The document is an exam for the Environmental Systems Standard Level course, consisting of 30 multiple choice questions testing various concepts related to environmental science. Some of the topics covered include population ecology, energy flow, greenhouse gases, the carbon and nitrogen cycles, and atmospheric structure. The exam is 45 minutes long and candidates are instructed to choose the single best answer for each question and mark their choice on an answer sheet.
The document discusses the Sunderbans, a vast mangrove forest located in the Ganges Delta region of India and Bangladesh. It is the largest mangrove forest in the world, covering over 1 million hectares of land and water. The Indian Sunderbans portion lies within West Bengal and contains diverse mangrove flora and fauna, including the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger. However, the ecosystem faces numerous threats from human activities like population growth, deforestation, pollution, and natural disasters. Proper management is needed to protect the fragile ecosystem and local communities that depend on its resources.
The document is a 45 mark summative assessment on the global water cycle for a Grade 11 IB ESS class. It contains multiple choice and short answer questions testing understanding of key concepts about the water cycle including storage percentages, flow rates, inputs and outputs, and feedback mechanisms. It also addresses questions about energy in the water cycle, impacts of climate change, and water usage over time.
Desertification is the degradation of land in dry areas due to various factors including climate change and human activities. It affects one-third of the world's land and millions of people. In India, the Thar Desert in Rajasthan is expanding due to overgrazing, deforestation, and farming practices. Efforts to control desertification include afforestation programs, drip irrigation, checking soil erosion, and international initiatives like the Great Green Wall across Africa.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, components, and methods for measuring it. Biodiversity refers to the variety of species, habitats, and genetic diversity in an area. It can be measured by species diversity, habitat diversity, and genetic diversity. Methods for measuring biodiversity include counting species richness, calculating Simpson's Diversity Index using population data from quadrats, mark-recapture studies using the Lincoln Index, and chemical fogging to sample canopy insects. Global patterns of biodiversity are also addressed.
Temperate grasslands are found on several continents including North America, Eurasia, South America, Africa, Australia and New Zealand. They are characterized by large, flat lands with very rich soil that supports a variety of grasses and shrubs. During winter, the grasses die off leaving hummus. Temperate grasslands receive between 25-75 cm of annual precipitation and temperatures can range from over 100 degrees F in summer to below -40 degrees F in winter. Common animal species include bison, deer, elk, prairie dogs, rabbits, birds, snakes and foxes while common plant species are cottonwoods, oaks, willows, purple needle grass and sunflowers.
The hard reality and silver lining in a sustainable future.
Noted climatologist James W. C. White delivers the annual Stefansson Memorial Lecture for 2014. Drawing on results from ice core research over the past twenty years, as well as a new NRC report on abrupt climate change, the talk addresses abrupt change as seen in past climates, as seen today in key environmental systems upon which humans depend, and what may be coming in the future.
A webcast video is available at http://cirescolorado.adobeconnect.com/p4g9tolukv9/ (talk begins at 30 min.)
The document discusses the Sunderbans, a vast mangrove forest located in the Ganges Delta region of India and Bangladesh. It is the largest mangrove forest in the world, covering over 1 million hectares of land and water. The Indian Sunderbans portion lies within West Bengal and contains diverse mangrove flora and fauna, including the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger. However, the ecosystem faces numerous threats from human activities like population growth, deforestation, pollution, and natural disasters. Proper management is needed to protect the fragile ecosystem and local communities that depend on its resources.
The document is a 45 mark summative assessment on the global water cycle for a Grade 11 IB ESS class. It contains multiple choice and short answer questions testing understanding of key concepts about the water cycle including storage percentages, flow rates, inputs and outputs, and feedback mechanisms. It also addresses questions about energy in the water cycle, impacts of climate change, and water usage over time.
Desertification is the degradation of land in dry areas due to various factors including climate change and human activities. It affects one-third of the world's land and millions of people. In India, the Thar Desert in Rajasthan is expanding due to overgrazing, deforestation, and farming practices. Efforts to control desertification include afforestation programs, drip irrigation, checking soil erosion, and international initiatives like the Great Green Wall across Africa.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, components, and methods for measuring it. Biodiversity refers to the variety of species, habitats, and genetic diversity in an area. It can be measured by species diversity, habitat diversity, and genetic diversity. Methods for measuring biodiversity include counting species richness, calculating Simpson's Diversity Index using population data from quadrats, mark-recapture studies using the Lincoln Index, and chemical fogging to sample canopy insects. Global patterns of biodiversity are also addressed.
Temperate grasslands are found on several continents including North America, Eurasia, South America, Africa, Australia and New Zealand. They are characterized by large, flat lands with very rich soil that supports a variety of grasses and shrubs. During winter, the grasses die off leaving hummus. Temperate grasslands receive between 25-75 cm of annual precipitation and temperatures can range from over 100 degrees F in summer to below -40 degrees F in winter. Common animal species include bison, deer, elk, prairie dogs, rabbits, birds, snakes and foxes while common plant species are cottonwoods, oaks, willows, purple needle grass and sunflowers.
The hard reality and silver lining in a sustainable future.
Noted climatologist James W. C. White delivers the annual Stefansson Memorial Lecture for 2014. Drawing on results from ice core research over the past twenty years, as well as a new NRC report on abrupt climate change, the talk addresses abrupt change as seen in past climates, as seen today in key environmental systems upon which humans depend, and what may be coming in the future.
A webcast video is available at http://cirescolorado.adobeconnect.com/p4g9tolukv9/ (talk begins at 30 min.)
This document outlines concepts related to systems thinking from pages 69-90 of the IB ESS Course Companion. It defines key terms like systems, open and closed systems, feedback loops, and equilibria. It also explains how systems can be analyzed on different scales from cells to biomes to the whole Earth. The document provides examples and details about how systems thinking is applied in environmental science.
Biology Form 4 Chapter 9 - 9.1 Endangered EcosystemNirmala Josephine
Human activities negatively impact the environment through unplanned development and mismanagement of ecosystems. This leads to problems like soil erosion, deforestation, pollution, and species extinction. However, proper management through practices like afforestation, renewable energy use, and pollution control can mitigate environmental damage. Increasing human populations intensify agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization, all of which affect the environment if not properly managed.
Topic 1.1- Environmental value systems Four Corners.pdfNigel Gardner
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Have been affected by events through history as the environmental movement has developed
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Exist as a spectrum of ideas and values that depend on many factors and influences.
For IB Diploma Environmental Systems and Societies
The document discusses arguments for conserving biodiversity, including that nature has inherent value, many natural products have economic value, and ecosystems provide free services to humans. It also covers case studies on how conserving genetic diversity in food stocks has helped crops, and the importance of conserving biodiversity to discover drugs. The document examines criteria for designing protected areas to effectively conserve species and biodiversity.
Presentation with case study on earhquake JatinAggrawal
The earthquake in Gujarat, India on January 26, 2001 caused widespread damage and loss of life. Major structural defects like floating columns, pounding, soft first stories, and asymmetry contributed to building failures. Over 19,000 people died, especially in the worst-hit areas of Bhuj and Bhachau. Key infrastructure and cultural monuments were destroyed. Lessons learned can help improve earthquake resiliency through better engineering practices.
Ekosistem dinamik dan interaksi antara organisma hidup dan lingkungan. Terdiri dari komponen biotik seperti tumbuhan dan hewan, dan abiotik seperti faktor lingkungan fisik. Organisma saling berinteraksi melalui rantai makanan, simbiosis, parasitisme dan persaingan untuk sumber daya. Proses pengkolonian dan penyesaran berlangsung hingga terbentuk komunitas klimaks.
1) If atmospheric carbon dioxide was eliminated from our atmospher.docxhirstcruz
1) If atmospheric carbon dioxide was eliminated from our atmosphere, we would expect that the
Earth would:
A) cool considerably and photosynthesis would dramatically increase
B) cool considerably and photosynthesis would dramatically decrease
C) heat up considerably and photosynthesis would dramatically increase
D) heat up considerably and photosynthesis would dramatically decrease
2) Which of the following is a correlation that is causing widespread concern?
