Surgery 5th year, 5th lecture/part two (Dr. Ari Sami)
•Download as PPS, PDF•
3 likes•581 views
There are several types of intracranial hematomas that can result from head trauma: 1) Intracerebral hematomas are caused by areas of brain contusions merging together appearing as hyperdense lesions on CT scans with mass effect and midline shift. 2) Epidural hematomas occur between the skull and dura when a skull fracture causes dural laceration, most commonly in the temporal bone region. 3) Subdural hematomas occur below the dura from tears in bridging veins or cortical lacerations, and can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on time since injury.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![Intracerebral hematoma ,[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
RADIOLOGY OF head injury
This document presents an outline on head injuries. It begins with an introduction stating that head injuries are a major cause of death and disability from trauma, affecting mostly young adults and males more than females. It then defines head injury as any trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain. The document outlines the epidemiology, causes, types, radiological findings, classification, management, prevention of head injuries. It discusses things like the different types of fractures and hemorrhages, Glasgow Coma Scale for classification, treatments including surgery, rehabilitation, and prevention through safety measures.
Care of patient with head injury
In this slide, student will get an ideas -what is head injury and how to manage the patient with this situation
Brain Injury
Closed blunt brain injuries occur when the head rapidly accelerates and decelerates, damaging brain tissue without breaking the skull. Open injuries involve an object penetrating the skull and damaging brain tissue. Concussions cause temporary neurological dysfunction from impact without structural damage. Contusions are brain bruises caused by microhemorrhages that can increase intracranial pressure and crush brain tissue. Epidural and subdural hematomas are blood clots that form between brain and skull layers and may require surgery, while intracerebral hemorrhages are clots deep in the brain.
Head injuries
Head injuries can range from minor scalp lacerations to major brain trauma. Common causes include motor vehicle accidents, falls, assaults, and sports injuries. Death from head injuries can occur immediately after injury, within 2 hours, or up to 3 weeks later. Diagnosis involves CT or MRI imaging. Treatment depends on the type and severity of injury but generally includes supportive care, measures to reduce intracranial pressure, and possibly surgery. Outcomes range from full recovery to permanent neurological deficits or death.
Head injury types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management
Head injuries can range from minor scalp lacerations to major brain trauma. Common causes include motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports injuries. Diagnosis involves CT or MRI imaging to identify fractures and intracranial bleeding. Treatment depends on injury severity but may include reducing intracranial pressure, surgical evacuation of hematomas, and preventing complications like seizures. Outcomes range from full recovery to permanent disability or death depending on the nature and extent of brain damage.
01. head injuries dr phillip bmc
This document provides an overview of head injuries, including definitions, surgical anatomy of relevant structures like the scalp, skull, meninges and brain, epidemiology, etiology, classifications, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, workup and management. It discusses different types of head injuries such as blunt and penetrating injuries, and classifications based on integrity of the dura mater, site of injury and pathology. Specific types of injuries like fractures, hematomas, and brain injuries are described in detail.
Head injury dr kariuki 101
This document provides information on head injuries, including definitions, classifications, mechanisms of injury, imaging findings, and management strategies. It discusses the types of head injuries such as concussions, extradural and subdural hematomas, and intracerebral hemorrhages. Risk factors for secondary brain injury and guidelines for CT imaging are also outlined. Management of increased intracranial pressure and severe head injuries is described.
Head injuries
4 million people experience head trauma annually, with severe head injury being a leading cause of trauma death. Timely treatment is critical to prevent increased intracranial pressure from hemorrhages or edema, which can cause permanent brain damage or death. Signs of increased ICP include changes in vital signs, pupil reactivity, eye movements, muscle tone, and level of consciousness on the Glasgow Coma Scale. Early interventions like oxygen supplementation, ventilation support, and maintaining normal blood pressure and carbon dioxide levels are important to preserve brain perfusion and prevent further neurological injury.
Recommended
RADIOLOGY OF head injury
This document presents an outline on head injuries. It begins with an introduction stating that head injuries are a major cause of death and disability from trauma, affecting mostly young adults and males more than females. It then defines head injury as any trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain. The document outlines the epidemiology, causes, types, radiological findings, classification, management, prevention of head injuries. It discusses things like the different types of fractures and hemorrhages, Glasgow Coma Scale for classification, treatments including surgery, rehabilitation, and prevention through safety measures.
Care of patient with head injury
In this slide, student will get an ideas -what is head injury and how to manage the patient with this situation
Brain Injury
Closed blunt brain injuries occur when the head rapidly accelerates and decelerates, damaging brain tissue without breaking the skull. Open injuries involve an object penetrating the skull and damaging brain tissue. Concussions cause temporary neurological dysfunction from impact without structural damage. Contusions are brain bruises caused by microhemorrhages that can increase intracranial pressure and crush brain tissue. Epidural and subdural hematomas are blood clots that form between brain and skull layers and may require surgery, while intracerebral hemorrhages are clots deep in the brain.
Head injuries
Head injuries can range from minor scalp lacerations to major brain trauma. Common causes include motor vehicle accidents, falls, assaults, and sports injuries. Death from head injuries can occur immediately after injury, within 2 hours, or up to 3 weeks later. Diagnosis involves CT or MRI imaging. Treatment depends on the type and severity of injury but generally includes supportive care, measures to reduce intracranial pressure, and possibly surgery. Outcomes range from full recovery to permanent neurological deficits or death.
Head injury types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management
Head injuries can range from minor scalp lacerations to major brain trauma. Common causes include motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports injuries. Diagnosis involves CT or MRI imaging to identify fractures and intracranial bleeding. Treatment depends on injury severity but may include reducing intracranial pressure, surgical evacuation of hematomas, and preventing complications like seizures. Outcomes range from full recovery to permanent disability or death depending on the nature and extent of brain damage.
01. head injuries dr phillip bmc
This document provides an overview of head injuries, including definitions, surgical anatomy of relevant structures like the scalp, skull, meninges and brain, epidemiology, etiology, classifications, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, workup and management. It discusses different types of head injuries such as blunt and penetrating injuries, and classifications based on integrity of the dura mater, site of injury and pathology. Specific types of injuries like fractures, hematomas, and brain injuries are described in detail.
Head injury dr kariuki 101
This document provides information on head injuries, including definitions, classifications, mechanisms of injury, imaging findings, and management strategies. It discusses the types of head injuries such as concussions, extradural and subdural hematomas, and intracerebral hemorrhages. Risk factors for secondary brain injury and guidelines for CT imaging are also outlined. Management of increased intracranial pressure and severe head injuries is described.
