IGCSE Environment Management Hydrosphere

• About 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
• Ninety-seven percent of the water on the earth is salt water..
• Two percent of the water on earth is glacier ice at the North and
South Poles.
• Less than 1% of all the water on earth is fresh water that we can
actually use.
• We use this small amount of water for drinking, transportation,
heating and cooling, industry, and many other purposes.
2Guru IGCSE HYDROSPHERE

• Everything is made of atoms.
• An atom is the smallest particle of an
element, like oxygen or hydrogen.
Atoms join together to
form molecules.
• Water is made of Oxygen and
hydrogen

Solid water—ice is frozen water. When water freezes, its
molecules move farther apart, making ice less dense than
water.
Liquid water is wet and fluid. This is the form of water
with which we are most familiar. We use liquid water in
many ways, including washing and drinking.
Water as a gas—vapor is always present in the air around
us. 5Guru IGCSE HYDROSPHERE

• The cycle of water movement from the atmosphere to the
earth and back to the atmosphere through condensation,
precipitation, evaporation, and transpiration is called
WATER CYCLE
• The continual cycle of water between the land, the ocean
and the atmosphere.
• The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle,
describes the continuous movement of water on, above
and below the surface of the Earth.
What is Water Cycle ?

Evaporation
• This is the first stage of the water
cycle.
• The Sun's rays heat the water on the
surface of the earth in rivers, oceans
and lakes.
• This makes the water change into
water vapour.

Condensation :
 After evaporation, condensation
occurs.
 Water vapor in the air gets cold
and changes back into liquid,
forming clouds
 The process that causes these
changes is called condensation.

• Precipitation :
Precipitation occurs when so much
water has condensed that the air cannot
hold it anymore. The clouds get heavy
and water falls back to the earth in the
form of rain
• Collection
After precipitation comes the stage of
collection. The raindrops fall back into
the lakes, rivers and oceans or are
absorbed by the land. This process by
which rainwater gathers on earth is
called collection.

What is
Fresh
water ?
• Fresh water is naturally
occurring water on the
Earth's surface in ice
sheets, ice caps, glaciers,
icebergs, ponds, lakes,
rivers and streams, and
underground as
groundwater in aquifers
and underground
streams.

Water
Rich
Countries
• Still, the statistical summary
gives a basic perspective on
the ten richest countries in
terms of the world’s total
freshwater resources,
estimated at some 55,273
cubic kilometers per year
(ckpy).

2017
Report
1. Brazil… (14.9% of world
total)
2. Russia… (8.1%)
3. Canada… (6%)
4. United States… (5.6%)
5. Indonesia … (5.1%)
6. China… (5.1%)
7. Colombia … (3.9%)
8. Peru … (3.5%)
9. India … (3.5%)
10. Democratic Republic of
Congo … (2.3%)

WATER POOR COUNTRIES-
The oil-rich Middle East is home to a disproportionate
number of water-poor countries

Why is
Water an
Increasingly
Strategic
Resource?
1. The world’s population is
growing by about 80 million
people a year, implying
increased freshwater demand
of about 64 billion cubic
metres a year.
2. By 2025, 1.8 billion people
will be living in countries or
regions with absolute water
scarcity, and two-thirds of the
world population could be
under stress conditions.

What is Water crisis?
Water crisis is a general term used to describe a
situation where the available water within a
region is less than the region's demand.
The major aspects of the water crisis are
allegedly overall scarcity of usable water
and water pollution.

Water
CRISIS
• A global crisis
1. 884 million people in the world do
not have access to safe water. This
is roughly one in eight of the
world's population.
2. 2.6 billion people in the world do
not have access to adequate
sanitation, this is almost two
fifths of the world's population.
3. 1.4 million children die every year
from diarrhoea caused by unclean
water and poor sanitation

What's the problem in Water?:
1. The population is growing rapidly, putting
more pressure on our water
supply (demand is increasing)
2. The amount of water is effectively reduced
by pollution and contamination (supply is
decreasing)

What are the Solutions?
• Improvements in the efficiency of water use
• Efficient management and modern technology
can stretch even scarce water supplies much
further.
• Water is often wasted because it is
underpriced. Direct and indirect subsidies
(especially for agricultural use) are still
common in both developed and developing
countries.

