Downloaded 249 times
More Related Content
Meteorology
- 1.
- 2. Energy from the SUN– INcoming SOLAr radiaTION Through the seasons, it heats our world, some parts more and some less and this drives both climate (global) and weather (local).
- 3. The electromagnetic spectrumincludes visible light, as well as X-rays, ultraviolet rays and infrared rays.
- 5. Climate is theaverage temperature and moisture conditions over a long period of time. Water Budget – a system of accounting for moisture income, storage, and outgo for the soil in a specific area.
- 6. Humid climates arethose in which the total amount of precipitation is greater than the total amount of Potential Evapotranspiration (Loss of water to atmosphere)
- 7. Arid climates havesignificantly more total Potential Evapotranspiration than Precipitation
- 8. Latitude • Most important factor in determining climate,especially temperatures • As latitude increases, yearly temperature range (difference between highest and lowest temperature) increases. •
- 9.
- 10. Marine Continental Location: Ocean/large lake Interior (land) Windsfrom: OCEAN LAND Summers: Cooler than Average (Mild) Warmer than Ave. (Mild) Warmer than average (HOT) Colder than Ave. (Harsh) Kansas, NE, IA, Syracuse Winters: Example: San Francisco, LA, DC
- 11. Uneven heating ofthe Earth produces global wind belts and pressure belts. These “pressure belts” determine the wetness or dryness of a particular location. Low pressure occurs where air is rising and thus precipitation occurs. High pressure regions are areas that lack rainfall (DRY).
- 12. The "Global ConveyerBelt" shows how the oceans move energy from the tropics to the poles and back again in order to moderate Earth's climate. This is accomplished through long-term ocean circulation. •Interesting fact: It takes up to 1000 years for water to completely circulate the oceans!
- 13. A warm oceancurrent resulting from a reversal of the ocean current in the Pacific which results in climate variability around the globe.
- 15. Orographic Effect –Mountains act as barriers to prevailing winds. As the wind hits the windward side of a mountain, the air is forced up, cools, condenses and forms clouds with precipitation. Windward side – Side of the mountain that is exposed to the wind. WET Leeward Side – Descending air warms and it holds more moisture, making it DRY.
- 16. *Why does risingair cool? *As air temperature decreases, its ability to hold water___DECREASES______ DECREASES *Why does falling air warm? Si s, Co Ex ol pan s ds r Ai & Condensation & Precipitation pr Ai rR ise m Co s, nk s se es WINDWARD & W s Topography m ar Prevailing Wind Cascade Mountains LEEWARD
- 17. Weather = thecondition of the atmospheric variables, such as temperature, air pressure, wind, and water vapor, at a particular location for a relatively short period of time.
- 18. Direct result ofTILT & parallelism in orbit distribute energy from vertical to oblique rays Tilt (inclination) spreads concentration of energy over broader area
- 19. This UNEVEN HEATING causes earth’s atmosphereto react and become a gigantic engine that produces an infinite variety of WEATHER.
- 20. 1. 2. 3. 4. Temperature Air Pressure Moisture Conditions(Precipitation & Humidity) Wind (Speed & Direction)
- 21. Barometer – measures AIRPRESSURE
- 22. Pyschrometer – measures amountof water vapor (relative humidity) Rain Gauge – Measures liquid precipitation
- 23. Wind Vane – measureswind direction Anemometer – measures wind speed
- 24. Thermometer – measures air temperature Note:In the USA we still use degrees Fahrenheit – the rest of the world measures in oCelsius
- 25. Atmosphere Complete the questionsin the note packet while you watch!
- 26. Composition of thelower atmosphere (troposphere): 1. Nitrogen = 78% used by bacteria in soil to make nitrates 2. Oxygen = 21% used by humans and animals for respiration 3. Argon = 0.84% 4. Carbon Dioxide = 0.03% used by green plants to make food
- 27. 5. Others =0.01% which include: Helium, Hydrogen, Ozone, Krypton, neon and xenon 6. Also: water vapor, dust particles and pollution
- 28. What is Ozone? O3 – we breathe O2 It occurs naturally in trace amounts in the stratosphere. protects life on Earth from the Sun’s UV radiation. Ozone Ozone is created naturally when sunlight splits apart O2 into single O atoms – these then bond to form more O2 or O3
- 29. NO!! The ozone moleculesare randomly scattered among other particles in the stratosphere layer Ozone molecules are exceedingly rare: In every one million molecules of air, fewer than 10 are ozone
- 30. Filters out harmfulUV radiation, which can cause skin cancer, cataracts, faster aging & weakened immune systems UV is also harmful to plants & marine life and it can disrupt the food chain
- 31. CFC – chlorofluorocarbons,which are used in: 1. 2. 3. Coolants in refrigerators Propellants in aerosol cans Electronic cleaning solvents
- 32. Ground-level ozone triggerschest pain, nausea, bronchitis, reduced lung capacity, and aggravates asthma Air Quality Index An index for reporting daily air quality Focuses on health effects that can happen within a few days of breathing polluted air Used for: ground level ozone, particulate matter, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide
- 33. AIR POLLUTION -any substancein the atmosphere that is harmful ( usually produce long term health effects and can cause death ) Main Sources – burning fossil fuels ( coal and petroleum ) Ex: SOx, CO ( carbon monoxide ), lead, various hydrocarbons Acid Rain ( precipitation ) – side effect of air pollution - gases from burning fossil fuels combine with water in the air to produce acids, then falls back to the earth as precipitation Long Term effects: kills fish, soil contamination, destruction of plants, and crops Mt. Mitchell, NC Temperature Inversion ( very serious problem ) trees,
- 35. In order forthis reaction to occur, it must be extremely cold. Conditions for this reaction are perfect over Antarctica in the winter months. Can we fix it?? The ozone hole will fix itself given enough time Many major countries, including the U.S., have placed heavy restrictions on ozone-polluting substances
- 36. December 2013 The false-color view ofthe monthlyaveraged total ozone over the Antarctic pole. The blue and purple colors are where there is the least ozone, and the yellows and reds are where there is more ozone.
- 37. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 6% reflected from atmosphericscattering (aerosols) 20% reflected by clouds 4% Reradiation: Reflected by Earth’s surface 3% Absorbed by clouds 51% Absorbed by Earth’s surface 16% Absorbed by atmosphere
- 38. Short wave energy(UV) from the Sun comes in and heats the Earth As heat reradiates up from the earth, it is emitted in the form of LONG wave energy (infrared) The long wave energy becomes trapped by gases in the troposphere This trapped gas warms the air much like your car on a hot day.
- 40. Water vapor Methane (CH4) Carbondioxide Nitrous oxide CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
- 41. CONDUCTION– Transfer of heatwithin solids atoms are closely packed. CONVECTION – Transfer of heat in liquid or gas results from differences in density RADIATION: The emission or giving off of energy HEAT
- 42. Heat in theatmosphere is recorded as a temperature reading and can then be plotted on a map to see a picture of change. • ISOTHERMS are lines that connect points of equal temperature. Showing temperature distribution in this way making patterns easier to see.
- 43. Why do theisotherms seem to run E – W across the map?
- 44. LAND vs. WATER Landheats up and cools faster than water
- 45. Color DARK vs. LIGHT Darkercolors tend to absorb more insolation than they reflect. Surfaces with lighter colors tend to reflect more insolation than they absorb.
- 46. TEXTURE Smooth vs. Rough Asurface which has a rough or uneven surface will absorb more insolation.
- 48.
- 49. The primary sourceof moisture for the atmosphere are the OCEANS. Other sources include: Lakes, Rivers, streams Transpiration Moisture in the atmosphere exists in all three states/phases. 1) Gas – known as water vapor 2) Liquid – tiny droplets suspended in the air that form clouds 3) Solid – tiny crystals suspended in the air that form clouds
- 50. HUMIDITY is thegeneral term used to describe the amount of water vapor in the air Temperature determines the amount of water vapor the air can hold.
- 51. e) As air temperature INCREASES,the amount of water vapor the air can hold INCREASES. Saturation –100% humidity in the atmosphere (precipitation results) At 350C, a cubic meter of air can hold 35 g/m3 of water vapor.
- 52. Temperature – Astemperature increases, evaporation increases Wind – As wind increases, evaporation increases Surface Area – As surface area increases, evaporation increases Humidity – As humidity goes UP, evaporation rates go DOWN
- 53. The temperature to whichair must be cooled to reach saturation. And Condense…….and make clouds! If the air temp drops down to the dew point, condensation will occur. The dew point can tell us how high clouds will form. Clouds form where condensation is occurring.
- 54. a) The drier theair, the faster/more evaporation will occur resulting in greater/more cooling. In turn, the difference in temperature between the dry bulb and wet bulb will be greater/more.