Head injuries
4 million people experience head trauma annually, with severe head injury being a leading cause of trauma death. Timely treatment is critical to prevent increased intracranial pressure from hemorrhages or edema, which can cause permanent brain damage or death. Signs of increased ICP include changes in vital signs, pupil reactivity, eye movements, muscle tone, and level of consciousness on the Glasgow Coma Scale. Early interventions like oxygen supplementation, ventilation support, and maintaining normal blood pressure and carbon dioxide levels are important to preserve brain perfusion and prevent further neurological injury.
Head injury
This document discusses head injuries, including traumatic brain injury caused by external forces. Common causes are motor vehicle accidents, falls, assaults, and sports injuries. Mechanisms of injury include coup-contrecoup injuries where impact causes injury on both sides of the brain. Skull fractures and brain injuries like concussions and contusions can occur. Signs and symptoms include headache, vomiting, seizures and loss of consciousness. Diagnostic tests include CT scans, MRI and X-rays. Management focuses on ABCs, controlling intracranial pressure, oxygenation and surgery if needed. Nursing diagnoses address issues like impaired mobility, anxiety and knowledge deficits.
Head injury
This document provides an overview of head injuries, including types (e.g. skull fractures, concussions), signs and symptoms (e.g. altered consciousness, headaches), diagnostic evaluations (e.g. CT scans, MRI), complications (e.g. infections, increased intracranial pressure), and management (e.g. maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion, preventing secondary ischemia). Head injuries can range from minor injuries like scalp lacerations to major traumas involving brain contusions or hematomas. Proper nursing care is focused on monitoring the patient's neurological status, maintaining normal cerebral perfusion and temperature, and achieving the best possible cognitive and physical outcomes.
Atls head trauma modified pdf
This document discusses the management of head trauma. It outlines the importance of limiting secondary brain injury by maintaining adequate blood pressure and oxygenation. It recommends performing frequent neurologic exams and liberal use of CT scans to identify any brain injuries. Emergent neurosurgical consultation is advised for expanding intracranial masses or deteriorating neurological status. The goal of treatment is to stabilize the patient and arrange for definitive care to prevent further brain damage.
Fwd: Head injury Bambury
Head injuries most commonly occur in individuals aged 15-24 from vehicular accidents or falls in those over 75. The brain is surrounded by meninges including the dura, arachnoid and pia mater. Increased intracranial pressure can decrease cerebral perfusion and cause neurological deterioration, so monitoring and medical or surgical interventions aim to reduce pressure and maintain blood flow to the brain.
Head injuries: Prompt diagnosis and immediate treatment.
Head injury is one of the commonest form of trauma in urban settings. Prompt diagnosis of the underlying damage followed by immediate treatment is the mainstay of treatment.
Head injury
Head injuries can range from minor scalp lacerations to major traumatic brain injuries. The document outlines various types of head injuries including concussions, skull fractures, and intracranial lesions like epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas, and intracerebral hematomas. It discusses mechanisms of injury, classifications, signs and symptoms, diagnostic studies, and management approaches including decreasing intracranial pressure and monitoring for complications.
Head Injuries
Head injuries are one of the leading causes of death and disability. Blows or shaking can cause brain injury, though injury does not always mean brain injury. Head injuries can be closed, involving concussion without skull fracture, or open, penetrating the skull. Symptoms vary from none to loss of consciousness, and may not be immediate, including changes in mental status, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and difficulty swallowing or speaking. Diagnosis involves assessments like the Glasgow Coma Scale and brain imaging tests.
Traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts normal brain function. There are approximately 1.5 million TBI cases in the US each year, resulting in 50,000 deaths and 85,000 long-term disabilities. Common causes include motor vehicle accidents, falls, firearms, and assaults. TBI can result in epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhages, brain contusions, and diffuse axonal injury. Computed tomography (CT) is useful for diagnosing many acute TBI injuries but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be better for detecting certain injuries like diffuse axonal injury.
Head injuries Overview
This document defines and describes head injuries, including types of injuries such as closed and open head injuries. It discusses mechanisms of primary and secondary brain injuries. It also outlines signs and symptoms, diagnosis including imaging tests, and treatment for both the acute and chronic stages. Treatment in the acute stage focuses on the ABCDE approach, increasing ICP management, and surgery if needed. Long term complications and prevention methods are also mentioned.
surgery.Head injury.(dr.ari)
A head injury can range from mild to severe and is caused by blunt force trauma or penetrating injuries to the skull and brain. Symptoms of a serious head injury include loss of consciousness, persistent headaches, vomiting, or abnormal behavior. Treatment depends on severity but may include monitoring for deterioration, supporting circulation and lowering intracranial pressure by evacuating hematomas or reducing brain swelling.
Head injury
A head injury can cause damage to the scalp, skull or brain from trauma. The main types of head injuries are lacerations, concussions, contusions, hemorrhages, compressions, and skull fractures. Symptoms vary depending on the type of injury but may include headaches, nausea, blurred vision, confusion and loss of consciousness. Treatment focuses on monitoring the person's condition, controlling bleeding if present, preventing further injury, and seeking immediate medical help for serious injuries or worsening symptoms.
Head injury and medical tratment
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem in India, with over 1 million injuries and 200,000 deaths reported annually. The leading causes of TBI in India are road traffic accidents, which account for 60-70% of cases. Common types of TBI include concussions, skull fractures, and contusions. Initial treatment focuses on stabilizing the airway, breathing, and circulation, with diagnostic tests like CT scans used to further evaluate injuries. Management involves measures to reduce cerebral edema as well as medical therapies tailored to the specific injuries. Long-term rehabilitation is often needed to address physical, cognitive, and behavioral impairments resulting from TBI.
Management of head trauma
This document outlines the management of head trauma. It begins with generalities on head trauma mechanisms and classifications. The goals of management are to prevent secondary brain injuries like hypoxia and hypotension. Initial management involves resuscitation, stabilization of ABCs, and assessing the patient's status. Secondary management includes a full examination, ordering a CT scan if needed, and admitting the patient to the ICU if their Glasgow Coma Scale is low or they have signs of a bleed or fracture. Ongoing management focuses on continually monitoring vitals, providing treatments to reduce ICP like mannitol or hyperventilation, administering prophylaxis, and maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance. The overall approach is to rapidly assess and stabilize
Pathology of Head Injury
The document discusses head injuries and brain trauma. It provides information on:
1) Types of brain injuries including concussions, contusions, lacerations, and diffuse axonal injuries that can result from blunt force or penetrating trauma.