Overview
of regions
suffering
crisis
impacts
1. The weight of water that women in
Africa and Asia carry on their heads
is commonly 20kg, the same as the
average UK airport luggage
allowance.
2. The average person in the developing
world uses 10 litres of water every
day for their drinking, washing and
cooking.
3. On current trends over the next 20
years humans will use 40% more
waterthan they do now. (UNEP)
4. Agriculture accounts for over 80% of
the world's water consumption.

• A dam is a barrier that impounds water or
underground streams.
• Dams generally serve the primary purpose of
retaining water, while other structures such as
floodgates are used to manage or prevent
water flow into specific land regions.
What is a dam?

Common
purpose of Dam
1. Power generation
2. Water supply
3. Stabilize water flow /
irrigation
4. Flood prevention
5. Water diversion
6. Recreation and aquatic
beauty

Which is the biggest Dam in the
World?

Hoover dam

• Hoover Dam, once
known as Boulder Dam,
is a concrete arch-gravity
dam in the Black
Canyon of the Colorado
River, on the border
between the US states
of Arizona and Nevad
• Height726.4 ft (221.4 m)
• Length1,244 ft (379 m)

Which is the biggest
dam in India?

Hirakud Dam

Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River,
about 15 km from Sambalpur in the state
of Orissa in India.

• Hirakud Dam is the longest
man-made dam in the world,
about 16 mi (26 km) in
length
• Height60.96 m (200 ft)
• Length4.8 km (3 mi) (main
section)
25.8 km (16 mi) (entire
dam)

1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at
a constant rate.
2.
Dams are designed to last many decades and so can
contribute to the generation of electricity for many years.
3.
The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water
sports and leisure / pleasure activities.
4. Often large dams become tourist attractions in their own
right.
5.
The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes.
ADVANTAGES OF DAM

Bhakra Dam is a concrete gravity dam across the Sutlej River and is
near the border between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh in
northern India.

Bhakra Dam is India's second tallest at
225.55 m (740 ft) high

1. Dams are extremely expensive to build and must
be built to a very high standard.
2. The flooding of large areas of land means that the
natural environment is destroyed.
3. People living in villages and towns that are in the
valley to be flooded, must move out.
4. The building of large dams can cause serious
geological damage.
5. Building a large dam alters the natural water table
level.
DISADVANTAGES OF DAM

Impact assessment of
Dam

Environmental impact
• 1.A large dam can cause the loss of entire ecospheres
including endangered and undiscovered species in the area,
and the replacement of the original environment by a new
inland lake.
• 2.Large reservoirs formed behind dams have been indicated
in the contribution of seismic activity, due to changes in
water load and/or the height of the water table.

• 3.Dam can be particularly damaging in seasonal floodplains,
affecting deposits of nutrients as well as the lifecycles of
species that depend on these fluctuation` for feeding and
breeding grounds.

2.Human social impact
• It is estimated that to date, 40-80 million people worldwide
have been physically displaced from their homes as a result of
dam construction

Dams - blessing and curse?
Over 48,000 large dams are in
operation worldwide. And more
are being built to provide drinking
water, irrigate the land, produce
hydropower, and prevent floods.
Yet today: Over one billion people
do not have access to safe drinking
water
More than double that number
lack basic sanitation
Two billion people have no access
to electricity.

1. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water
that submerges land.
2. Flooding may result from the volume of water
within a body of water, such as a river or lake,
which overflows or breaks levees, with the
result that some of the water escapes its usual
boundaries
What is Flood?

CAUSES OF
RIVER
FLOODING
• Riverine
1. Runoff from sustained rainfall or
rapid snow melt exceeding the
capacity of a river's channel.
2. Causes include heavy rains
from monsoons, hurricanes and
tropical depressions, foreign winds
and warm rain affecting snow pack

• Coastal
1. Caused by severe sea storms,
or as a result of another
hazard (e.g. tsunami or
hurricane).
2. A storm surge, from either
a tropical cyclone or an extra
tropical cyclone, falls within
this category

EFFECTS OF RIVER
FLOODING

There are many after effects of a
flood. Much of it is quiet deadly.
These effects of a flood are
divided into three key categories
which are :
1.Long-term Effect:
2.Secondary Effect:
3.Primary Effect:

• 1.The long term effect of flood basically includes the Economic effect. A flood can
result in an economic hardship for the flood hit area. This results in rebuilding
costs, decline in tourism etc.
• 2.Secondary Effect includes contamination of water, diseases because of
unhygienic water.
• 3. Primary effects includes physical damage to everything and casualties amongst
people and livestock

Some immediate effects
are: Primary Effects
1.Loss of human life
2.Damage to
infrastructure
3. Livestock carried
away
4.Communication
disputes

• Short term effects
1.People in need of medical
treatment
2.Homeless people
3.Shortage of safe drinking water
4.Food shortage
Long term effects
1.Repair of infrastructure
2.reclamation of farmland
3. Restore public services

What is
Water
Pollution?
• Water pollution is the contamination
of water bodies
(e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, and
groundwater). Water pollution occurs
when pollutants are discharged directly
or indirectly into water bodies without
adequate treatment to remove harmful
compounds.

• Types of Water Pollution
• Without getting too technical, water pollution is a result of various
things, but usually leads back to these sources:
1. Industry
2. Agriculture

• Industry
1. There are three main ways that
industries contribute to water pollution.
2. They pollute by disposing of waste
directly into waterways, emitting toxic
gases that cause acid rain and changing
the temperature of water with their
disposals into waterways.

• Agriculture pollution
• Its common for farmers to use fertilizers and other chemicals on
their crops to help them grow.
• Some application methods – such as pesticide spraying by
aeroplane – lead to pollution of adjacent land, rivers or wetlands.
• Due to inappropriate water management and irrigation
technology, fertilizers and pesticides also commonly run-off
from fields to adjacent rivers and lakes and contaminate
groundwater sources

1. Spread of disease: Drinking polluted water can
cause cholera or typhoid infections, along with
diarrhea.
2. Affects body organs: The consumption of highly
contaminated water can cause injury to the heart
and kidneys.
3. Harms the food chain: Toxins within water can
harm aquatic organisms, thus breaking a link in
the food chain.
4. Harms animals: Birds that get into oil-
contaminated water die from exposure
to cold water and air due to feather damage.
Other animals are affected when they eat dead
fish in contaminated streams.

Consequences of water pollution
Effects on Ecosystem
Water pollution has effects on both physical and
chemical properties of water leading to hazardous
effects on the dependent life forms in water.

Effects on Human Life
1. Water pollution can cause certain waterborne diseases like
diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, and jaundice.
2. These can be caused due to the dumping of human wastes and
sewage water.
3. Drinking contaminated water for longer period of time can damage
the liver and kidneys of a person.
4. Toxic water can result in causing skin disorders, ulcers, tumors etc.

What is
Eutrophication?
1. The process by which a body of water
acquires a high concentration
of nutrients, especially phosphates
and nitrates.
2. These typically promote excessive
growth of algae.
3. As the algae die and decompose, high
levels of organic matter and the
decomposing organisms deplete the
water of available oxygen, causing
the death of other organisms, such as
fish.

• 4.This bloom of algae disrupts normal ecosystem
functioning and causes many problems.
• 5.The algae may use up all the oxygen in the water,
leaving none for other marine life. This results in the
death of many aquatic organisms such as fish, which
need the oxygen in the water to live.
• 6.The bloom of algae may also block sunlight from
photosynthetic marine plants under the water surface.

What is
Water
related
Diseases?
1. Water related diseases are the
most common cause of deaths.
2. Water-borne diseases are
infectious diseases spread
primarily through
contaminated water.
3. Though these diseases are
spread either directly or
through flies or filth, water is
the chief medium for spread of
these diseases and hence they
are termed as water-borne
diseases.