A) As atmospheric oxygen levels decline, the ozone layer is being destroyed.
B) As atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline, the ozone layer is being destroyed.
C) As levels of methane decline, average global temperatures are increasing.
D) As levels of carbon dioxide increase, average global temperatures are increasing.
3) Which of the following is part of natural capital but not ecosystem capital?
A) solar energy used to drive photosynthesis throughout the biosphere
B) coal and oil reserves
C) the production of electrical energy from wind turbines and dams
D) the genetic diversity of all plants and animals used in modern agriculture
4) From an ecological economist’s perspective, without sustainability, as economies grow:
A) gross national product grows too
B) natural resources are renewed
C) the natural world is depleted
D) natural ecosystems are replenished
5) Natural capital includes ecosystem capital plus:
A) natural forms of energy, such as solar, wind, and flowing water
B) nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels
C) money available to invest in growing industry
D) all of the products of photosynthesis in the biosphere
6) The concept of sustainability requires that:
A) economic growth does not exceed the renewal of natural capital
B) all sources of energy used in an economy must come from the sun
C) global economic systems are based on the harvesting of natural products
D) economies use equal portions of land, labor, and capital
7) Uncertain about the best way to keep his new lizard alive, Jerome places a heat lamp at one
end of the long lizard cage. Over several days, Jerome notices that the lizard tends to sit in a
certain place when the lamp is on. The lizard’s selection of a particular place to stay
represents its:
A) range of tolerance
B) temperature optimum
C) biotic conditioning
D) use of a limited resource
8) As global climate change warms certain mountain ranges, the temperature optima for the insect
species living on the mountain is causing these insects to:
A) move higher up the mountain
B) move down the mountain
C) move to a new biome
D) become parasitic
9) Energy is lost as it moves from one trophic level to the next because:
A) one trophic level does not consume the entire trophic level below it
B) some of the calories consumed drive cellular activities and do not add mass
C) some ingested materials are undigested and eliminated
D) All of the above.
10) In general, biomes at.
1) The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment primarily characterized human.docxNarcisaBrandenburg70
1) The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment primarily characterized human impact on:
A) atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
B) degradation of the ozone layer
C) ecosystem services
D) plate tectonics
2) The Fourth Assessment Report, released in 2007 concluded that global climate change is
caused at least in part by the:
A) human use of fossil fuels to generate electricity and power engines
B) human use of chlorofluorocarbons in refrigeration systems
C) harvesting of millions of acres of corn, wheat, and soybeans around the world every year
D) depletion of groundwater supplies
3) Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contributes to global warming by:
A) transmitting visible light and absorbing infrared radiation
B) transmitting infrared radiation and absorbing visible light
C) transmitting infrared radiation and visible light
D) absorbing infrared radiation and visible light
4) The Doha Round of WTO meetings have failed to reach agreement about:
A) currency exchange
B) converting the economies of developed nation from green to brown
C) farm subsidies and trade barriers
D) how to control public protests at future WTO meetings
5) The classical economic paradigm and the new ecological economic paradigm differ in the way
that:
A) each views the land, either as a resource within the human economy (classical) or as
something that encompasses the economy (ecological)
B) the value of capital is assessed, either in dollars (classical) or as resources that can
be mined from the Earth (ecological)
C) labor is determined, either as the number of people who are unemployed, not
counting farmers (classical), or the number of people who are unemployed counting
farmers (ecological)
D) labor and capital are assessed, either counting the total labor and capital resources
available (classical) or that which is in use in operations (ecological)
6) The ecological economic paradigm argues that the environment encompasses the economy
because the environment is essential to provide:
A) the energy necessary to run our homes and factories.
B) solar energy needed for plants and to light our environment during the day.
C) transportation along highways, railways, rivers, and oceans.
D) vital raw materials and ecosystem services and absorb wastes.
7) The ecological economists’ view emphasizes the role of:
A) amount and quality of capital available to industry.
B) abundance of well-trained, well-educated labor that is available.
C) natural ecosystems.
D) public’s understanding of the natural environment.
8) In some deserts, there are mice and lizards that are about the same size. The mice eat grains
and the lizards feed on insects. Given this information, we would expect that the biomass of the:
A) lizards would be about the same as the mice.
B) lizards would be greater than the mice.
C) mice would be greater than the lizards.
D) lizards and mice would be about 10 times greater than the organisms that they consume.
9) Why are there so fe.
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B)
The document is a practice exam for an environmental science course. It contains 50 multiple choice questions covering various topics in environmental science, including the scientific method, ecosystems, population growth, energy sources, water resources, air pollution, climate change, and environmental economics. The questions assess understanding of key concepts and theories presented in an environmental science textbook. An answer key is provided to check responses to the exam questions.
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
The document is a practice exam for an environmental science course. It contains 50 multiple choice questions covering various topics in environmental science, including the scientific method, ecosystems, population growth, energy sources, water resources, air pollution, climate change, and environmental economics. The questions assess understanding of key concepts and issues addressed in the course textbook. An answer key is provided to check responses to the exam questions.
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B)
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
This document outlines concepts related to systems thinking from pages 69-90 of the IB ESS Course Companion. It defines key terms like systems, open and closed systems, feedback loops, and equilibria. It also explains how systems can be analyzed on different scales from cells to biomes to the whole Earth. The document provides examples and details about how systems thinking is applied in environmental science.
Biology Form 4 Chapter 9 - 9.1 Endangered EcosystemNirmala Josephine
Human activities negatively impact the environment through unplanned development and mismanagement of ecosystems. This leads to problems like soil erosion, deforestation, pollution, and species extinction. However, proper management through practices like afforestation, renewable energy use, and pollution control can mitigate environmental damage. Increasing human populations intensify agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization, all of which affect the environment if not properly managed.
Topic 1.1- Environmental value systems Four Corners.pdfNigel Gardner
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Have been affected by events through history as the environmental movement has developed
Environmental Value systems (EVS) : Exist as a spectrum of ideas and values that depend on many factors and influences.
For IB Diploma Environmental Systems and Societies
The document discusses arguments for conserving biodiversity, including that nature has inherent value, many natural products have economic value, and ecosystems provide free services to humans. It also covers case studies on how conserving genetic diversity in food stocks has helped crops, and the importance of conserving biodiversity to discover drugs. The document examines criteria for designing protected areas to effectively conserve species and biodiversity.
Presentation with case study on earhquake JatinAggrawal
The earthquake in Gujarat, India on January 26, 2001 caused widespread damage and loss of life. Major structural defects like floating columns, pounding, soft first stories, and asymmetry contributed to building failures. Over 19,000 people died, especially in the worst-hit areas of Bhuj and Bhachau. Key infrastructure and cultural monuments were destroyed. Lessons learned can help improve earthquake resiliency through better engineering practices.
Ekosistem dinamik dan interaksi antara organisma hidup dan lingkungan. Terdiri dari komponen biotik seperti tumbuhan dan hewan, dan abiotik seperti faktor lingkungan fisik. Organisma saling berinteraksi melalui rantai makanan, simbiosis, parasitisme dan persaingan untuk sumber daya. Proses pengkolonian dan penyesaran berlangsung hingga terbentuk komunitas klimaks.
1) If atmospheric carbon dioxide was eliminated from our atmospher.docxhirstcruz
1) If atmospheric carbon dioxide was eliminated from our atmosphere, we would expect that the
Earth would:
A) cool considerably and photosynthesis would dramatically increase
B) cool considerably and photosynthesis would dramatically decrease
C) heat up considerably and photosynthesis would dramatically increase
D) heat up considerably and photosynthesis would dramatically decrease
2) Which of the following is a correlation that is causing widespread concern?