2) Secondary injuries like hemorrhages, edema, herniations, and infections that can develop after the initial injury.
3) Clinical presentations and complications of different types of head injuries.
Brain
Dr. Umar Tauqir presented a case of an 18-year-old male who presented with a history of head trauma 2 days prior where he lost consciousness and experienced vomiting. A CT scan of the brain showed a hyperdense area in the temporal lobe representing an epidural hematoma. It also showed a linear undisplaced fracture involving the frontal and temporal bones. The patient was treated conservatively with supportive measures, medications to decrease cerebral edema, and surgical evacuation of the hematoma when indicated. Complications of head injuries and the different types of herniations were also discussed.
Head injuries
The document discusses various types of head injuries including causes, mechanisms of injury, diagnostic tests, types of brain injuries such as concussion and contusion, complications, and nursing management focusing on airway maintenance, monitoring for increased intracranial pressure, and administering medications to reduce swelling in the brain such as mannitol. Head injuries can range from minor scalp lacerations to severe injuries requiring surgical intervention and long-term effects depend on the areas of the brain that are damaged.
Head injury
1) Traumatic brain injury is often caused by road traffic accidents and can lead to both immediate and long-term consequences like death, neurological impairment, and lifelong care needs.
2) Primary brain injury occurs at the time of impact and includes injuries to the brainstem, hemispheres, and axons. Secondary brain injury can happen later and is often preventable, being caused by hypoxia, hypotension, increased intracranial pressure, fever, or low cerebral perfusion pressure.
3) Management of traumatic brain injury focuses on preventing secondary injury by maintaining oxygenation, blood pressure, temperature, seizures, and adequate cerebral perfusion pressure through treatments like surgery, medications, and monitoring of intracran
Head trauma
Head injuries can range from minor lacerations to life-threatening conditions like skull fractures and cerebral compression. The document outlines the different types of head injuries including concussions, contusions, compressions, skull fractures, subdural hematomas, and epidural hematomas. It describes the symptoms of each type of injury and emphasizes that even seemingly minor head trauma requires medical monitoring since complications can arise. Immediate first aid involves stabilizing the victim's head and neck and controlling any bleeding while seeking emergency help.
Head injury presentation
HEAD INJURY
Anatomy of brain
Introduction
Definition of head injury
Risk factors
Causes
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic evaluations
Medical management
Surgical management
Nursing management
Preventions.
Head injury( Diagnosis/symptoms/investigation/Treatment)
This document provides an overview of head injuries, including:
- Classifications based on mechanism (primary vs secondary), severity (Glasgow Coma Scale), and patho-anatomical findings (focal vs diffuse injuries).
- Evaluation involves history, physical exam including Glasgow Coma Scale, and imaging like CT scan per NICE guidelines.
- Management includes emergency stabilization, monitoring for raised intracranial pressure, and either conservative treatment like head elevation/blood pressure control or surgery depending on injury type and severity.
- Outcomes involve rehabilitation and discharge criteria for minor/mild injuries focus on neurological status and education.
Sub And Epidurals
This document discusses subdural and epidural hematomas, including their locations, causes, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and nursing implications. Subdural hematomas are located below the dura and above the brain, and can be caused by falls in the elderly, shaken baby syndrome, or anticoagulants. Epidural hematomas are located above the dura and below the skull, and are usually caused by skull fractures from trauma. Clinical presentations depend on whether the hematoma is subdural or epidural. Diagnosis involves CT scans or arteriograms. Nursing implications include monitoring, drain care, DVT prevention, seizure precautions, and rehabilitation planning.
Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from chronic s...
1) John Caffey's 1946 article was the first systematic study of infants and toddlers with features of child abuse and documented fractures and subdural hematomas in 6 children.
2) While Caffey believed the injuries were likely caused by parental abuse, he did not explicitly state this due to concerns about legal repercussions.
3) Diagnostic imaging, including Caffey's work, helped bring awareness to child abuse by visually depicting inflicted injuries. Imaging continues to influence understanding of child abuse.
More Related Content
What's hot
Head injury
This document discusses head injuries, including traumatic brain injury caused by external forces. Common causes are motor vehicle accidents, falls, assaults, and sports injuries. Mechanisms of injury include coup-contrecoup injuries where impact causes injury on both sides of the brain. Skull fractures and brain injuries like concussions and contusions can occur. Signs and symptoms include headache, vomiting, seizures and loss of consciousness. Diagnostic tests include CT scans, MRI and X-rays. Management focuses on ABCs, controlling intracranial pressure, oxygenation and surgery if needed. Nursing diagnoses address issues like impaired mobility, anxiety and knowledge deficits.
Head injury
This document provides an overview of head injuries, including types (e.g. skull fractures, concussions), signs and symptoms (e.g. altered consciousness, headaches), diagnostic evaluations (e.g. CT scans, MRI), complications (e.g. infections, increased intracranial pressure), and management (e.g. maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion, preventing secondary ischemia). Head injuries can range from minor injuries like scalp lacerations to major traumas involving brain contusions or hematomas. Proper nursing care is focused on monitoring the patient's neurological status, maintaining normal cerebral perfusion and temperature, and achieving the best possible cognitive and physical outcomes.
Atls head trauma modified pdf
This document discusses the management of head trauma. It outlines the importance of limiting secondary brain injury by maintaining adequate blood pressure and oxygenation. It recommends performing frequent neurologic exams and liberal use of CT scans to identify any brain injuries. Emergent neurosurgical consultation is advised for expanding intracranial masses or deteriorating neurological status. The goal of treatment is to stabilize the patient and arrange for definitive care to prevent further brain damage.
Fwd: Head injury Bambury
Head injuries most commonly occur in individuals aged 15-24 from vehicular accidents or falls in those over 75. The brain is surrounded by meninges including the dura, arachnoid and pia mater. Increased intracranial pressure can decrease cerebral perfusion and cause neurological deterioration, so monitoring and medical or surgical interventions aim to reduce pressure and maintain blood flow to the brain.
Head injuries: Prompt diagnosis and immediate treatment.
Head injury is one of the commonest form of trauma in urban settings. Prompt diagnosis of the underlying damage followed by immediate treatment is the mainstay of treatment.
Head injury
Head injuries can range from minor scalp lacerations to major traumatic brain injuries. The document outlines various types of head injuries including concussions, skull fractures, and intracranial lesions like epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas, and intracerebral hematomas. It discusses mechanisms of injury, classifications, signs and symptoms, diagnostic studies, and management approaches including decreasing intracranial pressure and monitoring for complications.
