This document provides an introduction to engineering thermodynamics. It defines key terms like heat, power, temperature, and the science of thermodynamics. It describes different types of thermodynamic systems like closed, open, isolated, homogeneous, and heterogeneous systems. The document outlines thermodynamic properties, processes, cycles, and the first law of thermodynamics. It also reviews the laws of perfect gases and examples of thermodynamic processes like isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, reversible, and adiabatic processes.
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thermodynamics, basic definitions with explanations, heat transfer, mode of heat transfer, Difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer?What is entropy?
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
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Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
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thermodynamics, basic definitions with explanations, heat transfer, mode of heat transfer, Difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer?What is entropy?
notes on thermodynamics system and properties ,which is the on of the basics of thermodynamics useful for mechanical ,chemical engineering,physics students also can read this. for practice objective questions on thermodynamic visit www.testindia24x7.com free online web portal
In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
2. Thermodynamics law
3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
Subject: ME8391 Engineering Thermodynamics
Topic: Basic Concepts & First law of Thermodynamics
B.E. Mechanical Engineering
Second year, III Semester.
[Anna University R-2017]
notes on thermodynamics system and properties ,which is the on of the basics of thermodynamics useful for mechanical ,chemical engineering,physics students also can read this. for practice objective questions on thermodynamic visit www.testindia24x7.com free online web portal
In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
2. Thermodynamics law
3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
Subject: ME8391 Engineering Thermodynamics
Topic: Basic Concepts & First law of Thermodynamics
B.E. Mechanical Engineering
Second year, III Semester.
[Anna University R-2017]
thermodynamics introduction & first lawAshish Mishra
Review of Fundamental Concepts and Definitions: Introduction- Basic Concepts: System, Control Volume, Surrounding, Boundaries, Universe, Types of Systems
Macroscopic and Microscopic viewpoints, Concept of Continuum, Thermodynamic Equilibrium, State, Property, Process, Exact & Inexact Differentials
, Cycle Reversibility Quasi – static Process, Irreversible Process, Causes of Irreversibility Energy and its forms, Work and heat (sign convention),
Gas laws, Ideal gas, Real gas, Law of corresponding states, Property of mixture of gases
electrical, magnetic, gravitational, spring and shaft work. Zeroth law of thermodynamics: Concept of Temperature and its’ measurement, Temperature scales
First law of thermodynamics: First Law for Flow Processes
The basic concepts in thermodynamics like thermodynamic system, thermodynamic variables, heat, cyclic process, zeroth law of thermodynamics, Carnot's heat engine, etc. are explained in this ppt.
in this module all the relevant topics of thermodynamics and kinetics has been covered according to the engineering chemistry syllabus and also you can practice questions of thermodynamics and kinetics from this given module. this module is very easy to understand
as everything given is in simple language with figures
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS?
ENGINEERING + THERMODYNAMICS
ENGINEERING-BRANCH OF SCIENCE- ENVIRONMENT
THERMODYNAMICS = THERMAL+ DYNAMICS
(HEAT) (POWER)
HEAT – Kind of energy transfer- Temp. difference
POWER- Capable to work
THERMODYNAMICS- Science of energy and energy transfer
2
5. • Macroscopic or Classical Approach:
• It is not concerned with the behavior of
individual molecules.
• These effects can be perceived by human senses
or measured by instruments
Eg: pressure, temperature
• Microscopic or Statistical Approach:
• Based on the average behavior of large groups
of individual particles.
• the effect of molecular motion is Considered.
5
6. SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES
• A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for
study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system boundary.
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its
surroundings.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.
• Systems may be considered to be closed or open.
6
7. Thermodynamic System and Types
• A specified region in which transfer of mass / energy
takes place is called system.
• To a thermodynamic system two ‘things’ may be
added/removed:
energy (heat, work) matter (mass)
CLASSIFICATION OF THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
• Closed or Non-flow
• Open or Flow
• Isolated
• Homogeneous
• Hetrogeneous 7
8. Closed System (Control Mass)
• No mass can cross system boundary
• Energy may cross system boundary
8
9. Open System/Control Volume
• Mass may cross system boundary (control
surface)
• Energy may cross system boundary
9
10. Isolated System
• No interaction between the system and the
surroundings.
• Neither mass nor energy can cross the
boundry.
• This is purely a theoretical system.
10
12. Homogeneous and Hetrogeneous
system
• Homogeneous system:
• System exists in single phase.
• Heterogeneous system:
• System exists in more than one phase.
12
13. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
• MASS – quantity of matter
• WEIGHT - force exerted on a body by gravity
• VOLUME – space occupied by matter
• SPECIFIC VOLUME – volume per unit mass
• SPECIFIC WEIGHT – weight per unit volume
• DENSITY – mass per volume of substance
• TEMPERATURE – degree of hotness or coldness
• PRESSURE - force exerted per unit area
• SPECIFIC HEAT – energy required to raise or lower temp.
of substance about 1 k or 1°C
• INTERNAL ENERGY – energy contain within system
• WORK – kind of energy transfer – acting force- flow
direction
• HEAT- kind of energy transfer – temp difference
• ENTHALPY – total energy of the system (I.E + F.W)
13
14. INTENSIVE or EXTENSIVE PROPERTY
• Intensive properties: The
property which is
independent of the mass of
a system, such as
temperature, pressure, and
density and specific
volume.
• Extensive properties: The
property which depends up
on the mass of a system,
such as volume, internal
energy and enthalpy.
14
15. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
15
Specific gravity:
The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some
standard substance at a specified temperature
Density
Density is mass per unit volume; specific volume is volume per unit mass.
Specific weight:
The weight of a unit volume of a substance.
Specific volume
16. PRESSURE
16
The normal stress (or “pressure”) on the feet of a chubby
person is much greater than on the feet of a slim person.
Pressure: A normal force exerted
by a fluid per unit area
68 kg 136 kg
Afeet=300cm2
0.23 kgf/cm2
0.46 kgf/cm2
P=68/300=0.23 kgf/cm2
17. • Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is
measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
• Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and
the local atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are
calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage
pressure.
• Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
17
19. Specific Heat Capacity
• Quantity of heat required to raise the
temperature of unit mass of the material
through one degree celsius.
• Specific Heat at constant pressure( Cp)
• Specific Heat at constant volume (Cv)
• Cp=1.003 kJ/kg-K
• Cv= 0.71 kJ/kg-K for air.
UNIVERSAL RU = Cp - Cv
19
20. STATE, PROCESSES AND CYCLES
State:
It is the condition of a system as
defined by the values of all its
properties.
It gives a complete description of
the system
Process:
Any change that a system
undergoes from one
equilibrium state to another.
20
STATE1- T1,P1,V1
STATE 2- T2,P2,V2
PROCESS - 1 2
21. STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
• State:
• It is the condition of
• the system namely
temperature, pressure,
density, composition,.
• Equilibrium:
• In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced
potentials (or driving forces) within the system.
21
A system at two different states
22. STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
• Thermal Equilibrium:
The temperature is the
same throughout the
entire system.
• Mechanical equilibrium:
There is no change in
pressure at any point
of the system with
time.
22
A closed system reaching thermal
equilibrium.
.
23. STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM(Con…)
• Phase equilibrium:
• A system which is having two phases and
when the mass of each phase reaches an
equilibrium level.
• Chemical equilibrium:
• The chemical composition of a system does
not change with time, that is, no chemical
reactions occur.
23
24. Thermodynamic Cycle
• Path: The series of states
through which a system
passes during a process. To
describe a process
completely, one should
specify the initial and final
states,
• Cycle: A number of
processes in sequence
bring back the system to
the original condition.
24
25. Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium
process
• Reversible process is a succession of
equilibrium states and infinite slowness is its
characteristic feature.
• Work done w = ∫ pdv
25
26. Zeroth Law
• If two bodies A and B are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body C
independently, then these two bodies (A and
B) must be in thermal equilibrium with each
other.
Application: Thermometer
26
27. Thermodynamic Work
• positive work is done by a
system when the sole effect
external to the system could
be reduced to the rise of a
weight.
• Unit of work is N-m or Joule.
• Work flow into the system is
negative
• Work flow out of the system
is positive
27
28. Thermodynamic Heat
• Energy transferred without
mass transfer between the
system and the surroundings
due to difference in
temperature between the
system and the surroundings.
• The unit of heat is Joule or kilo
Joule
• Heat flow into the system is
positive
• Heat flow out of the system is
negative
28
29. Energy and Forms of Energy
• Energy:
• Capacity to do work
• Forms of Energy:
• Stored Energy
• Energy in transition form
29
30. Stored Energy(Con…)
• Internal Energy(U):It is sum of kinetic energies
of individual atoms or molecules, that kinetic
energy occurred by external heat supplied to
the system it will converted to work.
• Sum energy always stored in the system (U)
not fully converted to work.
• Change in internal energy =mcv (T2-T1) kJ
30
31. Stored Energy(Con…)
• Kinetic Energy: Energy possessed by a body by
virtue of its motion.
• Change in K.E.=1/2 m(c2
2
-c1
2
) N-m.
• Flow Energy: Energy required to make the
flow of the system in and out of the device.
• Change in F.E.=( p2v2-p1v1) N-m
31
32. Enthalpy(H)
• Internal energy and pressure volume product.
• H=u+pv
• Change in enthalpy= mcp(T2-T1) kJ
• Where m=mass in kg
• cp=sp.heat at const.pressure in kJ/kg
• (T2-T1)= temp. difference in K
32
33. PATH and POINT FUNCTION
• If cyclic integral of a variable is not equal to
zero, then the variable is said to be a path
function.
• If cyclic integral of a variable is equal to zero,
then the variable is said to be a point
function.
33
34. The first law of thermodynamics
• Expression of the conservation of energy
principle.
• Statement: If a closed system executes a cyclic
process then net heat transfer is equal to net
work transfer.
• dQ=dW
• Q=W+dU for a process.
34
35. Laws Of Perfect Gas
• 1) Boyle’s law- “The absolute pressure of a given mass of
perfect gas varies inversely as its volume, when the
temperature remain constant”.
Mathematically pv = constant (T= const.)
• 2) Charles law- “The volume of a given mass of a perfect gas
varies directly as its absolute temperature, when the pressure
remains constant”.
Mathematically, V/T = constant (p= const.)
• 3) Gay-lussac law- “The absolute pressure of a given mass of
a perfect gas varies directly as its absolute temperature when
volume is constant.”
Mathematically, P/T = constant (v= const.)
35
36. THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
Here is a brief listing of a few kinds of processes, which we will encounter in TD:
Isothermal process → the process takes place at constant temperature
(e.g. freezing of water to ice at –10°C)
Isobaric → constant pressure
(e.g. heating of water in open air→ under atmospheric pressure)
Isochoric → constant volume
(e.g. heating of gas in a sealed metal container)
Reversible process → the system is close to equilibrium at all times (and infinitesimal
alteration of the conditions can restore the universe (system + surrounding) to the original
state.
Irreversible Process: The reversal of the process leaves some trace on the system and its
surroundings.
Cyclic process → the final and initial state are the same. However, q and w need not be zero.
Adiabatic process → dq is zero during the process (no heat is added/removed to/from the
system)
36
37. Thermodynamics processes
of Perfect Gas
1) Const. Volume/ isochoric process:
-Temperature and Pressure will increase
-No change in volume and No work done by gas
-Governed by Gay-Lussac law
2) Const. Pressure/ isobaric process:
- Temperature and volume will increase
- Increase in internal energy
- Governed by Charles law
3) Constant temperature/ isothermal process:
- No change in internal energy
- No change in Temperature
- Governed by Boyles law (p.v = constant)
37
38. Conti….
4) Adiabatic/ isentropic process:
- No heat leaves or enters the gas Q = 0,
- Temperature of the gas changes
- Change in internal energy is equal to the work done
5) isentropic process:
- Entropy remains constant dS = 0,
- Temperature of the gas changes
- Change in internal energy is equal to the work done
5) Polytropic process:
- It is general law of expansion and compression of the gases.
p.v^n = Constant
6) Free expansion:
- When a fluid Is allowed to expand suddenly into a vacuum chamber
through on orifice of large dimensions.
Q = 0, W = 0, and dU = 0.
38