A) As atmospheric oxygen levels decline, the ozone layer is being destroyed.
B) As atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline, the ozone layer is being destroyed.
C) As levels of methane decline, average global temperatures are increasing.
D) As levels of carbon dioxide increase, average global temperatures are increasing.
3) Which of the following is part of natural capital but not ecosystem capital?
A) solar energy used to drive photosynthesis throughout the biosphere
B) coal and oil reserves
C) the production of electrical energy from wind turbines and dams
D) the genetic diversity of all plants and animals used in modern agriculture
4) From an ecological economist’s perspective, without sustainability, as economies grow:
A) gross national product grows too
B) natural resources are renewed
C) the natural world is depleted
D) natural ecosystems are replenished
5) Natural capital includes ecosystem capital plus:
A) natural forms of energy, such as solar, wind, and flowing water
B) nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels
C) money available to invest in growing industry
D) all of the products of photosynthesis in the biosphere
6) The concept of sustainability requires that:
A) economic growth does not exceed the renewal of natural capital
B) all sources of energy used in an economy must come from the sun
C) global economic systems are based on the harvesting of natural products
D) economies use equal portions of land, labor, and capital
7) Uncertain about the best way to keep his new lizard alive, Jerome places a heat lamp at one
end of the long lizard cage. Over several days, Jerome notices that the lizard tends to sit in a
certain place when the lamp is on. The lizard’s selection of a particular place to stay
represents its:
A) range of tolerance
B) temperature optimum
C) biotic conditioning
D) use of a limited resource
8) As global climate change warms certain mountain ranges, the temperature optima for the insect
species living on the mountain is causing these insects to:
A) move higher up the mountain
B) move down the mountain
C) move to a new biome
D) become parasitic
9) Energy is lost as it moves from one trophic level to the next because:
A) one trophic level does not consume the entire trophic level below it
B) some of the calories consumed drive cellular activities and do not add mass
C) some ingested materials are undigested and eliminated
D) All of the above.
10) In general, biomes at.
1) The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment primarily characterized human.docxNarcisaBrandenburg70
1) The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment primarily characterized human impact on:
A) atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
B) degradation of the ozone layer
C) ecosystem services
D) plate tectonics
2) The Fourth Assessment Report, released in 2007 concluded that global climate change is
caused at least in part by the:
A) human use of fossil fuels to generate electricity and power engines
B) human use of chlorofluorocarbons in refrigeration systems
C) harvesting of millions of acres of corn, wheat, and soybeans around the world every year
D) depletion of groundwater supplies
3) Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contributes to global warming by:
A) transmitting visible light and absorbing infrared radiation
B) transmitting infrared radiation and absorbing visible light
C) transmitting infrared radiation and visible light
D) absorbing infrared radiation and visible light
4) The Doha Round of WTO meetings have failed to reach agreement about:
A) currency exchange
B) converting the economies of developed nation from green to brown
C) farm subsidies and trade barriers
D) how to control public protests at future WTO meetings
5) The classical economic paradigm and the new ecological economic paradigm differ in the way
that:
A) each views the land, either as a resource within the human economy (classical) or as
something that encompasses the economy (ecological)
B) the value of capital is assessed, either in dollars (classical) or as resources that can
be mined from the Earth (ecological)
C) labor is determined, either as the number of people who are unemployed, not
counting farmers (classical), or the number of people who are unemployed counting
farmers (ecological)
D) labor and capital are assessed, either counting the total labor and capital resources
available (classical) or that which is in use in operations (ecological)
6) The ecological economic paradigm argues that the environment encompasses the economy
because the environment is essential to provide:
A) the energy necessary to run our homes and factories.
B) solar energy needed for plants and to light our environment during the day.
C) transportation along highways, railways, rivers, and oceans.
D) vital raw materials and ecosystem services and absorb wastes.
7) The ecological economists’ view emphasizes the role of:
A) amount and quality of capital available to industry.
B) abundance of well-trained, well-educated labor that is available.
C) natural ecosystems.
D) public’s understanding of the natural environment.
8) In some deserts, there are mice and lizards that are about the same size. The mice eat grains
and the lizards feed on insects. Given this information, we would expect that the biomass of the:
A) lizards would be about the same as the mice.
B) lizards would be greater than the mice.
C) mice would be greater than the lizards.
D) lizards and mice would be about 10 times greater than the organisms that they consume.
9) Why are there so fe.
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B)
The document is a practice exam for an environmental science course. It contains 50 multiple choice questions covering various topics in environmental science, including the scientific method, ecosystems, population growth, energy sources, water resources, air pollution, climate change, and environmental economics. The questions assess understanding of key concepts and theories presented in an environmental science textbook. An answer key is provided to check responses to the exam questions.
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
The document is a practice exam for an environmental science course. It contains 50 multiple choice questions covering various topics in environmental science, including the scientific method, ecosystems, population growth, energy sources, water resources, air pollution, climate change, and environmental economics. The questions assess understanding of key concepts and issues addressed in the course textbook. An answer key is provided to check responses to the exam questions.
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B)
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
SCI 256 Final Exam Answers
FINAL EXAM TEST
1. According to the Environmental Science text, the environmental statement of the
1990s was “saving our planet”. Is earth’s very survival really in danger?
A) no, because in the long view, the changes humans have made to earth will be
cleansed by natural processes
B) no, because sustainability refers only to the next 2 generations of humans
C) yes, because resources are becoming really sparse
D) yes, because energy will run out
E) none of these
2. The total amount of food produced each year worldwide is sufficient to feed all the
world’s people today. Why do famines nevertheless occur?
A) food production is insufficient in some local areas
B) logging destroys agricultural land
C) worldwide transportation of food is inadequate
D) severe local shortage of firewood affects the ability to cook
E) food production is insufficient in some local areas and worldwide
transportation of food is inadequ
Unit 1 Examination38GED 108 Environmental ScienceM.docxmarilucorr
This document contains a multiple choice examination for an environmental science course. It includes 25 questions testing knowledge of topics like population growth trends, ecosystem services, natural resource use, water cycles, soil composition, agriculture, and fossil fuel production. The questions require choosing the best answer from several options to demonstrate understanding of key environmental science concepts.
EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE CONSIDER LECTURES UP TO 26 FEB and TEXT Bgalinagrabow44ms
The document is a study guide for Exam 1 that covers lectures up to 26 Feb and textbook chapters through Module 4.1 (Human Populations). It includes 52 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of key concepts like biodiversity, population growth, carrying capacity, keystone species, and human impacts on the environment. Students are asked to define terms, analyze case studies, interpret graphs/figures, and explain relationships between abiotic and biotic factors that shape ecosystems.
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions about ecology and ecosystems. The questions cover topics such as food webs, ecological levels of organization, stability in ecosystems, and the effects of biotic and abiotic factors. Many questions include diagrams, graphs or illustrations to accompany the text.
I am pleased to present an outstanding Sample ESS IA that secured an impressive 28 out of 30 marks, resulting in a remarkable 7-point score. This exemplar serves as a valuable reference and resource for your ESS class, offering comprehensive insights and invaluable guidance for both students and educators alike.
Key Points:
Exceptional Achievement: The IA achieved a remarkable 28 out of 30 marks, showcasing excellence in content, research, and presentation.
7-Point Performance: Scoring a perfect 7 points in the IA demonstrates a deep understanding of Environmental Systems and Societies.
Educational Resource: This exemplary IA serves as an educational resource, providing a model for structuring, researching, and presenting ESS projects.
Invaluable Insights: Reviewing this IA will offer invaluable insights into what constitutes a high-scoring ESS IA, helping students aim for excellence.
Guidance for Students: Students can utilize this IA as a reference to enhance their own IA projects, aiming for similarly outstanding results.
Educator's Tool: Educators can use this IA to exemplify quality work to their students, facilitating better understanding of assessment expectations.
We encourage you to make the most of this exemplary ESS IA as a guiding light in your pursuit of excellence in Environmental Systems and Societies studies.