Head Injuries
Head injuries are one of the leading causes of death and disability. Blows or shaking can cause brain injury, though injury does not always mean brain injury. Head injuries can be closed, involving concussion without skull fracture, or open, penetrating the skull. Symptoms vary from none to loss of consciousness, and may not be immediate, including changes in mental status, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and difficulty swallowing or speaking. Diagnosis involves assessments like the Glasgow Coma Scale and brain imaging tests.
Traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts normal brain function. There are approximately 1.5 million TBI cases in the US each year, resulting in 50,000 deaths and 85,000 long-term disabilities. Common causes include motor vehicle accidents, falls, firearms, and assaults. TBI can result in epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhages, brain contusions, and diffuse axonal injury. Computed tomography (CT) is useful for diagnosing many acute TBI injuries but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be better for detecting certain injuries like diffuse axonal injury.
Head injuries Overview
This document defines and describes head injuries, including types of injuries such as closed and open head injuries. It discusses mechanisms of primary and secondary brain injuries. It also outlines signs and symptoms, diagnosis including imaging tests, and treatment for both the acute and chronic stages. Treatment in the acute stage focuses on the ABCDE approach, increasing ICP management, and surgery if needed. Long term complications and prevention methods are also mentioned.
surgery.Head injury.(dr.ari)
A head injury can range from mild to severe and is caused by blunt force trauma or penetrating injuries to the skull and brain. Symptoms of a serious head injury include loss of consciousness, persistent headaches, vomiting, or abnormal behavior. Treatment depends on severity but may include monitoring for deterioration, supporting circulation and lowering intracranial pressure by evacuating hematomas or reducing brain swelling.
Head injury
A head injury can cause damage to the scalp, skull or brain from trauma. The main types of head injuries are lacerations, concussions, contusions, hemorrhages, compressions, and skull fractures. Symptoms vary depending on the type of injury but may include headaches, nausea, blurred vision, confusion and loss of consciousness. Treatment focuses on monitoring the person's condition, controlling bleeding if present, preventing further injury, and seeking immediate medical help for serious injuries or worsening symptoms.
Head injury and medical tratment
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem in India, with over 1 million injuries and 200,000 deaths reported annually. The leading causes of TBI in India are road traffic accidents, which account for 60-70% of cases. Common types of TBI include concussions, skull fractures, and contusions. Initial treatment focuses on stabilizing the airway, breathing, and circulation, with diagnostic tests like CT scans used to further evaluate injuries. Management involves measures to reduce cerebral edema as well as medical therapies tailored to the specific injuries. Long-term rehabilitation is often needed to address physical, cognitive, and behavioral impairments resulting from TBI.
Management of head trauma
This document outlines the management of head trauma. It begins with generalities on head trauma mechanisms and classifications. The goals of management are to prevent secondary brain injuries like hypoxia and hypotension. Initial management involves resuscitation, stabilization of ABCs, and assessing the patient's status. Secondary management includes a full examination, ordering a CT scan if needed, and admitting the patient to the ICU if their Glasgow Coma Scale is low or they have signs of a bleed or fracture. Ongoing management focuses on continually monitoring vitals, providing treatments to reduce ICP like mannitol or hyperventilation, administering prophylaxis, and maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance. The overall approach is to rapidly assess and stabilize
Pathology of Head Injury
The document discusses head injuries and brain trauma. It provides information on:
1) Types of brain injuries including concussions, contusions, lacerations, and diffuse axonal injuries that can result from blunt force or penetrating trauma.
2) Secondary injuries like hemorrhages, edema, herniations, and infections that can develop after the initial injury.
3) Clinical presentations and complications of different types of head injuries.
Brain
Dr. Umar Tauqir presented a case of an 18-year-old male who presented with a history of head trauma 2 days prior where he lost consciousness and experienced vomiting. A CT scan of the brain showed a hyperdense area in the temporal lobe representing an epidural hematoma. It also showed a linear undisplaced fracture involving the frontal and temporal bones. The patient was treated conservatively with supportive measures, medications to decrease cerebral edema, and surgical evacuation of the hematoma when indicated. Complications of head injuries and the different types of herniations were also discussed.
Head injuries
The document discusses various types of head injuries including causes, mechanisms of injury, diagnostic tests, types of brain injuries such as concussion and contusion, complications, and nursing management focusing on airway maintenance, monitoring for increased intracranial pressure, and administering medications to reduce swelling in the brain such as mannitol. Head injuries can range from minor scalp lacerations to severe injuries requiring surgical intervention and long-term effects depend on the areas of the brain that are damaged.
Head injury
1) Traumatic brain injury is often caused by road traffic accidents and can lead to both immediate and long-term consequences like death, neurological impairment, and lifelong care needs.
2) Primary brain injury occurs at the time of impact and includes injuries to the brainstem, hemispheres, and axons. Secondary brain injury can happen later and is often preventable, being caused by hypoxia, hypotension, increased intracranial pressure, fever, or low cerebral perfusion pressure.
3) Management of traumatic brain injury focuses on preventing secondary injury by maintaining oxygenation, blood pressure, temperature, seizures, and adequate cerebral perfusion pressure through treatments like surgery, medications, and monitoring of intracran
Head trauma
Head injuries can range from minor lacerations to life-threatening conditions like skull fractures and cerebral compression. The document outlines the different types of head injuries including concussions, contusions, compressions, skull fractures, subdural hematomas, and epidural hematomas. It describes the symptoms of each type of injury and emphasizes that even seemingly minor head trauma requires medical monitoring since complications can arise. Immediate first aid involves stabilizing the victim's head and neck and controlling any bleeding while seeking emergency help.
Head injury presentation
HEAD INJURY
Anatomy of brain
Introduction
Definition of head injury
Risk factors
Causes
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic evaluations
Medical management
Surgical management
Nursing management
Preventions.
Head injury( Diagnosis/symptoms/investigation/Treatment)
This document provides an overview of head injuries, including:
- Classifications based on mechanism (primary vs secondary), severity (Glasgow Coma Scale), and patho-anatomical findings (focal vs diffuse injuries).
- Evaluation involves history, physical exam including Glasgow Coma Scale, and imaging like CT scan per NICE guidelines.
- Management includes emergency stabilization, monitoring for raised intracranial pressure, and either conservative treatment like head elevation/blood pressure control or surgery depending on injury type and severity.
- Outcomes involve rehabilitation and discharge criteria for minor/mild injuries focus on neurological status and education.
What's hot (20)
Head injuries: Prompt diagnosis and immediate treatment.
Head injuries: Prompt diagnosis and immediate treatment.
