This document summarizes information about stem cells, including:
1) It defines stem cells and differentiates between self-renewal and differentiation. Stem cells can either copy themselves through self-renewal or specialize into different cell types through differentiation.
2) It describes different types of potency that stem cells can have, including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, and induced pluripotent stem cells.
3) It discusses sources of stem cells including embryonic stem cells from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, and tissue-specific stem cells found in various organs and tissues in the adult body.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are derived from embryos and are pluripotent, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cell research holds promise for developing new treatments for diseases by enabling cell regeneration and replacement. However, there are still challenges to overcome regarding isolating and delivering stem cells safely and effectively for clinical applications.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and can self-renew. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells show promise for treating various diseases due to their ability to regenerate tissues. However, their clinical use is still limited due to risks of tumor formation and ethical issues around embryonic stem cells.
Stem cells have the potential to treat many diseases and regenerate tissues due to their unique ability to differentiate into various cell types. There are four main types of stem cells: totipotent stem cells from early embryos, pluripotent stem cells from later embryos, multipotent adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells created in labs. Researchers have studied embryonic stem cells since 1998 and have made progress in growing various cell types, but their use remains controversial due to ethical concerns around destroying embryos. Adult stem cells found in tissues show promise for regenerative medicine but have more limited differentiation potential.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Dr. B. Victor presented on stem cell technology. He discussed different types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cell types and have potential applications in cell therapy and tissue engineering to treat diseases. However, the use of embryonic stem cells is considered ethically controversial as it requires embryo destruction.
This document provides an overview of stem cell therapy and research. It discusses the history of stem cell research from the first bone marrow transplant in 1968 to cloning experiments in the 1990s and 2000s. It defines stem cells as the foundation for organs and tissues that can self-renew and differentiate. Sources of stem cells include embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Potential uses include treating diseases like diabetes, Parkinson's, and heart disease. However, challenges remain around ethical issues, delivery methods, and preventing tumor growth or rejection.
The document discusses induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are derived from adult somatic cells that are reprogrammed by introducing genes associated with pluripotency. iPSCs were first generated in 2006 and resemble embryonic stem cells. They can be produced from a person's own cells and have potential applications in disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine without ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cells.
Stem Cell Technology and its Clinical ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
Dr. Barkha Gupta has been teaching Veterinary Biochemistry as well as clinical physiology at CVAS, Udaipur and PGIVER, Jaipur. She has earlier served in various capacities in the Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Rajasthan. She has several publications and awards to her credit. She is the PI of M-RAJUVAS Android Educational Mobile Application for Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Kiosk Information System for Farmers/Livestock Owners. Dr. Gupta is also IFBA Certified Professional.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are derived from embryos and are pluripotent, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cell research holds promise for developing new treatments for diseases by enabling cell regeneration and replacement. However, there are still challenges to overcome regarding isolating and delivering stem cells safely and effectively for clinical applications.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and can self-renew. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells show promise for treating various diseases due to their ability to regenerate tissues. However, their clinical use is still limited due to risks of tumor formation and ethical issues around embryonic stem cells.
Stem cells have the potential to treat many diseases and regenerate tissues due to their unique ability to differentiate into various cell types. There are four main types of stem cells: totipotent stem cells from early embryos, pluripotent stem cells from later embryos, multipotent adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells created in labs. Researchers have studied embryonic stem cells since 1998 and have made progress in growing various cell types, but their use remains controversial due to ethical concerns around destroying embryos. Adult stem cells found in tissues show promise for regenerative medicine but have more limited differentiation potential.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Dr. B. Victor presented on stem cell technology. He discussed different types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cell types and have potential applications in cell therapy and tissue engineering to treat diseases. However, the use of embryonic stem cells is considered ethically controversial as it requires embryo destruction.
This document provides an overview of stem cell therapy and research. It discusses the history of stem cell research from the first bone marrow transplant in 1968 to cloning experiments in the 1990s and 2000s. It defines stem cells as the foundation for organs and tissues that can self-renew and differentiate. Sources of stem cells include embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Potential uses include treating diseases like diabetes, Parkinson's, and heart disease. However, challenges remain around ethical issues, delivery methods, and preventing tumor growth or rejection.
The document discusses induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are derived from adult somatic cells that are reprogrammed by introducing genes associated with pluripotency. iPSCs were first generated in 2006 and resemble embryonic stem cells. They can be produced from a person's own cells and have potential applications in disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine without ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cells.
Stem Cell Technology and its Clinical ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
Dr. Barkha Gupta has been teaching Veterinary Biochemistry as well as clinical physiology at CVAS, Udaipur and PGIVER, Jaipur. She has earlier served in various capacities in the Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Rajasthan. She has several publications and awards to her credit. She is the PI of M-RAJUVAS Android Educational Mobile Application for Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Kiosk Information System for Farmers/Livestock Owners. Dr. Gupta is also IFBA Certified Professional.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and their potency to differentiate. Stem cell therapy uses stem cells to treat diseases by promoting tissue regeneration when stem cells differentiate into the target tissue upon transplantation. While stem cell therapy holds promise, ethical issues surround the use of embryonic stem cells and challenges remain in obtaining cells and ensuring successful transplantation and treatment of diseases.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and can help treat many medical conditions. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can form nearly every cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and usually form a limited number of cell types. Recent research has shown that mature cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells through nuclear transfer or the introduction of specific factors. This opens up new possibilities for regenerative medicine and treating diseases.