3 TYPES
Water-Borne
Diseases
Water-Based
Diseases
WATER BRED
DISEASES

Water-
Borne
Diseases
• Water-borne diseases are "dirty-
water" diseases those caused by
water that has been
contaminated by human,
animal, or chemical wastes.
• Water borne disease- CHOLERA

• Water-Based Diseases
1) Water-based diseases are caused by aquatic organisms
that spend part of their life cycle in the water and
another part as parasites of animals.
2) These organisms can thrive in either polluted or
unpolluted water.
3) Water based disease- BILHARZIA

WATER
BRED
DISEASES
• The carrier breeds in water and
spreads disease by biting its
victim.
• The disease of this type which
affects most people worldwide is
malaria, transmitted by
mosquitoes.
•
Water bred disease- MALARIA

1) Diarrhoea remains the most prevalent
water related disease in India.
2) It mostly affects children under the age of
5and often leads to death.
3) Diarrhoeal infection is spread through food
and drinking water that has been
contaminated.
4) Symptoms of diarrhoea include, severe
dizziness, loss of consciousness,
dehydration and pale skin, little or in some
case bloody stool.
Diarrhoea

1. Cholera is a water related disease
2. Cholera strikes when one ingests water
that is infested with the Vibrio Cholerae
bacterium.
3. Symptoms of cholera include watery
bowels and fever in certain cases.
4. Cholera can happen to both children
and adults.
Cholera

1. Malaria or Malarial fever is spread by
the Plasmodium parasite mosquito
that breeds in water bodies like lakes
.
2. Stagnant water is another favourite
breeding ground for these deadly
parasites.
3. Malarial fever symptoms include
fevers, chills, headaches and
vomiting. Sometimes these symptoms
are also coupled with anaemia.
Malaria

Prevent
mosquito
bites
Stay inside when it is dark
outside, preferably in a screened
or air-conditioned room.
Wear protective clothing (long
pants and long-sleeved shirts).
Use insect repellent with DEET
The repellent is available in
varying strengths up to 100%.

Use bed nets (mosquito
netting) sprayed with or
soaked in an insecticide
such as permethrin or
deltamethrin.
se flying-insect spray
indoors around sleeping
areas.
Avoid areas where malaria
and mosquitoes are
present if you are at higher
risk

BILHARZIA
1.
The bilharzia snail lives in
shallow water in tropical lands.
2. Larvae grow and multiply
inside the snail; worms emerge
after three to seven weeks.
they enter human bodies
usually through the soles of
people's feet;
3. Therefore people working in
fields, are most at risk. the
worms grow to maturity and
mate in the human body,
usually in the kidney or
bladder.

Introduction
about Ocean
• The oceans of Earth serve many
functions, especially affecting the
weather and temperature.
• They moderate the Earth's
temperature by absorbing incoming
solar radiation (stored as heat
energy).
• The always-moving ocean currents
distribute this heat energy around
the globe.
• This heats the land and air during
winter and cools it during summer.

• The World Ocean
or global ocean, is the
interconnected system
of the
Earth's oceanic waters
, and comprises the
bulk of
the hydrosphere
covering almost 71%
of the Earth's surface.

Earth's oceans
1. Arctic Ocean
2. Atlantic Ocean
3. Indian Ocean
4. Pacific Ocean
5. Southern Ocean

Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the body of water between Asia and
Australia in the west, the Americas in the east, the Southern
Ocean to the south, and the Arctic Ocean to the north.
It is the largest named ocean and it covers one-third of the
surface of the entire world.

Atlantic
Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the world's
second largest ocean.
It covers approximately 20
percent of the Earth's surface.
The Atlantic Ocean is bounded
on the west by North and South
America. It connects to the Arctic
Ocean through the Denmark
Strait, Greenland Sea,

Arctic
Ocean
The Arctic Ocean, located in the
Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the
Arctic north polar region, is the smallest
and shallowest of the world's five major
oceanic divisions.
Arctic Ocean, smallest of the world’s
oceans, centring approximately on the
North Pole.
The Arctic Ocean is partly covered by
sea ice throughout the yea

Antarctic
Ocean
Antarctica is the Earth's southernmost
continent. It is on the South Pole. It is
almost entirely south of the Antarctic
Circle.
About 98% of Antarctica is covered by
ice.
Few land plants grow in Antarctica.
Most are moss, lichen and algae. This is
because Antarctica does not have much
moisture (water), sunlight, good soil, or
a warm temperature.