Head injury( Diagnosis/symptoms/investigation/Treatment)
Head injury( Diagnosis/symptoms/investigation/Treatment)
Viewers also liked
Sub And Epidurals
This document discusses subdural and epidural hematomas, including their locations, causes, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and nursing implications. Subdural hematomas are located below the dura and above the brain, and can be caused by falls in the elderly, shaken baby syndrome, or anticoagulants. Epidural hematomas are located above the dura and below the skull, and are usually caused by skull fractures from trauma. Clinical presentations depend on whether the hematoma is subdural or epidural. Diagnosis involves CT scans or arteriograms. Nursing implications include monitoring, drain care, DVT prevention, seizure precautions, and rehabilitation planning.
Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from chronic s...
1) John Caffey's 1946 article was the first systematic study of infants and toddlers with features of child abuse and documented fractures and subdural hematomas in 6 children.
2) While Caffey believed the injuries were likely caused by parental abuse, he did not explicitly state this due to concerns about legal repercussions.
3) Diagnostic imaging, including Caffey's work, helped bring awareness to child abuse by visually depicting inflicted injuries. Imaging continues to influence understanding of child abuse.
Cranial hematomas (injury)
Cranial hematomas can be either extra-axial (outside the brain), occurring between membranes covering the brain, or intra-axial (inside the brain). The most common extra-axial hematomas are epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid hematomas. Epidural hematomas typically result from injuries that rupture the middle meningeal artery. Subdural hematomas are caused by tears in bridging veins, while subarachnoid hematomas usually stem from ruptured cerebral aneurysms. In newborns, common cranial hematomas include caput succedaneum, cephalohematoma, and subgaleal hematoma, which are usually due to difficult childbirth and
Meningitis
This document discusses meningitis, including its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Bacterial meningitis requires urgent treatment with antibiotics as it can be life-threatening. Symptoms vary depending on age but may include fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, confusion, and seizures. Diagnosis involves physical exam, spinal fluid analysis, and imaging tests. Treatment focuses on identifying the cause, administering antibiotics or antivirals, relieving symptoms, and preventing complications.
Ankle joint & bones of foot
Anatomical description & illustration of:
- Ankle joint, it's relation with both leg and foot, movements.
- Foot bones, joints, ligaments, movements, arches and clinical significance in both ankle & foot.
*There are notes provided in some slides
335 Surgical management of traumatic brain injury
1) Surgical management of traumatic brain injury involves evacuation of intracranial hematomas like epidural hematomas, acute subdural hematomas, intraparenchymal hemorrhages, and posterior fossa masses if they are larger than a certain size or causing neurological deterioration.
2) Preoperative evaluation and management focuses on optimizing factors like blood pressure, ICP, oxygenation. Craniotomies are performed to evacuate hematomas while controlling bleeding.
3) Potential complications include recurrent bleeding, brain swelling, and skull base fractures which are managed through techniques like hyperventilation, drainage of hematomas, and repair of fractures.
Head injury
Head injuries are a common cause of mortality and morbidity in children. The document discusses various neurosurgical emergencies seen in children including head injury, hydrocephalus, brain tumors, intracranial bleeds, shunt complications, spinal cord injuries, and spinal cord compression. It provides details on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, anatomy, types of primary and secondary brain injury seen in pediatric head trauma. It also discusses evaluation and management of common neurosurgical emergencies in children such as head injury, intracranial bleeds, and spinal cord injuries.
Epidural haematoma extradural haemorrhage
1. An epidural haematoma (EDH) is a collection of blood between the skull and the dura mater that is usually caused by an injury to the middle meningeal artery from a head trauma.
2. Symptoms of an EDH can include confusion, loss of consciousness, headaches, vomiting and neurological deficits. Patients may experience an initial lucid interval followed by deterioration in their mental status.
3. A CT scan is the primary method used to diagnose an EDH, which appears as a hyperdense, biconvex lesion between the skull and dura. Surgical evacuation is usually required for symptomatic EDHs, while small, asymptomatic EDHs may be monitored conservatively.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of stroke caused by bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain. The leading cause is a ruptured aneurysm, which accounts for 75% of cases. SAH presents with an extremely severe headache, neck stiffness, nausea, and sometimes decreased consciousness. Diagnosis is confirmed through CT scan or lumbar puncture. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure, preventing rebleeding, and reducing complications like hydrocephalus and cerebral vasospasm.
Head trauma & Management
This PPT is basically necessary for Final - MBBS as well as Internship students. As day by day head injuries are increasing on the way.
037 Pathophysiology of subdural hematoma
Subdural hematomas develop due to an osmotic gradient that increases protein content and oncotic pressure in the hematoma fluid. Microscopic examination shows fresh erythrocytes in CSDH fluid of any age. Neovasculature and abnormal dilated sinusoids in the outer CSDH membrane allow leakage of plasma and red blood cells into the hematoma cavity. Various surgical techniques are used to treat CSDHs including burr hole drainage, twist drill craniotomy, and craniotomy. Medical treatments like corticosteroids may help reduce recurrence by inhibiting neomembrane formation and inflammation. Postoperative care includes hydration and keeping patients flat to prevent recurrence in the first few days after
Subdural Hematoma
This document describes the case of a 56-year-old male who presented with drowsiness and vomiting after a fall and head injury. On examination, he had a Glasgow Coma Scale of 13/15. Imaging showed a subdural hematoma. He underwent surgical evacuation of the subdural hematoma. The document then provides background information on subdural hematomas including causes, risk factors, classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis using CT scans, and treatment options including conservative management or craniotomy. Guidelines for management of mild, moderate and severe traumatic brain injuries are also summarized.
Hematoma subdural
Este documento resume el caso de un paciente masculino de 33 años que ingresó al hospital con un traumatismo craneoencefálico grave luego de una caída de un tercer piso. Presentaba una hemorragia subdural e hiperdensidades en el cerebro. Fue sometido a una craneotomía descompresiva pero su condición se deterioró y falleció 25 horas después.
Hematoma subdural
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de complicaciones hemorrágicas como resultado de un traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE), incluyendo hematomas subdurales, epidurales y subdurales agudos. Explica las causas, frecuencias, cuadros clínicos, diagnósticos por imagen y tratamientos quirúrgicos de estos tipos de hematomas.
INTRACEREBRAL HEMATOMA
A 30-year-old male hypertensive and epileptic patient presented with sudden loss of consciousness while socializing. His examination revealed a low Glasgow Coma Scale of 5/15, unequal pupils, high blood pressure, and shallow breathing. An initial CT scan showed an intracerebral hemorrhage. He underwent an emergency right-sided decompressive craniectomy and hematoma evacuation. After 4 weeks of supportive care including rehabilitation and tracheostomy, his condition had stabilized and he was conscious and following commands.
