This document provides an overview of topics related to environmental science and sustainability. It includes sections on: 1. Human population and demographics like growth rates, structures, and projections. 2. Renewable and non-renewable resources like forests, water, and energy. It discusses uses, conservation, and problems from overexploitation. 3. Key concepts in environmental science like habitats, pollution, and effects of deforestation. Diagrams, definitions, and exam strategies are also provided to help students understand and apply the content.

2. By Sagar Divetiya
Environment science & technology
110990135013
4th sem

3. 1. Human Population
2. Renewable and Non-Renewable resources
3. Water resources
4. Forest Resources
5. Energy Resources

4.  Find keywords in question
 Remember points and write anything related to that
 Use module as “map” not “book”
 Cram points not paragraphs
 Definitions are real boss in E.S.
 Write exam paper according to time not marks
 Draw big neat figure where needed

5.  Development of Habitation patterns and
Environmental factors governing human
settlement
 Population & Pollution
 Reasons for overpopulation or
population explosion
 Population Growth & its Theories
 Demographic Projections

6.  Development of Habitation patterns and Environmental factors governing
human settlement
◦ Habitat = place where a human lives
◦ Humans have tendency to settle in good environment, better facilities and
availability of natural resources.
 Population & Pollution
◦ Population forecasting/prediction methods
 Reasons for overpopulation or population explosion
 Increased birth rate
 Increased longevity (long lives)
 Reduced infant mortality (death rate of newly born babies)
 Decreased death rate
 Lack of education
 Cultural influences (blind beliefs)
 Immigration/Emigration ( Migration : moving from one place to another)

7.  Population Growth & its Theories
◦ Definition,
 “Population growth is the change in population over time.”
 More precisely, “population growth is the change in number of
individuals in a population using per unit time for measurement.”
◦ Population growth theories
 Malthusian Theory
 Marxian Theory
 According to Karl Marx, Population growth is a symptom rather than the
cause of poverty, crime, starvation resource depletion and pollution.

9.  Demographic Projections/Transitions
◦ Demography definition,
 “The scientific and statistical study of human population is called
Demography.” It deals with
 Changes in population (either growth or decline)
 Composition of population (age group)
 Distribution of population (birth, death, migration, aging)
◦ Demography transition
 “If birth and death rates were equal, a zero population growth rate
would result which is called DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION.”

11.  Population Structures
◦ Birth rate - Number of child birth per 100 people per year.
◦ Mortality - Mortality is the death rate per 1000 people per given time
◦ Infant mortality (death) rate - Deaths of infants per 1000 births, in a
given year.
◦ Sex ratio - No. of females per 1000 males.
◦ Total Fertility Rate (TFR) - “Total fertility rate is the average number of
children that would during her life time.”
◦ Age structure (Population pyramid) - “ Number of people or their
percentage in each age group.”

12.  Food Resource
◦ Production of food
 Sources of food
 World food problems
 Types of agricultural systems for food production
◦ Malnutrition or Malnourishment
 “Malnourishment is the lack of specific components of food such as
proteins, vitamins or essential chemical elements.”
◦ Undernourishment
 “It is the lack of sufficient calories in available food, so that one has little
or no ability to move or work.”

13. Renewable Resources
Non-renewable Resources
Destruction versus Conservation

14.  NOTE : If only resources or natural resources are asked then write from
this chapter, and if energy resources are asked then write form 5th chapter.
 Renewable Resources (Non Exhaustible Resources)
◦ Biotic (living resource) : Forest, Agriculture, Fish and wildlife
◦ Abiotic ( non living resource) : Land, water, minerals
 Non-renewable Resources (Exhaustible Resources)
◦ Coal, petroleum, minerals, fossil fuels

15.  Destruction versus Conservation
◦ Destruction
 Ground water overuse
 Forest destruction (deforestation)
 Fertile land destruction
 Surface water destruction
 Coal, oil and minerals destruction
◦ Conservation
 Thus conservation of natural resources may help to reduce the
destruction of natural resources.

16.  Water Resources-Indian Scenario
 Water Sources- Surface & Ground Water
Sources
 Uses & overuses of water resources
 problems due to Overexploitation of Water
Resources

17. (BEST REFERENCE: Basics of Environmental studies; B.R.
Shah, Snehal Popli; Mahajan Publishing House)
 Water Resources-Indian Scenario
 Water Sources- Surface & Ground Water Sources
 Uses & overuses of water resources
 problems due to Overexploitation of Water Resources

18.  Forest Resources - Indian Scenario
 Importance of forests- Ecologically &
Economically
 Forest Types
 Deforestations-Causes and effects
 Forest Degradation in India

19.  Forest Resources - Indian Scenario
 Importance of forests- Ecologically & Economically
◦ Ecological importance
 Regulation of global climate and temperature
 Reduction of Global Warming
 Production of Oxygen
 Conservation of Soil
 Improvement in fertility of soil
 Control of water flow
 Habitat to wildlife
 Absorption of Noise
 Absorption of air pollution

20. ◦ Economical importance / Uses of forest products
 Timber
 Fuel food
 Raw material for wood based industries
 Bamboo
 Food
 Miscellaneous products

22.  Forest Types
◦ Tropical Rain forest – (rain whole year) [Tropical = Near Equator]
◦ Tropical Deciduous forest – (rain only in monsoon)
◦ Tropical Shrub Forest – (longer dry season less rain)
◦ Temperate Deciduous forest – (Moderate temperature & rainfall throughout
the year)
◦ Evergreen Coniferous forest (Boreal forests)

23.  Deforestations-Causes and effects
◦ Deforestation
 “The permanent destruction of forests and woodlands is termed as deforestation.”
◦ Desertification
 “Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region
becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and
wildlife.”
 It is caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change, deforestation and other
human activities.
 Desertification is a significant global ecological and environmental problems.

24. ◦ Afforestation
 “Planting and maintaining trees on areas that were not covered with forest.”
◦ Causes of Deforestation
 Population Explosion
 Shifting Cultivation – (using forest land for agricultural purpose)
 Growing food demand
 Fire wood
 Raw material for wood based industry
 Infrastructure Development
 Forest fires

25. ◦ Effects of Deforestation/Problems created by deforestation
 Soil Erosion
 Expansion of Deserts
 Decrease in rainfall
 Loss of Fertile land
 Effect on climate
 Lowering of water table
 Economic losses
 Losses of flora and fauna
 Losses of Bio-diversity
 Loss of medicinal plants
 Environmental Changes
 Change in living habits

26. ◦Forest Degradation in India
 As mention in Deforestation

27.  Non-Conventional/Renewable Energy
Sources
 Conventional/Non-Renewable energy
sources
 Problems due to
overexploitation/overuse of Energy
Resources

28. Non-Conventional Conventional
Newly established Used from long time ago
Renewable Non-Renewable
Non-exhaustible Exhaustible
Advantages
 Wide availability
 Decentralized power production
 Available for the foreseeable future
 Lower running cost
 Low pollution
 Available in highly concentrated form
 Easy to store
 Reliable supply
 Lower initial cost
Disadvantages/Limitations
 Unreliable supply
 Very difficult to store
 Usually produce in small quantities
 High initial cost
 Limited supply
 Highly polluting
 Available only in few places
 High running cost
Environmental impact
 Less pollution
 Ecologically safe for extent
 High pollution
 Global warming
 Ecological problems

29.  Non-Conventional/Renewable Energy Sources
◦ Solar Energy
 “Energy coming from sun in the form of heat radiation”
 Application
 Solar water heating
 Solar Drying of agricultural and animal products
 Solar Distillation
 Solar cookers
 Solar Engines for water pumping
 Solar furnaces
 Solar photovoltaic cells
 Solar heating of buildings
 Solar green houses

30.  Advantages
 Ease installation and maintenance
 No noise, No pollution
 Disadvantages/Limitations
 Uncertainty of availability
 Large space required
 Depends on amount of sunlight according to region
 Higher initial cost

31. ◦ Wind Energy – (wind mills)
◦ Tidal Energy
 Use of potential difference between high tide and low tide
◦ Hydro Energy - (generally in dams)

32.  Conventional/Non-Renewable energy sources
◦ Coal, Fossil Fuels – Petroleum
 Problems due to overexploitation/overuse of Energy Resources
◦ Extinction of resources
◦ Excessive mining and associated problems
◦ Pollution
◦ Economical Effect

33. “Love your Environment”,
only way to save it