Similarities and Differences between the
Arctic and the Antarctic
1. The Arctic has trees but Antarctic does not.
2. Antarctica is a continent land mass but the Arctic is a
sea with edges of other countries in the Arctic circle..
3. The Arctic has indigenous people and the Antarctic
doesn't.
4. The Arctic has tundra forest but not the Antarctic.
Environment

what is
Phytoplankton?
Phytoplankton, also known as
microalgae, are similar to
terrestrial plants in that they
contain chlorophyll and
require sunlight in order to
live and grow.
Most phytoplankton are
buoyant and float in the
upper part of the ocean

Phytoplankton

Zooplankton

Life in the
Ocean
• Marine biology covers a great deal,
from the microscopic, including
most zooplankton and phytoplankton to
the huge whales which reach up to a
reported 30 meters (98 feet) in length.

Why are
protoplankton
and
phytoplankton
important?
1. Photosynthetic phytoplankton are the
"grass" of aquatic habitats.
2. Together with aquatic higher plants,
they are the basis of freshwater food
chains.
3. Phytoplankton, together with other
algae and plants, are the source of
most of the oxygen in Earth's
atmosphere.

What is
Marine
Pollution?
• Marine pollution occurs when harmful,
or potentially harmful effects, can
result from the entry into the ocean of
chemicals, particles, industrial,
agricultural and residential waste.

OIL POLLUTION

What is
Oil
Pollution?
• Oil spills into rivers, bays, and the
ocean most often are caused by
accidents involving tankers, barges,
pipelines, refineries, drilling rigs, and
storage facilities.
• An oil spill from a tanker is a severe
problem because there is such a huge
quantity of oil being spilt into one
place.
• Oil cannot dissolve in water and
forms a thick sludge in the water.
This suffocates fish, gets caught in
the feathers of marine birds stopping
them from flying and blocks light
from photosynthetic aquatic plants.

CAUSES OF OIL
SPILLS
• Spills can be caused by:
• people making mistakes or
being careless.
• equipment breaking down.
• natural disasters such as
hurricanes.
• deliberate acts by terrorists,
countries at war, vandals, or
illegal dumpers.

Effects of Oil Pollution
• Effects
1) Kills marine animals
2) It kills the seabird’s
3) Damages coastal ecosystems,
consequences can last
decades
4) Economically important
species of shell fish and fin
fish are easily killed by oil
pollution

HOW TO
REOMOVE
OIL
SPILLS?
1. Oil spills can be controlled by
chemical dispersion, combustion,
mechanical containment, and/or
adsorption. Spills may take weeks,
months or even years to clean up.
2. Dredging: for oils dispersed with
detergents and other oils denser than
water.
3. Vacuum and centrifuge: oil can be
sucked up along with the water, and
then a centrifuge can be used to
separate the oil from the water

TOXIC POLLUTION

What is
Toxic
Pollution?
• Toxic pollution occurs when
synthetic chemicals are discharged
or natural chemicals accumulate to
toxic levels in the environment,
causing reductions in wildlife
numbers, degrading ecosystem
functions and threatening human
health.

CAUSES OF
TOXIC
POLLUTION
• Toxic pollution occurs as a result of a
variety of human activities.
Industries and sewage treatment
plants discharge wastes which
contain toxic substances directly into
waterways.
• Toxic pesticides are dispersed
through the environment by rain
running off chemical-treated land
and flowing into lakes, rivers,
estuaries and coastal waters.
• Household cleaning and disinfecting
products are flushed into sewage
systems and out through treatment
plant discharge,

SOLUTION
• Consumers can play a role by being
aware of manufacturing processes
and "clean" alternatives to products.
• International treaties can initiate
stronger efforts to reduce toxic
pollution worldwide. A new treaty
banning the production and use of
certain persistent organic pollutants

What is
Garbage
Pollution ?
• Garbage pollution means
littering civic waste
particularly household waste
into places not designated to
dispose it off.
• It is mainly caused by
mismanagement of solid
waste when garbage is not
lifted from streets and areas
to carry it to landfill sites for
its final disposal.
• It all happens owing to poor
system of either garbage
collection or its disposal.

3.Garbage
Sources
1. Unregulated dumping of garbage from ships and coastal
communities
Effects
1. Large pieces of garbage can kill the marine animals
2. Many animals ingest the garbage, which can also kill
them.

Solutions
for
garbage
pollution
• The key solution for garbage
pollution lies in proper management
of solid waste.
• Apart from that there are three
slogans to address this issue; reduce,
reuse and recycle.
• In this way garbage pollution issue
could be solved with simply
community efforts.