Viewers also liked (15)
Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from chronic s...
Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from chronic s...
Similar to Surgery 5th year, 5th lecture/part two (Dr. Ari Sami)
SUB-DURAL HAEMORRHAGE.pdf
A presentation that will help clinicians attain the basic diagnostic skills required to effectively manage patients.
Neuroradiology head trauma
This document discusses various types of head injuries that can be diagnosed using CT scans. It describes epidural hematomas, which present as lenticular shaped masses between the brain and skull, most commonly in the temporoparietal region from injuries to the middle meningeal artery. Subdural hematomas appear as crescent shaped collections along the brain surface and are more common in elderly patients. Intracerebral hemorrhages can be difficult to distinguish from spontaneous bleeds but often involve the frontal and temporal lobes. Diffuse injuries like shearing injuries may show little on scans but can be severely disabling. The document provides details on interpreting CT scans to diagnose various head injury complications.
Subdural hematoma
Acute subdural hematoma
Chronic subdural hematoma
Management options for acute and chronic subdural hematoma
Imaging in head trauma
This document discusses traumatic brain injury and the use of various imaging modalities like CT and MRI to evaluate brain injuries. It begins by outlining the aims and providing background on head trauma. It then covers classifications of traumatic brain injury, clinical indications for imaging, and different imaging techniques. The bulk of the document describes various abnormalities that can be seen on imaging after brain trauma, including extraaxial hemorrhages, intraaxial injuries, and brain herniations. It provides details on indications for CT and MRI and emphasizes that CT is usually the first-line imaging modality for emergency brain evaluation.
Intracranial hematomas
This document discusses different types of intracranial hematomas including epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas, and intracerebral hematomas. Epidural hematomas are usually caused by skull fractures that tear dural arteries. Subdural hematomas most commonly result from tearing of bridging veins during angular head acceleration. Intracerebral hematomas are associated with extensive cortical contusions that disrupt larger brain vessels. Surgical evacuation is often indicated for large or expanding hematomas causing increased intracranial pressure.
Subdural Hematoma
1) Acute subdural hematomas commonly result from tearing of bridging veins due to angular acceleration forces, such as falls or assaults. They make up around 11-30% of traumatic brain injuries.
2) Early surgical evacuation within 2-4 hours of injury results in significantly lower mortality rates compared to later surgery. Mortality rates are around 30-50% for early surgery versus 80-90% for later surgery.
3) The standard surgical approach involves a large fronto-temporoparietal craniotomy and durotomy to fully evacuate the subdural hematoma and decompress the brain. Ongoing trials are evaluating if primary decompressive craniectomies may further improve
head injury.pptx
The document discusses head injury and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Some key points:
- Head injury is a common cause of emergency department visits, accounting for 3.4% of presentations. TBIs are a leading cause of death and disability, especially in young adults aged 15-24.
- Head injury ranges from mild concussion to severe brain injury resulting in death. Common causes are motor vehicle accidents, falls, firearms, and assaults.
- Primary brain injury occurs at impact, while secondary brain injury develops after from factors like hypoxia, hypotension, increased intracranial pressure, fever, seizures, and metabolic disturbances.
- Glasgow Coma Scale is used to assess head injury severity
Traumatic brain injury
There are several types of traumatic brain injuries that can result from head trauma:
1. Epidural hematoma occurs when a skull fracture ruptures a meningeal artery, resulting in blood accumulating between the dura and skull. It appears as a biconvex mass on CT scan.
2. Subdural hematoma occurs when bridging veins are damaged, resulting in blood accumulating between the dura and arachnoid. It appears as a crescent-shaped mass on CT scan.
3. Contusions and lacerations are bruises and tears of brain tissue that appear as low-density regions on CT scan.
How to Read a Head CT.pptx
The clot is on the right side of the brain. The labeling at the top of the image indicates "R" for right. It's important to always verify the left/right labeling when interpreting images to avoid potential mistakes from flipped or differently labeled images.
Neuroradiology Head Trauma
Epidural hematoma results from skull fractures that cause bleeding between the dura and skull. It presents as a lenticular or biconvex mass that cannot cross suture lines. Subdural hematoma occurs between the dura and arachnoid membranes from cortical vein tears. It appears as a crescent-shaped mass that can cross sutures. Both require urgent CT imaging and surgical evacuation via burr holes.
Head Trauma Ct Evaluation
CT is the most important imaging modality for evaluating head trauma. It can detect fractures, extra-axial hemorrhages such as epidural hematomas and subdural hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and intracerebral hemorrhages. Common primary traumatic brain injuries seen on CT include contusions, diffuse axonal injury characterized by small hemorrhages, and deep cerebral and brainstem injuries. MRI can provide additional details, especially in the subacute and chronic stages.
Intracranial bleeding
Intracranial bleeding encompasses all bleeds that may occur within the cranial cavity including Epidural, Subdural, Sub arachnoid, intraparenchymal and Intraventricular haemorrhages. all are discussed in these slides and relevant references are provided for detailed information.
It is important to note that medicine is not learnt online but through series of organised events under specialised supervision in recognised institutions of learning.
intracranial hemorrhage- by KEMISA HASSEN ZAINABU IIHS_jinjaUGANDA (2).pptx
By the end of this we shall be able to know the following
definition.of intracranial hemorriage
Classification of intracranial hemorriage
Types of intracranial hemorriage.
Causes of intracranial hemorriage.
Signs and symptoms of intracranial hemorriage
Investigations specific management.
Complication.
Ongoing nursing care.
Head injury (2)
Head injuries can range from minor to severe brain injury. They are a major cause of death and disability worldwide. A head injury occurs when trauma causes injury to the scalp, skull, or brain. Common causes include road traffic accidents and falls. Head injuries are classified based on severity from mild to severe using the Glasgow Coma Scale. Diagnosis involves history, examination, and imaging like CT scan. Management depends on the type and severity of injury but generally involves stabilizing the patient, treating any brain injury, and preventing complications like raised intracranial pressure.
ayu w - PROBLEM 7 EMERGENCY MEDICINE.pptx
1. The document discusses various types of head injuries including concussions, contusions, epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas, penetrating injuries, and blunt trauma injuries.
2. It provides definitions and descriptions of these injuries, their causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods including CT and MRI scans, treatment approaches including surgery, and considerations in the emergency department.