- 55. b. c. The more humidthe air, the LESS evaporation will occur resulting in LESS cooling of the wet bulb thermometer. In turn, the difference in temperature between the dry bulb and wet bulb will be LESS At saturation (100% humidity), the temperature difference between the dry bulb and wet bulb would be zero and precipitation will usually occur!.
- 56. Maximum amount ofwater vapor the air can hold at a given temperature. The actual amount of water vapor in the air is the absolute humidity. Relative humidity tells "how full" the air is with water. It is expressed in %. 100% is full and can't hold any more. It is saturated. Warm Air = higher humidity (wet) Cold Air = low humidity (dry)
- 57. Changing Air Temperature Iftemperature increases and moisture in the air remains the same, relative humidity will decrease.
- 58. Changing Absolute Humidity Temperature RelativeHumidity If moisture content of the air increases and temperature stays the same, relative humidity will increase.
- 59. Complete the worksheetwhile watching!
- 60. Using the chartto determine Dew Point & Relative Humidity It’s easy; if….. – – – You have ½ a brain Pay attention Do your practice!
- 61. The “Dry Bulb” Don’t let it fool you. It is just a thermometer. It measures the air temperature. Duh! 20°C
- 62. The “Wet Bulb” Has a little wet booty tied to the bottom. Gets cool when water evaporates. Wet Booty 12°C
- 63. A Dry Day… A lot of moisture will evaporate. The wet bulb will be a lot cooler than the dry bulb. 20°C Difference between wet bulb & dry bulb is 12 °C. 20°C 14°C 12°C 8°C
- 64. A Humid Day… A little bit of moisture will evaporate. The wet bulb will not be much cooler than the dry bulb. 20°C Difference between wet bulb & dry bulb is 6 °C. 14°C
- 65. Page of yournotes has a chart with Dewpoint (DPT) and Relative Humidity (RH)! Warning #1: Be sure to READ the correct chart: DPT or RH Warning #2: Dew Point Temperature IS NOT “Difference between wet bulb and dry bulb”. Warning #3: The wet bulb temp IS NOT the DPT.
- 66. Dry-bulb temperature isyour air temperature. 20 °C
- 67.
- 68.
- 69. Subtract (the difference)between the dry bulb and wet bulb
- 70.
- 71.
- 72. Put it alltogether 20°C 8°C 20-8=12 Relative Humidity = 11%
- 73.
- 74. The Dew PointChart works the same way 14°C 10°C 14-10=4 Dew Point = 6°C
- 75. Try These. Dry Bulb WetBulb 26°C 20 °C 6 °C 5 °C 12 °C 8 °C R Humidity 57% 86% 57% DPT 17 °C 4 °C 4 °C Now do the worksheet for homework on the next page of your notes
- 76. How Do Clouds Form? Expan sion & C ooli ng R ising AIR Con den s ati on Nu Re clei De a c wP hin oi g t nt h Te e mP . W ate rV ap or
- 77. Adiabatic Cooling Asair rises, the atmospheric pressure surrounding the parcel of air decreases. Therefore, the parcel of air expands as it rises.
- 78. As it expands,it becomes cooler. When the temperature of this parcel of air falls to its dew point temperature, the water vapor in the air condenses and a cloud appears in the sky.
- 80. Air pressure actsequally in all directions; it also exists within any object containing air like a building, the human body and “empty” bottles. When you mess with the pressure – “bad” things happen!~ CRUSH!
- 81. a. b. Factors/Variables that cause atmosphericpressure to change: Temperature Moisture Altitude Effect of temperature on air pressure: As air temperature increases; (air molecules move further apart/become less dense) – the air pressure decreases
- 82. c. Effect ofmoisture on air pressure: As humidity increases, air pressure decreases – because when water vapor molecules enter the air, they replace heavier air molecules
- 83. d. Effect of altitudeon air pressure As altitude increases, air pressure decreases (less air is above and air is less dense
- 84. a. Isobars are linesthat connect points of equal air pressure. Showing air pressure distribution in this way makes patterns easier to see. On U.S. Weather Bureau maps, the interval between isobars is 4 mb.
- 85. On weather maps,barometric pressure is represented by a three-digit number to the upper right of a circle; this circle represents a city on the map. 053
- 86. Rules to followto determine the value of this number: A decimal point is omitted between the last 2 digits on the right. The number 9 or 10 is omitted in front of this number. If the original number is above 500, place a 9 in front. If it is below500, place a 10 in front. (Hint: use whichever will give a result closest to 1000 mb) Example: 053 – 1005.3
- 88. Components of Weather HighPressure System: Anticyclone
- 89. Winds blow ina clockwise direction and away from the center Caused by: More dense air “falling”
- 90. Components of Weather LowPressure System: Depression or Cyclone
- 91. Winds move Counterclockwise and INtowards the center Therefore – once they get to the middle, there is nowhere to go but UP
- 92. The horizontal movement ofair parallel to Earth’s surface. All wind deflects to the RIGHT in the Northern Hemisphere!