Deep water
Horizon oil spill

• The Deepwater Horizon oil
spill (also referred to as the BP oil
spill, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of
Mexico oil spill, and the Macondo
blowout) was an oil spill in the Gulf
of Mexico on the BP-
operated Macondo Prospect,
considered the largest accidental
marine oil spill in the history of the
petroleum industry.
• Following the explosion and sinking
of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig,
which claimed 11 lives,a sea-floor oil
gusher flowed unabated for three
months in 2010.
• The gushing wellhead was not
capped until after 87 days, on 15 July
2010.The total discharge is estimated
at 4.9 million barrels

What is
ocean
current?
• An ocean current is a continuous,
directed movement of ocean
water generated by the forces acting
upon this mean flow, such as breaking
waves, wind,
temperature and salinity differences
and tides caused by the gravitational
pull of the Moon and the Sun.

Ocean currents are of two types
• Warm & Cold
1) In a warm current the water is warmer than
would be expected at the latitude where it
is flowing, because it is moving warm
water from the Tropic towards the poles.
2) Cold ocean currents flow towards the
equator, since they are moving towards
form colder area of ocean

The
Importance
of Ocean
Currents
• Because ocean currents circulate water
worldwide, they have a significant
impact on the movement of energy and
moisture between the oceans and the
atmosphere. As a result, they are
important to the world’s weather.

NORMAL CONDITION
EL NINO CONDITION

WORD ORIGIN
• El Niño, which is Spanish for "the Boy
Child," because it comes about the
time of the celebration of the birth of
the Christ Child.

Definition
• El Nino, an abnormal warming
of surface ocean waters in the
eastern tropical Pacific, is one
part of what's called
the Southern Oscillation.

EL NINO-
FORMATION
• When the surface pressure is
high in the eastern tropical
Pacific it is low in the western
tropical Pacific, and vice-versa.
• Because the ocean warming and
pressure reversals are, for the
most part, simultaneous,
scientists call this phenomenon
the El Nino/Southern
Oscillation or ENSO for short

EFFECTS
• The extremes of this climate
pattern's oscillations, El Niño
and La Niña, cause extreme
weather (such as floods and
droughts) in many regions of the
world.
• Developing countries dependent
upon agriculture and fishing,
particularly those bordering the
Pacific Ocean, are the most
affected.

Normal Conditions (Non El Nino)
El Nino Conditions 230Guru IGCSE HYDROSPHERE

An El
Nino year
in Peru
• This effects is very common in
Peru, which is why Peruvian
fisherman gave it the name El
Niño, meaning the Christ child.
This happens every 3-8 years.

1. The sudden change in sea water
temperature has a dramatic effect on life
both the sea on the land.
2. Warm ocean water kills plankton and
fish, because its currents are low in
oxygen and nutrients.
3. Beaches become littered with washed up
dead fish and sea birds.
4. Warm air rises near Peru, causing rain
in the northern Peruvian deserts
5. Irrigation works, essential for cultivation
in normal years, are destroyed.
6. Mosquitoes and insects multiply in the
wet environment
EFFECTS OF EL NINO IN PERU

SOME OF THE WORLD WIDE
EFFECTS OF EL NINO IN 1997-98
INDONESIA: Worst
drought, Forest fires,
No monsoon rains
CHINA: Hit by worst
drought for 20 years
Tanzania: Nationwide
crop failure du to
drought-3 million
suffered for food
shortage
ARGENTINA: Heavy
rains delayed
planting of crops
Venezuela: Yields of
most crops reduce by
flooding
Jamaica: Worst
drought for 40 years

What is Fishery?
A fishery is an area with an
associated fish or aquatic population which is harvested
for its commercial value. Fisheries can be wild or farmed.
Most of the world's wild fisheries are in the ocean.

What is
THERMO-
LAYER?
• The thermo-layer is the heat
layer in the atmosphere or
water, at a different temperature
to the air or water above or
below it

FISHING
GROUNDS
1. Traditional fishing ground are
located predominantly in the
temperature zone of the
northern hemisphere due to
natural factors.
2. These areas are naturally rich
in plankton because of their
shallow water.
3. The presence of mineral-
transporting ocean currents is
also great significance.

Warmer
Tropical
Waters
• In warmer tropical waters ,the
nutrients cycle does no function
so effectively because a thermo-
layer occurs because of the lack
of mixing between the warm
surface waters & the cold deeps

MARINE
SOURCES
1) Marine sources provide about
20% of the animal protein
eaten by humans.
2) Another 5% is provided
indirectly via livestock fed with
fish. 60% of fish
consumption is by the
developing world.
3) In Asia, about 1 billion people
rely on fish as
their primary source of
protein.
4) The fishing enterprise employs
some 200 million people
worldwide.

IMPORTANCE
OF FISH
PRODUCTS
1. Fish is one of our most valuable
sources of protein food.
2. World wide, people obtain about
25% of their animal protein from
fish and shell fish.
3. About 35% of all fish is eaten
fresh, chilled or frozen.
4. It is also cured or canned or
made into oil and fish meal .
5. Fish and marine products are
used as medicine, ground into
vitamins, or processed into
cosmetics and perfumes,
lubricants, varnishes, soap and
margarine.

World fish production(2013)
RANK COUNTRY AMOUNT(MILLION
TONNES)
1 CHINA 11.3
2 PERU 9.4
3 INDIA 6.3
4 INDONESIA 5.6

TYPES
OF
FISH
• The sea fish caught fall into two
groups, pelagic &demersal.
• Pelagic fish live near the ocean
surface including herring,
mackerel &sardine.
• Demersal fish are bottom
dwellers, living closer to the
floor of the contential shelf
• Cod,haddock,plaice.
• Other main marine animals are
• Crabs, lobsters
&crayfish,oysters,cockles &
whales

What is
Over
Fishing?
1. Overfishing occurs
when fishing activities
reduce fish stocks below an
acceptable level. This can
occur in any body of water
from a pond to the oceans.
2. The practice of commercial and
non-commercial fishing which
depletes a fishery by catching
so many adult fish that not
enough remain to breed and
replenish the population.

What is
causing
overfishing
Firstly, human demand for fish
and fish products has pushed
the fishing capacity to four
times what is needed to
satisfy the needs of the global
population
With a constantly
increasing human
population total, the demand
for fish is growing each year.

Secondly, the way in which fish is caught leads to
further unsustainable situations.
Habitat destruction, by means of dynamite fishing,
cyanide fishing and bottom trawling have been used
by commercial fishing ventures for year

CONSEQUENCES
OF OVERFISHING
1. The removal of large numbers
of a certain type of fish can
also lead to a disruption of the
local food web, as predators
are left with too little food to
maintain their population
numbers.
2. Reckless overfishing through
illicit means can result into a
direct damage/contamination
of oceans, seas, etc.
3. Food chains – prey-predator
relationship will be altered.
The ecological balance will be
thrown off.

Hundreds of thousands of jobs in fishing and related
industries were lost in 1990’s
Small port communities in remote locations where
fishing is the only sources of employment, have
been badly hit
Long-term physical effects on the ocean ecology –
coral reefs, ocean floor, bottom grasses etc.

Modern
New
technology
- Fishing
boats
Up to 100m long
As many as 100 people
employed by a company
Radar & Sonar to find fish,
satellites for navigation &
weather data about fish
Nets at least 1km wide are
trailed that can scoop up
400 tonnes is one gulp

GREEN
PEACE
• Greenpeace is a non-
governmental environmental org
anization with offices in over
forty countries and with an
international coordinating body
in Amsterdam.
• Greenpeace spread to several
countries and started to
campaign on other
environmental issues such
as commercial
whaling and toxic waste

Impact of
overfishing
Ecosystems Destruction
According to marine ecologists, unsustainable
fishing is the greatest threat to ocean
ecosystems.
The practice destroys the physical environments
of marine life, and distorts the entire food chain
in the oceans.

• Biodiversity
Marine life is amazing and balanced
with millions of fish species and
other marine animals.
• Constantly fishing for particular
specie like the blue-fine tuna (which
is people’s favourite), means soon
that kind of fish will be extinct

• Pollution
Oil and liquid spills, chemical and
solid elements discharged into the
water by fishing boats, vessels and
trawlers often hurt marine life.
• It is very easy to think that the
oceans are so big and these are not
real threats, but a bit of pollution by
thousands of trawlers everyday
contribute to something very big and
disturbing

K.GURU
CHARAN
KUMAR
291
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