3. The document is a reference for emergency medicine that covers classification, pathophysiology, clinical findings, radiographic findings, and management of different types of head injuries.
Subdural hemorrhage Acute, Chronic & Spontaneous by momen
The document discusses various types of subdural hemorrhages including acute, chronic, spontaneous, and those occurring in infants. Acute subdural hematomas are often associated with underlying brain injury and symptoms may include depressed consciousness, pupillary abnormalities, and focal signs. Surgery is usually indicated for acute subdural hematomas over 10mm thick or with a midline shift over 5mm. Chronic subdural hematomas typically occur in older patients and present with headaches, confusion, weakness, and seizures. Spontaneous subdural hematomas can occur with no identifiable trauma and risk factors include hypertension, vascular abnormalities, and coagulopathies.
Management of Head Injury in a rural set.pptx
1) The document discusses the classification, mechanisms, types, and management of head injuries including concussions, contusions, lacerations, diffuse axonal injury, intracranial hemorrhages such as epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhages, and intraparenchymal hemorrhages.
2) It also discusses skull fractures, herniations, the components of a model trauma care system including prevention, prehospital care, specialized centers, rehabilitation and feedback, and issues in management such as preventing secondary brain injury and timing of operations.
3) Key examinations discussed are assessment of consciousness, pupils, and signs of herniation as well as
Head injuries
A 56-year-old male was found dead at the bottom of his home stairs with a small forehead wound. Police found alcohol bottles nearby. An autopsy was requested. The document discusses mechanisms of head injuries like focal damage from lacerations or skull fractures. It describes types of intracranial hematomas from blunt trauma, and diffuse brain injuries like axonal shearing. Autopsy findings of injuries and timing are important to determine cause and manner of death in these cases.
Epidural hematoma
This document provides information about epidural hematoma (EDH):
- EDH is a collection of blood between the inner skull table and the dura mater caused by disruption of blood vessels due to head trauma.
- Symptoms range from confusion and headache to loss of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is required for moderate to severe head injuries.
- CT scan is the preferred imaging method and will show a hyperdense, biconvex hematoma confined by suture lines. MRI can also detect displaced dura.
- Small or chronic EDH under 1cm may be managed without surgery with close monitoring, while rapidly deteriorating patients or those with neurological deficits require urgent surgical evacuation of the hematoma
Chronic Subdural hematoma
1) A 66-year-old man presented with worsening symptoms of a chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH), including increased lethargy and new right-sided weakness. Imaging showed enlargement of the left-sided CSDH with midline shift.
2) He underwent burr hole drainage surgery for the CSDH and was subsequently treated for urosepsis. He was discharged with intact neurological status.
3) CSDHs typically result from trauma to bridging veins and are more common in elderly patients. Risk factors include cerebral atrophy, use of anticoagulants, trauma, and alcohol abuse. Treatment options include observation, steroids, surgery such as
Similar to Surgery 5th year, 5th lecture/part two (Dr. Ari Sami) (20)
intracranial hemorrhage- by KEMISA HASSEN ZAINABU IIHS_jinjaUGANDA (2).pptx
intracranial hemorrhage- by KEMISA HASSEN ZAINABU IIHS_jinjaUGANDA (2).pptx
Subdural hemorrhage Acute, Chronic & Spontaneous by momen
Subdural hemorrhage Acute, Chronic & Spontaneous by momen
More from College of Medicine, Sulaymaniyah
Pediatrics 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Tara Husain)
This document outlines guidelines for neonatal life support, including drying and warming the baby, assessing need for intervention, establishing an airway, ventilating the lungs, performing rescue breathing or chest compressions, and administering drugs if needed. It discusses delaying cord clamping, using air or blended oxygen for resuscitation, and wrapping preterm babies. Guidelines for compression to ventilation ratio, meconium suction, and therapeutic hypothermia are also presented. Steps for basic and advanced life support are outlined.
Pediatrics 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Adnan)
Growth and development milestones from birth through age 5 are outlined. Growth refers to increases in cell mass and number, while development is the differentiation of functions. Key milestones are provided for gross and fine motor skills, communication/language, and cognitive/social development according to average ages. Growth is also defined for weight, height/length, and head circumference based on age.
Tubes, Suture Materials, IV Fluids photos
This document contains a list of various medical equipment and supplies used for anesthesia and airway management. Items on the list include different types of endotracheal tubes, laryngeal masks, tracheostomy tubes, airway devices, sutures, IV fluids, and wound closure materials. The list appears to be an inventory of available anesthesia and surgical supplies.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Aram Baram)
I examined this patient's peripheral vascular system. On inspection from the end of the bed, the patient appeared comfortable at rest with no signs of vascular disease. Both limbs were pink and well perfused with normal capillary refill times. All pulses were present and equal bilaterally. Buerger's test was negative. To complete my examination, I would assess the cardiovascular system and test the relevant muscles and nerves of the affected limb, and perform duplex scans and ankle-brachial pressure indexes.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Aram Baram)
This document summarizes common venous disorders, including varicose veins, superficial thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and their causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Varicose veins are abnormally dilated and tortuous veins caused by increased pressure and valve incompetence. Risk factors include family history, pregnancy, and obesity. Treatment includes compression stockings, sclerotherapy, and surgery.
- DVT occurs when blood clots form in the deep veins, usually in the legs. It can cause leg swelling/pain and potentially fatal pulmonary embolism. Risk increases with age, surgery, trauma, cancer, and genetic factors. Ul
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Hamid)
This document summarizes the surgical management of lumbar disc herniation. It outlines the absolute and relative indications for surgery, as well as the optimal timing. The available surgical interventions are listed, along with their common complications and results. Cauda equina syndrome is the absolute indication for surgery and requires immediate treatment. Relative indications include failure of conservative treatments and severe, intractable radicular pain. Open discectomy is considered the gold standard, while microdiscectomy has shorter recovery times. Patient selection influences surgical outcomes.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. AbdulWahid)
The origins of surgery can be traced back many centuries, with practitioners using various materials and techniques for closing wounds. Ancient methods included using ants or thorns to close wounds. In more modern times, catgut made from sheep intestine was used. Post-World War II, sutures were developed with needles attached to reduce tissue trauma. Sutures are classified based on material and absorbability, and appropriate suture selection depends on factors like the tissue and wound characteristics.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Ali A. Nabi)
The document discusses the anatomy and examination of the knee joint. It details the two knee joints - the patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints. It describes the ligaments that provide stability to the tibiofemoral joint, including the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament. The document outlines how to examine a patient's knee through obtaining a history, assessing symptoms, performing physical signs and tests of stability. Common tests mentioned include the Lachman test, McMurray's test and apprehension test. Imaging options like x-rays, MRI and arthrography are also summarized.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Khalid Shokor Mahmood)
This document discusses hydrocephalus, including its definition, causes, classification, presentation, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- Hydrocephalus is an abnormal enlargement of the ventricles due to excessive CSF accumulation from disturbances in flow, absorption or secretion.
