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Thermodynamics
The document provides a comprehensive introduction to thermodynamics, defining key concepts such as thermodynamic systems, system boundaries, and classifications like open, closed, and isolated systems. It discusses properties of substances, equilibrium states, and the laws of thermodynamics, including the zeroth and first laws. Additionally, it touches on specific applications like heat engines and absorption refrigeration systems.
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Thermodynamics
- 1. THERMODYNAMICS Introduction Theword is come from Greek Thermo – Heat Dynamics - power
- 2. Thermodynamics systems SystemBoundary, Surroundings
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- 4. System,Boundary, Surroundings System -A thermodynamics system is defined a definite space or area on which the study of Energy Transfer and Energy conversions is made Boundary –The system and surrounding are separated by boundary. It may be fixed or movable or imaginary.It will not occupy any volume or mass in space
- 5. Surroundings - Anything outside the system which affects the behaviour of the system is known as surroundings Control volume – A specified large number thermal device has mass flow in and out of a system called as control volume Control surface – Both mass and Energy can cross the boundary of a control volume which is called control surface
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- 7. Classification of thermodynamicssystems open, closed, Isolated systems Open system - One in which Both Energy and                        mass cross the boundaries of the                         system. Closed system - One in which mass does not                          cross boundaries of the                          system, though energy may                          do so. Isolated system - one in which neither mass nor                            energy crosses the boundaries                          of the system.
- 8. Thermodynamics property Property - It is defined as any measurable or observable               characteristics of the substance when the system               remains in equilibrium state.(ie) pressure, temp,              density, volume, Energy, specific volume  Intensive property - One whose value does not depend on the                              mass of the system, like                              temperature,pressure,density,                              specific volume, etc.                                (or) These properties are Independent on                               the mass of the system, these properties                               remain same                        Extensive property - One whose value depends on the mass of                               the system, like volume, total Energy, etc
- 9. Control volume, controlsurface, universe,Temp Control volume - A specified large number thermal device has                         mass flow in and out of a system called as                         Control volume.  Control surface - Both mass and energy can cross the                          boundary  of a control volume which is                           called control surface  Universe – A system and surrounding together comprise a                  universe  Temperature - It is defined as a measure of velocity of fluid                      particles. It is A property which is used to                      determine the degree of hotness or coldness or                       the level of heat intensity of a body
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- 13. Adiabatic system Adiabaticsystem - An adiabatic system is one which is thermally insulated from its surroundings.It can ever,exchange work with its surroundings.If it does not, it becomes an isolated system  Phase – A phase is a quantity of matter which is homogeneous throughout in chemical composition and physical structure.
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- 19. Homogeneous,Heterogeneous systems Homogeneoussystem - A system which consists of a single                                    phase is termed as homogeneous                                    system (i.e.) mixture of air and water                                    vapour, water plus nitric acid.   Heterogeneous system - A system which consists of two or                                        more phases is called a                                        heterogeneous system (ie)                                        water plus steam, ice pluse                                         water,water plus oil.
- 20. Thermodynamics Equilibrium ThermalEquilibrium - The temperature of the system does not                                change with time and has same value at all                                 points of the system.  Mechanical Equilibrium - There are no unbalanced forces within                                     the system or between the surroundings.                                     The pressure in the system is same at all                                     points and does not change with respect                                    to time.  Chemical Equilibrium - No chemical reaction takes place in the                                  system and the chemical composition                                which is same throughout the system does                                  not vary with time.  The following three types of equilibrium states must be achieved is called thermodynamics equilibrium.
- 21. Zeroth law ofThermodynamics When a body 'A' is in thermal equilibrium with a body 'B' and also separately with a body 'C' , then B and C will be in thermal wquilibrium with each other. Â Â Â Â Â This is known as the Zeroth law of thermodynamics. It is the basis of temperature measurement.
- 22. First Law ofThermodynamics The first The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy principle to heat and thermodynamic process
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- 33. ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
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