This document outlines an investigation into the effect of carbon dioxide emissions on temperature in the USA and UK from 2009-2019. The research question asks to what extent different levels of CO2 concentration in the USA vs the UK affect average temperature. Secondary data on CO2 emissions and average temperature in both countries will be collected from credible sources over the 10-year period. The hypothesis is that there is a correlation between CO2 concentrations and temperature trends, and differences in CO2 levels between the countries will result in differences in temperature trends. Key variables are CO2 concentration as the independent variable and average temperature as the dependent variable.
The document contains contact information for ESSGurumantra.com with their Gmail ID repeated in 14 lines. It concludes by listing their social media profiles and podcast/music platforms where users can follow the organization, including their website, Facebook, YouTube channel, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, SlideShare, Pinterest, Spotify, SoundCloud, and Google Podcast.
The document discusses various topics related to genetics and biotechnology including genetic engineering, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA profiling, and genetically modified foods. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms and processes such as how PCR is used to amplify DNA, the steps involved in PCR including denaturation, annealing and elongation, and how gel electrophoresis can be used to analyze PCR products. It also summarizes techniques like DNA profiling that are used for forensic investigations and paternity testing.
This document contains a series of logic and reasoning puzzles to test creativity and problem-solving skills. It includes 25 puzzles of varying difficulty across several categories like word puzzles, number puzzles, and visual puzzles. The puzzles require skills like rearranging letters, words, or images to find hidden meanings and complete word or phrase patterns.
The document provides lists of top 10 websites in various categories that are useful for career development and job searching. These categories include sites for careers, in-demand tech skills in 2019, learning Excel for free, free online education, reviewing resumes for free, and preparing for interviews. The lists highlight popular websites like LinkedIn, Coursera, Khan Academy, Leetcode, and ResumeGenius that can help with tasks like networking, developing skills, getting education/training, improving resumes and interview skills.
Very interesting - Can you guess what is common between all these prominent temples.
If your answer is, they all are Shiva temples, you are only partially correct.
It is actually the longitude in which these temples are located.
They all are located in 79° longitudes. What is surprising and awesome is that how the architects of these temples many hundreds of kilometers apart came up with these precise locations without GPS
1. Madurai is unique as it is guarded by 3 surrounding hills and was once full of Kadabam trees.
2. The Nandi statue at Meenakshi Amman Temple is one of the largest in Asia. Tirumalai Naicker Mahal is the largest palace in Tamil Nadu, built without using ceiling supports.
3. Gandhi Museum was originally the palace of Ranimangammal and is the only museum dedicated to Gandhi outside of India. It houses the blood-stained shawl Gandhi was wearing when assassinated.
K.Guru Charan Kumar, IB ESS Teacher at Pathways World School, Aravali discusses the importance of taking his IB students on field trips that enhance the learning they do in the classroom. Over the past year, K. Guru has shared numerous adventures with the IB community and we asked him to reflect on why field experience is central to his teaching.
Guru Charan Kumar KANAHAVEL attended the IB Asia Pacific DP Category 1 & 2 Workshops in Singapore from August 10-12, 2012 for the subject Environmental Systems and Societies. The certificate certifies his participation in subject sessions at the workshops organized by the IB Regional Office for Asia Pacific and led by experienced IB practitioners.
My mission is to deliver world-class international education power point presentation through the provision of high-quality curricula, assessment and services for the IGCSE EVM.
A wide range of materials and resources is available through my Slide share to support teachers and learners in Cambridge schools. Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts.
The content of this power point presentation is designed to encourage reflection on the limits to growth and sustainable development for IGCSE EVM.
The content of this PowerPoint is structured as a series of learning outcomes that lay out what candidates should know, understand and be able to analyze and discuss.
Environmental Management is concerned not only with the impact of humankind on the planet but also with the patterns of human behavior necessary to preserve and manage the environment in a self-sustaining way. Study is linked to the areas of new thinking in environmental management, environmental economics and the quest for alternative technologies. Classroom studies and optional coursework allow candidates to obtain a local as well as a global perspective.
My mission is to deliver world-class international education power point presentation through the provision of high-quality curricula, assessment and services for the IGCSE EVM.
A wide range of materials and resources is available through my Slide share to support teachers and learners in Cambridge schools. Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts.
The content of this power point presentation is designed to encourage reflection on the limits to growth and sustainable development for IGCSE EVM.
The content of this PowerPoint is structured as a series of learning outcomes that lay out what candidates should know, understand and be able to analyze and discuss.
Environmental Management is concerned not only with the impact of humankind on the planet but also with the patterns of human behavior necessary to preserve and manage the environment in a self-sustaining way. Study is linked to the areas of new thinking in environmental management, environmental economics and the quest for alternative technologies. Classroom studies and optional coursework allow candidates to obtain a local as well as a global perspective.
My mission is to deliver world-class international education power point presentation through the provision of high-quality curricula, assessment and services for the IGCSE EVM.
A wide range of materials and resources is available through my Slide share to support teachers and learners in Cambridge schools. Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts.
The content of this power point presentation is designed to encourage reflection on the limits to growth and sustainable development for IGCSE EVM.
The content of this PowerPoint is structured as a series of learning outcomes that lay out what candidates should know, understand and be able to analyze and discuss.
Environmental Management is concerned not only with the impact of humankind on the planet but also with the patterns of human behavior necessary to preserve and manage the environment in a self-sustaining way. Study is linked to the areas of new thinking in environmental management, environmental economics and the quest for alternative technologies. Classroom studies and optional coursework allow candidates to obtain a local as well as a global perspective.
As part of the IB philosophy, one must understand that not everything can be taught within the classroom. Thus, field trips provide the perfect opportunity to apply ourselves fruitfully. Laden with their luggage, and appetite for knowledge, the group of ESS and Geography students readied themselves for the learning expedition to Sundarbans, West Bengal.
The most engaging component of ESS & Geo IBDP is the coursework/fieldwork which culminates in an Analytical report based on Primary Data which the students gather and work upon. In this context we are all set to embark on our journey to Sundarbans Delta (UNESCO World Heritage site) which is located in Kolkata. This year 41 IBDP students with 4 teachers ventured for the very first time in the country to visit the Sundarbans(Kolkata) for the field trip.
The IBDP ESS & Geography students studied “Ecological Footprints of Eco tourism & Environmental Sustainability, Quality and Patterns of Resource Consumption” with special reference to Mangrove forest of Sundarbans, West Bengal.
Farmers from Maldevta Village, who work in the lowest sector of the economy, have minimal land and resources to help them grow crops. This obligates them to enter the hills with their cattle to allow grazing. Farmers also clear some forest areas, to increase their farm land for more income, thus reducing the biodiversity. As a result of the reduced in forest area and resources, wild animals invade villages and destroy farmlands. In some cases, because of minimal knowledge of the chemical Pesticides, it’s overuse affects not only the farmland, but also nearby water resources as it leads to eutrophication. This relates to my RQ because after surveying the villagers and collecting the raw data from the Simpson’s Diversity index it allowed me to evaluate the effect of human intervention on the natural environment and thus evaluating the effect of Ecological Footprint.
This IA talks about research is to compare Simpson Diversity of four areas of Mahendrapur village based on the amount of sunlight received and the amount of nutrients found near the place where they are located (near the water body or away from the water body).
This ESS IA talks about To compare the family planning in a two areas. A rural village (A- Hilaswali, Mahendra Pur, Dehradun) and a metropolitan city (B- Gurgaon, Haryana) and evaluate whether education influences it.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Environmental systemsslp1
1. ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
STANDARD LEVEL
PAPER 1
Thursday 11 May 2000 (afternoon)
45 minutes
M00/460/S(1)INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
BACCALAURÉAT INTERNATIONAL
BACHILLERATO INTERNACIONAL
220-249 13 pages
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
! Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
! Answer all the questions.