- 93. How is WindFormed? As air cools it can no longer rise Air rises and cools in the atmosphere Cold air sinks Ground heats air WIND moves from high to low pressure HIGH LOW Sun heats ground
- 94. 1. 2. Uneven heating atEarth’s surface Examples: a. b. c. Land vs. water Poles vs. equator Dark forest vs. snow field
- 96. 1. Winds always blow fromregions of high pressure to regions of low pressure.
- 97. Winds are named forthe direction that they come FROM
- 98. feather The direction ofthe line always points to the center of the circle (in this case pointing east) and indicates the direction in which the wind is blowing at this location. Each “feather” represents the wind speed – Whole feather = 10 knots Half feather = 5 knots
- 99.
- 100. 2. 3. 4. The speed ofthe wind is determined by the difference in air pressure. Pressure gradient – difference in air pressure ÷ distance between cities. As the pressure gradient increases (isobars are very close together), wind speed increases.
- 102. a. The coriolis effect– Earth’s rotation on it’s axis causes winds to be deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
- 104. The unequal distribution ofInsolation causes unequal heating of the Earth which causes differences in pressure which result in winds. Cooler air, being more dense, sinks toward Earth due to gravity, causing warmer, less dense air to rise
- 105. Earth’s rotation causes theCoriolis Effect which results in the three (or six) cell circulation of winds as illustrated in your notes.
- 106. Components of Weather AirMasses What is an Air Mass? An air mass is a large body of air in the troposphere moving in a particular direction, with the same temperature, pressure and humidity throughout.
- 107. Components of Weather AirMasses Affecting the U.S.
- 108. 2. Types ofAir Masses a) b) c) Tropical – originates in the tropics (low latitudes). Characterized by warm air. Polar – originates in polar regions (high latitudes). It is characterized by cold air. Arctic – originates in ice covered arctic regions (winter only). It is very cold and dry.
- 109. It’s right herein ESRT d. Continental – think LAND. It is dry. e. Maritime – think SEA. It is wet. 3. Air masses are a combination of temperature and moisture conditions.
- 110.
- 111. IT’S in theESRT!
- 112. IT’S in theESRT!
- 113. The Stages ofFront Formation
- 114. Table is onpage 26 of notes! Warm Front Cold Front Occluded Front Warm air Cold Air –moves fast Cold air meets warm air and mixes Showers for long period Air is dense and hugs the ground precipitation Lots of Clouds as air rises up “bullies” the warm air UP quickly Wind changes Covers wide area Brings intense change – brief periods of stormy weather (severe) Thunderstorms, lightning, tornadoes Stationary Front: Warm and Cold air meet head on and neither gives way. Low pressure usually
- 115. Thunderstorms: A storm thatgenerates lightning and thunder. Frequently produce strong winds, heavy rain, and hail. At any given time, there are an estimated 2000 thunderstorms in progress on Earth. In the US, Florida and the eastern Gulf Coast region experience the most activity. Develop when warm, humid air rises in an unstable environment.
- 116.
- 118. Tornadoes Violent windstorms thattake the form of a rotating column of air called a vortex, which extends downward from a cumulonimbus cloud. The US experiences approximately 700 tornadoes each year. Greatest occurrence is from April-June (but can happen anytime). Most frequently in the Central USA! Unique….. Measured using the Enhanced Fujita Scale.
- 120. The Birth ofa Tornado The Birth of a Tornado
- 121. A hurricane isa heat engine that gets its energy from warm ocean water. These storms develop from tropical depressions which form off the coast of Africa in the warm Atlantic waters. When water vapor evaporates it absorbs energy in the form of heat. As the vapor rises it cools within the tropical depression, it condenses, releasing heat which sustains the system. •A tropical depression becomes a hurricane when its sustained recorded winds reach 74 mph. •Although hurricane forecasting has improved over the years tremendously, the path of these storms may only be approximated.
- 124. What do you meanthere are no more Earth Science notes??
Editor's Notes
- #39 Hot car example: sun’s energy streams into car, seats absorb and change light energy into heat energy, heat is trapped by glass windows Greenhouses: use glass since it traps sun’s energy, grow plants in warm air, even when it is cold outside