat is trapped
4. Further temperature increase Further melting of the ice
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118. Positive feedback
• Positive feedback includes a sequence of
events that will cause a change in the same
direction as the stimulus and thereby
augments the change, moving the state of
the system even further from the
equilibrium point.
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121. Solar
radiation
Energy in = Energy out
Reflected by
atmosphere (34%)
Radiated by
atmosphere
as heat (66%)
UV radiation
Absorbed
by ozone
Lower stratosphere
(ozone layer)
Visible
Greenhouse
light
Troposphere
effect
Heat
Absorbed
by the earth
Heat radiated
by the earth
Earth
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125. WHICH IS POSTIVE & NEGATIVE
• If a pond ecosystem became
polluted with nitrates, washed
off agricultural land by
surface runoff, algae would
rapidly grow in the pond.
• The amount of dissolved
oxygen in the water would
decrease, killing the fish.
• The decomposers that would
increase due to the dead fish
would further decrease the
amount of dissolved oxygen
and so on...
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• A good supply of grass for
rabbits to eat will attract more
rabbits to the area, which puts
pressure on the grass, so it dies
back, so the decreased food
supply leads to a decrease in
population because of death or
out migration, which takes away
the pressure on the grass, which
leads to more growth and a good
supply of food which leads to a
more rabbits attracted to the area
which puts pressure on the grass
and so on and on....
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126. End result? Equilibrium…Recap
• A sort of equalization or end point
• Steady state equilibrium constant changes in all
directions maintain a constant state (no net change) –
common to most open systems in nature
• Static equilibrium No change at all – condition to
which most natural systems can be compared but this
does not exist
• Long term changes in equilibrium point do occur
(evolution, succession)
• Equilibrium is stable (systems tend to return to the
original equilibrium after disturbances)
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129. You should be able to create a
system model.
Observe the next two
society examples and
create a model including
input, flows, stores and
output
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135. Easter Island
What are the statues and where are the trees? A c
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Study in unsustainable growth practices.
136. Evaluating Models
• Used when we can’t accurately measure the
real event
• Models are hard with the environment because
there are so many interacting variables – but
nothing else could do better
• Allows us to predict likelihood of events
• But…
• They are approximations
• They may yield very different results from each
other or actual events
• There are always unanticipated possibilities…
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137. Anticipating Environmental
Surprises
• Remember any action we take has multiple
unforseen consequences
• Discontinuities = Abrupt shifts occur in
previously stable systems once a threshold is
crossed
• Synergistic interactions = 2 factors combine to
produce greater effects than they do alone
• Unpredictable or chaotic events = hurricanes,
earthquakes, climate shifts
• http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/FAY_gra
phics.shtml
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138. What can we do?
• Develop more
complex models for
systems
• Increase research on
environmental
thresholds for better
predictive power
• Formulate possible
scenarios and
solutions ahead of
time
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141. Uranium
mining
(95%)
Uranium
100%
Uranium processing
and transportation
(57%)
95%
Power Transmission
plant of electricity
(85%)
(31%)
Waste
heat
Waste
heat
14%
17%
54%
Waste
heat
Resistance
heating
(100%)
14%
Waste
heat
Electricity from Nuclear Power Plant
Sunlight
100%
90%
Waste
heat
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Production
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142. sun
EARTH
Economic
Systems
Natural
Capital
Air; water,
land, soil,
biodiversity,
minerals,
raw materials,
energy
resources,
and dilution,
degradation,
and recycling
services
Production
Heat
Depletion of
nonrenewable
resources
Degradation and
depletion of renewable
resources used faster
than replenished
Consumption
Pollution and waste
from overloading
nature’s waste disposal
and recycling systems
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& Earth
142