! For each question, choose the answer you consider to be the best and indicate your choice on the
answer sheet provided.
2. 1. Which of the following is a characteristic of K-selected organisms?
A. They are typical of pioneer communities.
B. Usually a very high percentage of young die during the early part of their life cycle.
C. Sexual maturity is reached early in the lifespan.
D. They usually have a high degree of parental care of young.
2. Leaching of soil nutrients is an example of
A. transfer of materials.
B. transformation of materials.
C. transfer of energy.
D. transformation of energy.
3. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that in any
A. open system, entropy tends to increase spontaneously.
B. open system, entropy tends to decrease spontaneously.
C. isolated system, entropy tends to increase spontaneously.
D. isolated system, entropy tends to decrease spontaneously.
– 2 – M00/460/S(1)
220-249
3. Questions 4 to 5 refer to the diagram below which shows energy transfer in a cow.
energy
consumed
C
energy respired,
lost as heat R
energy
assimilated
secondary
productivity
SP
energy
consumed
C
energy lost
in urine U
energy lost
in faeces F
4. Secondary Productivity (SP) is
A. .C R+
B. .C (R U F)− + +
C. .C (U F)− +
D. .C + R U F+ +
5. If and , the efficiency of conversion isC kJ day= −
4000 1
SP kJ day= −
200 1
A. 50 %.
B. 10 %.
C. 5 %.
D. 2 %.
– 3 – M00/460/S(1)
220-249 Turn over
4. 6. Modern commercial agricultural practices tend to
A. lower species diversity in the community.
B. reproduce early stages of succession to maximise net productivity.
C. create conditions favourable for r-selected species.
D. do all the above.
7. Which is an example of negative feedback?
A. Loss of vegetation leading to soil erosion leading to further loss of vegetation.
B. A decline in a large predator population after they have eaten most of their prey population.
C. Melting of permafrost in the tundra due to climatic change leading to further release of methane,
causing further change.
D. Unsustainable slash and burn agriculture practices in tropical rain forests.
– 4 – M00/460/S(1)
220-249
5. 8. The graphs below show four different population growth curves.
Which best represents (i) the total human population;
(ii) a bacterial population in a laboratory;
(iii) a predator/prey relationship?
I II
population
time time
population
III IV
population
time
population
time
(i) (ii) (iii)
A. III I IV
B. III IV II
C. IV III II
D. I IV I
9. Ocean currents are an important mechanism for the transfer of energy from
A. the polar regions towards low latitudes.
B. the high latitudes towards the equator.
C. low latitudes towards high latitudes.
D. southern polar regions to northern polar regions.
– 5 – M00/460/S(1)
220-249 Turn over
6. 10. Which list below contains only components of renewable natural capital?
A. Fish, timber, cattle
B. Methane, the ozone layer, water vapour
C. Groundwater, hydroelectric power, solar energy
D. Rice, whales, diamonds
11. The Earth’s mantle is
A. beneath the crust and the core.
B. between the core and the crust.
C. above the crust but beneath the core.
D. above both the core and the crust.
– 6 – M00/460/S(1)
220-249
7. Question 12 and 13 refer to the graph below which shows human population projections by region.
(10 )9
Projected
population
0
2
8
6
4
10
12
1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 21252100 2150
World total
Africa
other Asian countries
India
China
Latin America
Developed world
year
12. By approximately how many times is the world population in 2125 expected to exceed the population in
1950?
A. 5
B. 4
C. 3
D. 2
13. The projected populations from year 2000 to 2125 are:
StableFallingRisingRisingD.
FallingStableStableStableC.
FallingFallingStableRisingB.
RisingFallingRisingRisingA.
Latin AmericaDeveloped WorldChinaAfrica
14. Which interaction would benefit both organisms in a relationship?
A. Predation
B. Commensalism
C. Mutualism
D. Competition
– 7 – M00/460/S(1)
220-249 Turn over
8. Questions 15 and 16 refer to the models of population pyramids below.
IVIII
III
15. The correct labels for axes in population pyramids are
age rangepercentage of populationD.
population sizesurvival rateC.
survival ratepopulation sizeB.
percentage of populationage rangeA.
y-axisx-axis
16. Match each population pyramid with the appropriate description.
Expanding with
short-term interruption
Contracting
Expanding with
short-term interruption
ContractingD.
ExpandingContractingContractingStableC.
Expanding with
short-term interruption
StableExpandingContractingB.
ExpandingStableContractingExpandingA.
IVIIIIII
– 8 – M00/460/S(1)
220-249
9. 17. Overpopulation occurs when
A. the population level allows resources to be used sustainably, giving a good standard of living to all.
B. there are too few people in an area to use the resources.
C. resources are being used at a rate that allows them to be replaced for further harvesting.
D. the available resources cannot support the number of people in the area at a reasonable standard of
living.
18. In a survey of an antelope population, 80 antelope were marked and released. Two weeks later a second
sample was captured, of which 16 antelope were found unmarked and 4 were marked. What would be the
estimated population size?
A. 100
B. 200
C. 400
D. 1600
19. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Ozone gas is increasing in the upper atmosphere through the action of CFCs
B. Ozone gas is increasing in the upper atmosphere because of global warming
C. Ozone gas is decreasing in the upper atmosphere because of the increase in the amount of nitrogen
oxides produced by the combustion of fossil fuels
D. None of the above statements is correct
20. Which of the following groups of organisms can convert ammonium and nitrate ions into amino acids?
A. Producers
B. Primary consumers
C. Decomposers
D. Top carnivores
– 9 – M00/460/S(1)
220-249 Turn over
10. Questions 21 and 22 refer to the data below.
Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Percent increase from 1750 to 1992
(Source: IPCC. Summary for policymakers of the contribution of working group I to the IPCC second assessment report, 1995. Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. In WWF Data Bulletin on Climate Change.)
21. These gases cause the Greenhouse Effect because they are
A. more effective at absorbing long-wave radiation than other gases in the atmosphere.
B. more effective at absorbing short-wave radiation than other gases in the atmosphere.
C. produced by human activities.
D. not broken down in the atmosphere.
22. Greenhouse gases not listed above are
I. sulfur dioxide.
II. CFCs.
III. low level (tropospheric) ozone.
IV. water vapour.
A. II and III
B. II, III and IV
C. I, II and III
D. I, II, III and IV
– 10 – M00/460/S(1)
220-249
11. 23. Net Primary Production is the amount of energy
A. produced from ‘alternative’ sources in developing countries.
B. fixed in an ecosystem by photosynthesis.
C. fixed in an ecosystem by photosynthesis, minus the losses due to respiration by producer organisms.
D. fixed by the herbivores in an ecosystem.
24. Two ecosystems have the following abundance of species:
343333Ecosystem Y
2395Ecosystem X
Species RSpecies QSpecies P
Number of individuals
Which of the statements below is correct?