- It can be obstructive, caused by blockages, or communicating, caused by issues outside the ventricles or with CSF absorption.
- Common causes include tumors, infections, bleeding and congenital abnormalities.
- Treatment involves surgically inserting shunts to drain CSF from the brain to the abdomen, or performing third ventriculostomies to create openings and bypass blockages.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Khalid Shokor Mahmood)
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. AbdulWahid)
Lower GI hemorrhage can originate from the colon or small bowel. Common causes include bleeding diverticulosis, colonic angiodysplasia, and neoplasms. Evaluation involves laboratory tests, colonoscopy, video capsule endoscopy, or angiography to locate the bleeding site. Treatment options depend on the cause but may include endoscopic therapies, angiographic embolization, or surgery.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Bakhtyar Rasul)
Developmental dysplasia of the hip is a condition where the hip joint is unstable or partially dislocated. It affects 1-50 out of every 1000 live births, with 60% being detected by 1 week of age and 90% by 8 weeks. The document discusses the anatomy, aetiology, pathology, clinical features, imaging, and different treatment approaches depending on if the patient is under 6 months, 6 months to 6 years, or above 6 years of age.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. AbdulWahid)
This document summarizes the management of upper GI hemorrhage. It outlines the steps to take which include obtaining a complete history and physical exam, performing laboratory tests, considering radiological scans, stabilizing the patient, identifying the source of bleeding through endoscopy, and various pharmacological and endoscopic interventions depending on the underlying cause of bleeding such as PPIs, octreotide, angiography, embolization, surgery, or TIPS procedure. Refractory cases may require repeat endoscopy, angiography, embolization or surgery.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. AbdulWahid)
- Gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a common medical problem, accounting for 1-2% of hospital admissions. The most common causes are peptic ulcer disease (50%), esophageal varices (10-20%), and gastritis (10-25%).
- Symptoms depend on the location of bleeding in the GI tract. Upper GI bleeding causes vomiting blood (hematemesis) or black tarry stools (melena), while lower GI bleeding causes maroon or red blood in stool (hematochezia).
- Common etiologies include peptic ulcers, esophageal/gastric varices, gastritis, Mallory-Weiss tears, watermelon stomach, and Die
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. AbdulWahid)
The document discusses different types of drains used in medical procedures including closed and open drains. Closed drains have lower infection rates but limit mobility while open drains are softer and more comfortable. Examples of closed drains include pigtail catheters and urinary catheters while open drains include Penrose and corrugated drains. Potential problems with all drains include tissue trauma, erosion, herniation, leaks, bacterial infection, and fluid/electrolyte loss.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Ahmed Al-Azzawi)
The document discusses various artery emergencies including acute arterial occlusion, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and peripheral vascular injuries. Acute arterial occlusion occurs when blood flow to the leg is suddenly blocked, requiring immediate medical care to restore flow and prevent tissue death and gangrene. Symptoms include severe leg pain and skin changes. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are localized dilations of the abdominal aorta, often below renal arteries, and may cause abdominal or back pain. Peripheral vascular injuries from trauma can damage arteries and require rapid treatment to prevent limb loss.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Sarwar Noori)
The document discusses different treatment options for renal and ureteric stones, including conservative management, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), ureteroscopy (URS), and open surgery. For renal stones less than 2cm, ESWL is recommended, while PCNL may be used for larger stones or when ESWL fails. URS is recommended for ureteric stones, with an 85-90% success rate in achieving a stone-free state. Complications, prevention strategies, and dietary and medication advice are also summarized.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. AbdulWahid)
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance and management. It covers the composition of body fluids, mechanisms that regulate fluid homeostasis, and types of parenteral fluid therapy including crystalloids like saline solutions and dextrose solutions, as well as colloid solutions. It provides guidelines on fluid replacement and maintenance requirements, and examples of intravenous fluid orders.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Bakhtyar Baram)
This document discusses various types of orthopedic infections including acute and subacute hematogenous osteomyelitis, chronic osteomyelitis, purulent infectious arthritis, soft tissue infections, and postoperative, posttraumatic, and postarthroplasty infections. It covers the incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. Key factors that can influence infections include patient factors like general health, immunology, and alcohol/medicine use as well as surgical factors such as preparation, sterilization, and operating theater. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, laboratory tests, imaging like x-rays, ultrasound, CT, and MRI scans. Treatment depends on the type and severity of infection but generally involves antibiotics, biopsy or aspiration, surgery
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Aso Omar)
The kidneys can be injured by blunt or penetrating trauma, requiring timely medical evaluation. The kidneys are normally protected by back muscles but can be damaged by severe impacts or objects piercing the skin. Blunt trauma may cause bruising while penetrating injuries like gunshots can enter elsewhere and travel to the kidneys. Most kidney injuries are minor but evaluation with imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scans helps classify the injury and guide management, which may include rest, antibiotics, surgery, or nephrectomy in more severe cases.
More from College of Medicine, Sulaymaniyah (20)
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Khalid Shokor Mahmood)
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Khalid Shokor Mahmood)
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Khalid Shokor Mahmood)
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Khalid Shokor Mahmood)
Recently uploaded
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principles
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdf
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Skin Diseases That Happen During Summer.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
une 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
SENSORY NEEDS B.SC. NURSING SEMESTER II.
Sensation is the neurological process by which we become aware of surrounding environment.
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Cosmetology and Trichology Courses at Kosmoderma Academy PRP (Hair), DR Growt...
Cosmetology and Trichology Courses at Kosmoderma Academy PRP (Hair), DR Growt...Kosmoderma Academy Of Aesthetic Medicine
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty ORSI 2024.pptx
Indication and installation of a mobile cervical disc prosthesis. Benefits of the PRODISC C VIVO mobile disc prosthesis (Centinel Spine)
NARCOTICS- POLICY AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE
This document outlines policies and procedures for handling narcotic and controlled drugs in NABH accredited hospitals.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Recently uploaded (20)
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdf
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdf
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
Cosmetology and Trichology Courses at Kosmoderma Academy PRP (Hair), DR Growt...
Cosmetology and Trichology Courses at Kosmoderma Academy PRP (Hair), DR Growt...
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf