The document discusses the origins and evolution of the universe, Earth, and life. It describes how the Big Bang created the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. It then explains how galaxies, stars, and planets formed, including theories about how the solar system originated. The formation and geological history of Earth is covered in detail, breaking its timeline into Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Key events like the emergence of life and mass extinctions are highlighted.
Earth as a system is composed of numerous interacting parts or subsystem. Earth system science attempts to integrate the knowledge from traditional sciences, geology, atmospheric science, chemistry, biology and so on. Earth is just a small part of larger system known as the solar system.
Earth system has nearly endless array of subsystems in which matter is recycled over and over again.
The reason for the occurrence of such a huge mass of water on the globe, is still a myth and reality. The reason goes back to the Origin of Earth itself. The exact mode of origin is not precisely known. Scientists assume, both Primary and secondary sources would have given rise to all both air and water on the earth. Two possible sources as internal source (or) external source have been proposed so far. Some of them are attributed towards the theories of origin of the earth.
Earth as a system is composed of numerous interacting parts or subsystem. Earth system science attempts to integrate the knowledge from traditional sciences, geology, atmospheric science, chemistry, biology and so on. Earth is just a small part of larger system known as the solar system.
Earth system has nearly endless array of subsystems in which matter is recycled over and over again.
The reason for the occurrence of such a huge mass of water on the globe, is still a myth and reality. The reason goes back to the Origin of Earth itself. The exact mode of origin is not precisely known. Scientists assume, both Primary and secondary sources would have given rise to all both air and water on the earth. Two possible sources as internal source (or) external source have been proposed so far. Some of them are attributed towards the theories of origin of the earth.
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
This Powerpoint Presentaion is used for my 11th Grade Earth Science Reporting as a major requirement for our sujbect. It talks about the tectonic processes and Plate boundaries with its theories..
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
This Powerpoint Presentaion is used for my 11th Grade Earth Science Reporting as a major requirement for our sujbect. It talks about the tectonic processes and Plate boundaries with its theories..
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
This is a powerpoint that would be able to be used in a 2nd grade level class. This goes into detail about what the definition of geology is as well as different types of rocks that there are.
This is a presentation onEngineering Geology.
It contains-
>>Meaning
>>Definition
>>Objective
>>Scope in Construction;Water Resource Developement;Town and Regional Planning.
>>Age Of Earth.
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The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago.
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place.
To know more, see the presentation.
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
Earth science is a broad spectrum of science that covers life science and physical science. Life science is all about the study of living organisms and their relationships including biology, anatomy, ecology, etc.
Borehole geophysics is the science of recording and analyzing measurements of physical properties made in wells or test holes. Probes that measure different properties are lowered into the borehole to collect continuous or point data that is graphically displayed as a geophysical log. Multiple logs typically are collected to take advantage of their synergistic nature--much more can be learned by the analysis of a suite of logs as a group than by the analysis of the same logs individually. Borehole geophysics is used in ground-water and environmental investigations to obtain information on well construction, rock lithology and fractures, permeability and porosity, and water quality. The geophysical logging system consists of probes, cable and drawworks, power and processing modules, and data recording units. State-of-the-art logging systems are controlled by a computer and can collect multiple logs with one pass of the probe
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
5. BIG BANG
EXPANSION
APPROXIMATELY 13.7 BILLION YEARS AGO
The whole universe was compressed into the confines of an
atomic nucleus. Known as a singularity, this is the moment
before creation when space and time did not exist.
According to the prevailing cosmological models that
explain our universe, an ineffable explosion, trillions of
degrees in temperature on any measurement scale, that was
infinitely dense, created not only fundamental subatomic
Particles and thus matter and energy but space and time
itself. These events was occurred are termed as Big bang.
5
6. ORIGIN OF GALAXIES
Gravity makes hydrogen
and helium gas coalesce
to form giant clouds that will
became galaxies, smaller
clumps of gas collapse to
form the first stars.
6
7. ORIGIN OF SOLAR SYSTEM
There are three theories regarding the origin
of the solar system:-
Nebula hypothesis
Collision or encounter
hyothesis
Planetesimal hypothesis
7
8. NEBULA HYPOTHESIS`
Planets and their satellites
were formed at same time as
the sun. Space was filled by a
rotating cloud (nebula) of hot
gas and dust, as it cooled
began to contract
Note:
It is most acceptable theory,
as its modification has been
made.
8
9. Drawbacks of nebula hypothesis
• The mass of material in each ring would be too
small to provide the gravitational attraction
needed to cause the ring to condense into a
planet.
• As the nebula contracted, the largest part of the
angular momentum would remain associated
with the main mass that condensed to form the
Sun, which disagrees with the observed
distribution of angular momentum in the solar
system.
9
10. COLLISION OR ENCOUNTER
HYPOTHESIS
It assumed that the Sun was
formed before the planets.
The gravitational attraction of a
closely passing star or the blast
of a nearby supernova
explosion drew out a filament
of solar material that
condensed to form the planets.
10
11. Drawbacks of collision hypothesis
The solar material would have been so hot
that it would dissipate explosively into space
rather than condense slowly to form the
planets.
11
12. PLANETESIMAL HYPOTHESIS
The discredited theory that the close
passage of a star to the sun caused many small
bodies (planetesimals) to be drawn from the
sun, eventually coalescing to form the planets.
The planets and satellites of the solar
system were formed by
gravitational aggregati-
on of planetesimals.
12
13. ORIGIN OF THE EARTH
There are several formation process took
place resulting in the origin of the earth:-
• Crust, mantle and core formation.
• Atmosphere formation
• Hydrosphere formation
• Lithosphere formation
14. The Age of the Earth
4.6 billion years old
=
4,600,000,000
Image courtesy of NASA, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg#file
16. The earth’s 4.6 billion
year history is divided
into major units of time:
Precambrian Time
Paleozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era
Image created by Jason Brechko for Lake George Association (Lake George, NY)
http://www.lakegeorgeassociation.org/geology_facts.htm
16
17. Precambrian Time
• 4.6 billion years before present to
544 million years before present
• Longest era with a sparse fossil
record
• Origin of earth’s crust, first
atmosphere, and first seas
• Earliest fossils of cyanobacteria use
photosynthesis to produce oxygen
• Ozone layer in the atmosphere is
formed from oxygen
Image courtesy of http://www.sharkbay.wa.gov.au/tourism/what_to_see_and_do/images/stromatolites_lge.jpg
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College. 17
18. Paleozoic era
• 544 million years before present to
245 million years before present
• Marine communities flourish
• Early fishes develop
• Origin of amphibians, insects &
reptiles
• Recurring ice ages/ Appalachians
mountains form
• Spore-bearing plants dominate
Images courtesy of: http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/p/paleozoic/support.gif,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobites
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College. 18
19. Paleozoic era
(continued)…
• 286 - 248 million
years before present: c
Supercontinent of
Pangea forms
• 248 million years
before present:
MASS EXTINCTION-
90 % of all known
families lost!
Image courtesy of http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/plates/teaching_ideas.htm?PHPSESSID=def1b9
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College. 19
20. Mesozoic Era
• 245 million years before present - 65
million years before present
• The age of the dinosaurs!
• Gymnosperms dominate land plant/
origin of angiosperms - flowering plants
• Origin of mammals & birds
• 145 million years before present -
asteroid impact? MASS EXTINCTION
• Pangea begins to separate/ Rocky
mountains form
Image courtesy of http://nascarulz.tripod.com/dinomain.html
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College. 20
21. 65 million years
before present….
• ASTEROID IMPACT!
• Mass extinction of
ALL dinosaurs and
many marine
organisms
• End of the Mesozoic
era
Image courtesy of NASA: http://www.nasaexplores.com/show2_912a.php?id=01-074&gl=912
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College. 21
22. Cenozoic Era
• 65 million years before present -
today
• Present era we live in
• Continued evolution and
adaptations of flowering plants,
insects, birds, mammals
• Mammals dominant
• Major crustal movements &
mountain building (Alps &
Himalayan mountains form)
Image courtesy of: http://www.karencarr.com/gallery_Cenozoic_arch.html
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College. 22
23. And during the
•
Cenozoic era…
The most primitive hominid
(human ancestor) evolves -
approximately 4.4million years
before present
• The first modern humans (homo
sapiens) evolved approximately
100,000 years before present
Image courtesy of: http://www.wilderdom.com/images/evolution/8.jpg