A. Ecosystem X has the highest species diversity as one species is more numerous than the other
B. Ecosystem Y has the highest species diversity because this is a measure of both the number of
species and their abundance
C. The species diversity of both ecosystems is equal as they both have three species
D. Ecosystem Y has the highest species diversity because there is no competition between species
25. Which of these statements is correct?
A. The formation of ozone involves the absorption of ultra-violet radiation
B. Ozone is destroyed by carbon dioxide released by burning fossil fuels
C. The type of ultra-violet radiation absorbed by the ozone layer does not affect living organisms
D. Chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere are rapidly broken down allowing them to escape into the
outer atmosphere
– 11 – M00/460/S(1)
220-249 Turn over
12. 26. A lake with a stream flowing into it, but with water lost only by evaporation, is an example of a system
which is
A. isolated.
B. stable and closed.
C. unstable and closed.
D. open.
27. Most food chains seldom have more than four trophic levels because
A. in most ecosystems, competition for food is very great.
B. the total biodiversity in any ecosystem is limited.
C. energy is lost as it moves along a food chain and little remains at the level of the top carnivore.
D. in many parts of the world, many species have become extinct and complex ecosystems are rare.
28. Natural Increase Rate of a human population is
A. number of immigrants per year.
B. .number of immigrants number of emigrants per year−
C. .
crude birth rate crude death rate−
10
D. .
crude birth rate crude death rate+
10
– 12 – M00/460/S(1)
220-249
13. Questions 29 and 30 refer to the graph below.
0
20
40
60
80
100
I
II
III
IV
Altitude
(km)
29. The highest concentration of ozone is between
A. 0–10 km.
B. 10–20 km.
C. 20–40 km.
D. 40–80 km.
30. The troposphere is
A. I.
B. II.
C. III.
D. IV.
– 13 – M00/460/S(1)
220-249
15. 1. D 16. B 31. - 46. -
2. A 17. D 32. - 47. -
3. C 18. C 33. - 48. -
4. B 19. D 34. - 49. -
5. C 20. A 35. - 50. -
6. D 21. A 36. - 51. -
7. B 22. B 37. - 52. -
8. B 23. C 38. - 53. -
9. C 24. B 39. - 54. -
10. A 25. A 40. - 55. -
11. B 26. D 41. - 56. -
12. B 27. C 42. - 57. -
13. A 28. C 43. - 58. -
14. C 29. C 44. - 59. -
15. D 30. A 45. - 60. -
– 2 – M00/460/S(1)M
16. ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
STANDARD LEVEL
PAPER 2
Thursday 11 May 2000 (afternoon)
1 hour
M00/460/S(2)INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
BACCALAURÉAT INTERNATIONAL
BACHILLERATO INTERNACIONAL
220-250 12 pages
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
! Write your candidate name and number in the boxes above.
! Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
! Section A: Answer Section A in the spaces provided.
! Section B: Answer one question from Section B. You may use the lined pages at the end of
this paper or continue your answers in a continuation answer booklet, and indicate
the number of booklets used in the box below. Write your name and candidate
number on the front cover of the continuation answer booklets, and attach them to
this question paper using the tag provided.
! At the end of the examination, indicate the number of the Section B question answered in the
box below.
Number
Name
TOTAL
/40
TOTAL
/40
TOTAL
/40
NUMBER OF CONTINUATION
BOOKLETS USED . . . . . . . . .
/20/20/20SECTION B
. . . . . . . . .
/20/20/201SECTION A
IBCATEAM LEADEREXAMINERQUESTIONS ANSWERED
17. SECTION A
This question must be attempted by all candidates in the spaces provided.
1. The table below shows annual production and respiration in in five ecosystems.kcal m year− −2 1
020002100290014400
Net Community
Productivity (NCP)
13000680030004600800
Heterotrophic
Respiration (HR)
Net Primary
Productivity (NPP)
3200012000640047009200
Autotrophic Respiration
(AR)
4500020800115001220024400
Gross Primary
Productivity (GPP)
EDCBAEcosystem
Net Community Productivity Productivity (SP)( ) ( )NCP Net Primary Productivity NPP Secondary= +
Ecosystems:
A = Alfalfa grass field
B = young pine plantation
C = medium aged oak-pine forest
D = large river
E = mature tropical rainforest
[Adapted from Odum, E. P. (1975) Fundamentals in Ecology, Saunders & Co.]
[1](a) (i) Define the term community in ecology.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
(ii) Identify the ecosystem above which is likely to have the greatest species diversity.
Give a reason for your answer.
Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(This question continues on the following page)
– 2 – M00/460/S(2)
220-250
20. SECTION B
Answer one question. You may use the lined pages at the end of this paper or continue your answers in a
continuation answer booklet. Write your name and candidate number on the front cover of the continuation
answer booklets, and attach them to this question paper using the tag provided.
Each essay question is marked out of a total of 20 marks of which 3 are for the expression and development of
ideas as follows:
0 No expression of relevant ideas.
1 Expression and development of relevant ideas is limited.
2 Ideas are relevant, satisfactorily expressed and reasonably well developed.
3 Ideas are relevant, very well expressed and well developed.
2. A recent census indicated that India’s population of 855 million might double in 35 years unless the
growth rate is soon lowered sharply. This increase would completely cancel out India’s recent social and
economic development.
It is said that educating women is the single most important step governments can take to improve the
health of their citizens and their economies. There are an estimated 600 million illiterate women in the
world. They outnumber illiterate men by nearly two to one.
[Data from WWF bulletin, Population and Resources, 1996.]
[6]
(a) Define natural capital and discuss the implications of the information above for its
exploitation.
[8](b) Discuss four reasons why educating women might reduce the birth rate in India.
[3](c) Explain, with examples, how national policies could affect human population growth.
[3]Expression of ideas
– 5 – M00/460/S(2)
220-250 Turn over
21. 3. Below is a diagram of the nitrogen cycle.
atmosphere
water
soil organisms
plants and
animals
rock
agriculture and
land drainage
industry and
transport
aquatic
organisms
seabed
sediment
Each year about 175 million tonnes of nitrogen are biologically fixed and about 40 million tonnes of
nitrogen are produced artificially.
[7](a) Explain the roles of the biotic phases in this cycle.
[3](b) What is the role of energy in this cycle?
[7](c) What effects have human activities had on the nitrogen cycle?
[3]Expression of ideas
– 6 – M00/460/S(2)
220-250
22. 4. The graphs below show the top ten countries in terms of total carbon emissions and emissions per capita.
Graph A: Total carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning for the top ten emitting countries, in million
tonnes (Mt).
Carbon emissions (Mt)
US
China
Russia
Japan
Germany
India
UK
Ukraine
Canada
Italy
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Graph B: Total carbon emissions (tonnes) per capita for the top ten emitting countries.
Carbon emissions per capita (tonnes)
US
China
Russia
Japan
Germany
India
UK
Ukraine
Canada
Italy
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
[Source: Brown, L. R. et al, State of the World, 1996, Earthscan.]
[8](a) Comment on the significance of these data.
[4](b) Describe the international agreements that aim to reduce the amount of carbon emissions.
[5](c) What technologies and what policies might reduce the amount of carbon emissions?
[3]Expression of ideas
– 7 – M00/460/S(2)
220-250
29. SECTION A
[1]
[1]
[1]
1. (a) (i) A group of populations living and interacting with each other in a common
habitat (or any reasonable alternative).
(ii) Ecosystem E/mature tropical rain forest
Reason: any of
climax community/higher habitat diversity/higher production base
(or any reasonable alternative).
[1]
(b) Any three of: solar radiation or light/ precipitation or water/ temperature/ pH/ soil
type/ climate. (But do not allow climate and either precipitation or temperature or
both for the mark.)
[1](c) (i) 15200
(ii)
14400
24400
100 59× = %
[2]
[2]
[2]
correct answer [1]; correct working [1]
(iii) It is not a climax community [1]/ is a crop in a managed system [1];
has high inputs of fertiliser [1]/
and pesticides to eliminate food chains [1]/
energy subsidy [1]
(iv) high rate of respiration as temperature is high…[1]/
…. Production is lost in respiratory losses [1];
All NPP is used in HR [1]
or reasonable alternative explanation.
[3]
[3]
[3]
(d) (i) Increase in CFCs leads to loss of ozone layer [1];
more UV radiation damage to producers [1];
less photosynthesis so less GPP [1]
(ii) Acid deposition reduces tree growth [1]/
trees die back [1];
Al ions cause brittle stems [1];
increasing acidity of soil reduces NPP [1].
(iii) Global warming [1];
as increased levels in atmosphere [1];CO2
as reduced sink for carbon [1]
Total [20 marks]
– 6 – M00/460S(2)M
30. SECTION B
General Essay Markscheme
Each essay is marked out of 20 of which 3 are for expression and development of ideas (EDI).
0 No expression of relevant ideas.
1 Expression and development of relevant ideas is limited.
2 Ideas are relevant, satisfactorily expressed and reasonably well developed.
3 Ideas are relevant, very well expressed and well developed.
[6]
2. (a) Define natural capital = resources that produce natural income [1];
increase in population puts more pressure on natural capital [1];
if this is not used sustainably, natural income is reduced or lost [1];
as India becomes more industrialised, it uses more natural capital and income [1];
more people need more goods and services and as living standards improve, more is
required [1];
pricing of natural capital is only in terms of economics – conflicting values [1].
or appropriate arguments.
[8]
(b) (Award [1 mark] for reasons and [1 mark] for discussion × 4).
For example – educated women are more productive [1];
Discussion [1]/ e.g. data from 70 developing countries suggest that increasing girls’
secondary schooling from 4 to 16 % would increase the women’s labour force by
over 12 %. [1]/
– educated women are more confident [1];
Discussion e.g. studies from India found literate women expected and received
better treatment at clinics and hospitals. Research in Bangladesh found educated
women communicated more with their husbands and have a greater say in family
decisions than uneducated women. [1]/
– educated women use family planning [1];
Discussion e.g. it has been estimated that giving 1000 girls an extra year of
education would avoid up to 500 births. [1]/
– educated women have healthier children [1];
Discussion e.g. the mother is usually responsible for her family’s health. Data from
33 less-developed countries reveals that every additional year of a mother’s
schooling is associated with an additional 7 to 9 % drop in child mortality. [1]
or appropriate reasons and discussion [2].
(Expect to give credit for a variety of relevant responses.)
continued…
– 7 – M00/460S(2)M
31. Question 2 continued
[3]
(c) (Award marks for detailed discussion of a named policy or appropriate discussions
of several policies).
For example, Indian policy of enforced sterilisation probably had little effect on
birth rate [1]/ transistor radios and compulsion failed in India [1]/but decreased rates
of infant mortality due to better education and health care can reduce growth rate
[1];
free contraception can reduce growth rate [1]/
In China the one child policy has led to female infanticide [1]/
Expression of ideas max [3 marks]
Total [20 marks]
– 8 – M00/460S(2)M
32. [3]
Candidates may include human processes here instead of in part (c).
(Award marks if valid points but obviously do not award twice.)
(b) energy drives the cycle of materials [1];
is driven by energy ultimately from solar radiation [1];
and lightning [1]/
human input of energy from the Haber process and fertiliser manufacture [1].
[7]
3. (a) (Names of bacteria are not required to gain full marks).
Biotic = living, so bacteria, fungi, plants and animals [1];
N fixation by bacteria with nitrogenase enzyme either free-living (90 %)
(Azotobacter, Nostoc) or Rhizobium (symbiotic with roots of legumes) – fix
atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium ions [1];
Nitrification by bacteria if oxygen present:
ammonium ions (Nitrosomonas) to nitrite (Nitrobacter) to nitrate [1];
Plants take up N as ammonium and nitrate ions [1];
convert to proteins which make up the structure of the cell [1];
Plants eaten by animals and amino acids rearranged to form other proteins [1];
Putrefaction/decomposition – breakdown of dead organisms by bacteria and fungi
of nitrogen compounds back to ammonium ions [1];
Denitrification – (Pseudomonas denitrificans) converts nitrate to nitrogen [1];
biotic phases store N briefly [1];
Excretion by organisms [1].
[7]
(c) large scale use of ammonia fertilisers converts nitrogen gas to ammonia – alters
balance [1];
use of excess fertiliser on land leads to leaching loss – contamination of water
supplies and eutrophication [1];
nitrogen oxides from car exhausts – released from fossil fuels [1];
nitrogen oxides contribute to acid deposition – affects food chains [1] and solubility
of other minerals by change of pH [1];
high N levels increase NPP at first [1];
alter balance of ecosystems [1];
ammonia from animal urine [1];
increase in food production [1];
human activity speeds up the cycle [1]
Expression of ideas max [3 marks]
Total [20 marks]
– 9 – M00/460S(2)M
33. [8]
4. (a) C emissions increase carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which is a Greenhouse gas
and leads to global warming [2];
C emissions are from industry, transport and power stations [1];
US has highest emissions by far – nearly double China [1];
size of C emissions not related to size of population but to development [2];
US also has most emissions per capita [1];
as do other developed countries [1];
Four of top ten are in Europe [1].
[4]
(b) Agreements award up to [4 marks] but must have specific agreements. The
material below is for information. 1990, Geneva: scientists on Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change say 60 % reduction in current carbon dioxide levels
required. [1];
1992, Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit: politicians from 150 countries sign Climate
Change Convention. Its purpose is to slow down climate change to a level at which
people and ecosystems will be able to adapt. Politicians cannot agree on any cuts;
instead industrialised countries agree to keep carbon dioxide levels down to 1990
levels by year 2000. Developing countries make no commitments. [1];
March 1995, Berlin: politicians hold climate summit. Agree that measures
previously agreed to meet the Convention’s goals are inadequate, but defer action
on cutting emissions. Agree that legally binding reduction targets for the early 21st
century should be ready for signing by industrialised countries by 1997. There are
to be no commitments for the developing world. [1];
December 1995, Rome: scientists complete Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change second report. Agree for the first time that humans are discernibly altering
the climate. Again warn that 50 to 70 % cuts in Greenhouse gases are required. [1];
October 1996, Paris: International Energy Agency says the great majority of
developed countries will fail to keep Rio Earth Summit promises to stabilise carbon
dioxide emissions. [1];
December 1997, signing of Kyoto Protocol: make or break meeting for Rio’s
Climate Change Convention. New agreement needed to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions from year 2000. [1];
2001: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change will report on the latest state of
science. By then climate change is expected to be well established and measurable.
2020: if by this date the whole world is not locked into an agreement to combat
climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change say a series of
catastrophes loom.
[5]
(c) Any that reduce burning of fossil fuels [1];
technology: renewable energy sources for transport [1] and electricity generation
[1]/e.g. solar HEP [1];
policy: laws to clean car engines – catalytic converters/lean burn [1]/ reduce car use
[1]/improve public transport [1]/ energy tax [1]
Expression of ideas max [3 marks]
Total [20 marks]
– 10 – M00/460S(2)M
34. ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
STANDARD LEVEL
PAPER 3
Friday 12 May 2000 (morning)
1 hour 15 minutes
M00/460/S(3)INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
BACCALAURÉAT INTERNATIONAL
BACHILLERATO INTERNACIONAL
220-251 10 pages
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
! Write your candidate name and number in the boxes above.
! Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
! Section I: Answer one Option from Section I in the spaces provided.
! Section II: Answer two Options from Section II in the spaces provided.
! You may continue your answers in a continuation answer booklet, and indicate the number of
booklets used in the box below. Write your name and candidate number on the front cover of
the continuation answer booklets, and attach them to this question paper using the tag provided.
! At the end of the examination, indicate the letters of the Options answered in the boxes below.
Number
Name
TOTAL
/45
TOTAL
/45
TOTAL
/45
NUMBER OF CONTINUATION
BOOKLETS USED . . . . . . . . .
/15/15/15SECTION II
. . . . . . . . .
/15/15/15SECTION II
. . . . . . . . .
/15/15/15SECTION I
. . . . . . . . .
IBCATEAM LEADEREXAMINEROPTIONS ANSWERED
35. SECTION I
Options on analysing ecosystems – Options A, B and C
The compulsory question below relates to the detailed study of an ecosystem in either a marine, terrestrial or
freshwater environment.
Select the ecosystem on which you will base your answers by marking (×) one box only.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
estuariesmarshesswampsbogsriverslakesFRESHWATERC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tundradesert
temperate
grassland
tropical
grassland
temperate
forest
tropical
forest
TERRESTRIALB
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
coral reefsmangroveslittoralbathyalneriticpelagicMARINEA
– 2 – M00/460/S(3)
220-251
45. 1. Matrix should be ticked (checked) with the ecosystem that the candidate has studied. No
marks given for this (or removed if not completed), but candidates should answer in
relation to system indicated. If no system indicated, make very sure answers are
consistent.
Also no mark awarded for naming an organism but answers must follow on.
[5]
(a) Up to [3] for: names of predators [1]/ herbivores [1]/ food sources [1] (note a plant
obtains nutrients from soil, etc.)/ disease organisms [1]/competitors [1];
Up to [2] for: interrelationships such as that between disease and predation;
predation and food supply [2];
Not all links need to be discussed; full marks could be obtained with detailed
discussion of one or two.
[4]
(b) identification of trophic levels [1]; arrows correctly shown [1]; names of six
organisms [1]; clear diagram [1]. (Marks for six organisms - i.e. five plus the “named”
organism - allowed.) Note: Sunlight is not an organism.
[3]
(c) measure out area [1]/ harvest method [1]; collect and weigh material [1]/ air dry
where appropriate [1]/ allowances for underground material etc. [1]; for certain
organisms collect and weigh sample and determine number per unit area [1]/
calculation of result [1].
In the case of an animal: catch and count [1]/ weigh organisms [1]/ kill organisms
and dry tissues [1]/ or (with ethical considerations in view) obtain values for water
content from published source [1].
[3]
(d) measure out area [1] collect and weigh at start… and end of season [1]; allowances
for respiration/predation/herbivory/underground material [1];
dark and light bottle method where appropriate [2]; calculation of result [1].
In the case of an animal: weigh amount of food eaten by animals [1]/ weigh amount
of faeces produced [1]/ obtain caloric value for tissues [1]/ by experiment (calorimeter)
or from published source [1].
– 6 – M00/460/S(3)M
46. [4]
2. (a) Up to [2] for: Describe: steady increase from zero in 1916 to peak in
approx. 1935 [1]; thereafter decline to 1963 [1]/.
Intermediate short-term declines [1]/ very approx. ‘J’ curve [1];
Up to [2] for: Explain: rapid increase in exploitation of new resource [1]../… or
possible increase in population [1]; decline due to unsustainable
harvesting [1]/intermittent short-term declines due to WWI [1]/Depression of
1930s [1] WWII [1] stock almost exhausted by 1960s [1].
[2]
(b) One of each for both marks.
Advantages: source of protein [1]/ source of oils and vitamins [1]/ waste materials
can be used for fertilisers or feedstock for animals [1]/ some kinds of fish (at least
formerly) relatively cheap [1].
Disadvantages: overfishing depletes resources [1] (e.g. North Sea)/ interferes with
natural food-chains [1] (reduction of albatrosses)/ many non-target organisms killed
[1] (seabirds, dolphins)/ other interference in marine environment [1]/ uses a lot of
energy in relation to food obtained (i.e. high level of energy subsidy) [1]/ now quite
expensive in some cases [1].
[6]
(c) Systems – e.g. prairie cereal farming and subsistence cereal growing in SE Asia;
salmon farms and subsistence fishing; or any comparable alternatives [1];
Efficiency in terms of costs/ energy/ other inputs [1];
Inputs of energy (electricity, fuels, chemicals, feedstock – ‘energy subsidy’) [1];
Outputs of energy (heat, crops, reusable materials) [1];
Relationship of length of food-chain to energy-flow [1];
Impacts on environment: pollution/ nutrient build-up/eutrophication/ waste
production/ use of land/ amenity (smells etc.) [1];
Allow for reasonable alternatives.
[3]
(d) Represents possible cheap source of protein [1];
Extra link in food-chain so wasteful [1]/ loss with each trophic level [1]/ “10% transfer
rule” [1]/ better to use the fish protein directly [1]/ energy required in processing [1];
may be non-sustainable [1].
– 7 – M00/460/S(3)M
47. [1]3. (a) (i) Northern Andes
[1](ii) Amazon Basin
[2]
(iii) Overall figures are high [1]/ high productivity [1]…/… and structural
complexity of tropical ecosystems [1];
Northern Andes high biodiversity due to genetic isolation on mountain
summits and in remote valleys [1]/ range of environments due to altitudinal
variation [1]/ Amazon Basin a relatively homogeneous environment [1];
Any reasonable alternative. [Must have something more than ‘tropical forest
ecosystems are complex’ for both marks.]
[2]
(b) (i) A species of organism, of which numbers are so low that there is a likelihood
of its becoming extinct in the near future/owtte [1]; named species [1];
[IUCN definition = taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely
if causal factors continue operating. Includes taxa with numbers at a critical
level; those with drastically reduced habitats; and those not seen in the wild in
the past 50 years.]
[3]
(ii) Any three of: small numbers [1]/ restricted distribution [1]/ complex
migration patterns [1]/ complex breeding cycle [1]/ reduced habitat [1]/ low
rate of reproduction [1]/ hunting pressure [1]/ economic value [1]/ or
reasonable alternatives.
[3]
(c) Any 3 ways with examples [1] each, e.g.
Protective legislation (koala in Australia in early 20th century) [1];
International treaty (CITES) (Green Amazon parrots) [1];
Breeding programmes (numbats in Australia/pandas) [1]/ protection of habitats
(whooping crane in USA) [1];
Any reasonable alternative
(2 ways, but no examples = [1])
[3]
(d) Natural selection = a mechanism of evolution [1]/ caused by removal of ill-adapted
individuals and survival of those adapted to the environment [1]; evolution in long
term → biodiversity by filling available niches [1]; isolation (cutting off islands/
formation of mountains etc.) separates populations [1]/ changing environment may
create isolated populations [1]/ climatic change may trigger adaptation to new
conditions [1].
– 8 – M00/460/S(3)M
48. [1]
4. (a) (i) measuring something affected by pollution rather than measuring the
pollution itself [1] owtte.
[4]
(ii) Site A has almost no organisms associated with well oxygenated water, but
very large numbers of chironomids/tubificid worms able to tolerate low
oxygen levels [1];
Site B has good numbers of mayfly, caddis larvae, beetles, and even a few
fish, associated with high oxygen levels [1];
max [2] for descriptions;
Input of sewage (or similar waste) near site A causes abundance of nutrients
(especially N and P)/ … → eutrophication [1]/ → oxygen depletion [1];
turbulence of stream/ dilution by incoming tributaries… allows
oxygenation [1]/ .. so site B has higher oxygen levels/
The few chironomids/tubificids at site B may be brought downstream by
current [1].
[1]
(iii) Any 3 of: N/ P/ pH/ turbidity/ temperature/ current speed / sunlight / salinity /
any reasonable alternative, not oxygen.
[4]
(b) Allow [1] each for 3 measures and extra [1] for more details.
remove heavy metals [1]/ separation of slurry [1]/ oxygenate artificially [1]…/ .. by
pumping in air [1]/ separate out industrial waste at source [1]/ pump effluent
elsewhere – into sea or underground [1]/ regular monitoring [1]/ any reasonable
suggestion.
[5]
(c) Allow [1] for mention of baseline study and for consideration of use of×[2 2]
glasses and ceramic mugs versus plastic cups.
Baseline: evaluation of present situation. [1];
costs of washing and drying [1]/ energy costs of washing and drying [1]/
replacement costs of items stolen or broken [1]/ amount of detergent used in
washing [1]/ environmental impact of detergent in effluent [1]/ quantity of water
used [1]/ energy costs in manufacturing [1];
Alternative: financial cost of plastic cups [1]/ how many? [1]/ energy cost of
manufacturing cups [1]/ and of transport from factory to school [1]/ use of
non-renewable resources in manufacture [1]/ disposal of plastic cups/ if burnt → air
pollution, dioxins [1]/ are they biodegradable? [1].
Or alternative valid points. Note: this is a techniques question and a simple account of
the advantages and disadvantages of plastic cups is not what is required.
– 9 – M00/460/S(3)M