What is Stem Cell ?
History of Stem Cells ?
Stages of Embryogenesis
Blastocyst Diagram
Three types of stem cells
Differentiation of ESC
Adult Stem Cells
Bone Marrow
Umbilical cord stem cells
Factors known to affect stem cells
Niche cells activates Stem cells
Regenerative Medicine : Indian Scenario
youtube link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=da69DB6dU58&lc=z13osnvyfnnryny2z22qh3y4rs2bd3h2d
Stem cells can be defined simply as cells which are not specialized in any specific tissue or organs.
In other words, stem cells have not differentiated into other cell types to form tissues and organs.
They are the base or foundational cells to develop into cells which specialized in certain functions.
Another distinguishing characteristics of stem cells is their ability to undergo division, giving rise to more stem cells.
The significance of stem cells in their application to the human body and human health boils down to the two important characteristics of differentiation and self-regeneration.
Imagine how powerful they can be if stems cells can be developed into heart cells, especially when someone’s heart is doomed to fail Or, for someone with damaged brain cells or nerve cells, wouldn’t it be extremely great news if stem cells can develop new brain cells or nerve cells for the person.
Indeed, the potential and possibilities of exploiting stem cells for medical science and health science are enormous.
Many untreatable diseases and ailments may in the near future become curable.
Stem cells are classified into various types based on their ability to undergo differentiation into different cell types.
In other words, their classification, and hence their name, is derived from their potential to develop into one, two or several other cell types.
In my presentation I’ll discuss the principals of formation the stem cell and its applications .
Stem cells can differentiate into many specialized cell types and can divide to produce more stem cells. The main types are embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and are pluripotent, while adult stem cells are tissue-specific and multipotent. In 2007, induced pluripotent stem cells were discovered whereby adult cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell research continues to provide potential treatments for diseases.
Cloning involves making genetically identical copies of organisms through somatic cell nuclear transfer. John Gurdon first cloned frogs in the 1960s by transferring nuclei from intestinal cells into enucleated eggs. His work established the basis for cloning techniques still used today. Therapeutic cloning uses somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate patient-matched stem cells for research and potential medical treatments without creating human clones. However, technical challenges remain such as immune rejection and ethical issues around embryo use and destruction.
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into any cell type, and adult or tissue stem cells, which can only differentiate into a limited number of cell types. Stem cells offer potential applications for cell therapy and drug development due to their unique abilities to self-renew and differentiate. However, there are still many challenges to the clinical application of stem cells, such as controlling differentiation and preventing immune rejection.
1.Introduction
2. Stem cell history
3.Why are stem cell important?
4.Classification of stem cell
5.Culturing stem cells embryonic
6.Bone marrow
7.Umbilical Human cord culture.
8.Media that are used
9.Applications
10.Conclusion
11.References.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells found in blastocysts that can form any cell type, and multipotent adult stem cells that can form a limited number of cell types. Induced pluripotent stem cells are adult cells that have been genetically modified to behave like embryonic stem cells. While stem cells show promise for research and medical applications, growing entire organs from stem cells remains a challenge.
The document discusses stem cells and their relevance to interventional cardiology. It describes how adult stem cells are unique cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation. Understanding stem cell biology can inform our understanding of cardiovascular disease, and stem cells may offer new therapeutic approaches. The document then reviews several studies that have transplanted various types of stem cells into animal models of heart disease or in human clinical trials of heart attack patients to explore the potential benefits.
Stem cells have the ability to renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main sources of stem cells: embryonic stem cells derived from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in adult tissues. Stem cell research aims to understand development and cell differentiation processes and develop therapies for diseases. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent while adult stem cells are multipotent or unipotent. Stem cells are cultured in controlled conditions to maintain their undifferentiated state and are characterized based on gene expression and differentiation potential.
This document discusses stem cells, including their characteristics and different types. It begins with an introduction to stem cells, noting they are unspecialized cells that can divide indefinitely and give rise to specialized cells. It then describes the main characteristics of stem cells, including being unspecialized, capable of proliferation, able to differentiate, and demonstrating plasticity. The document discusses the different types of stem cells, including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells which can form any cell type but not placental cells, and multipotent adult stem cells which are limited to certain cell lineages. Sources of stem cells discussed include embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts, adult stem cells found in tissues, and
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Adult stem cells act as a repair system, replenishing tissues. Stem cells can be extracted from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and blood. They are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into other cell types. Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos and cultured on feeder layers where they can proliferate indefinitely. Stem cells have potential uses in research, drug testing, and regenerative cell therapy for conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and spinal cord injury.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and found in early stage embryos, and somatic or adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells are studied for their potential uses such as regenerating damaged tissues to treat diseases like diabetes or paralysis.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells are valuable for research and potential therapies because they can generate specialized cell types to replace damaged or diseased cells. Recent developments include induced pluripotent stem cells, which are generated from adult cells but have properties similar to embryonic stem cells. Stem cell research faces challenges but holds promise for treating many diseases.
Stem cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem cell therapy, but some therapies derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and their potency to differentiate. Stem cell therapy uses stem cells to treat diseases by promoting tissue regeneration when stem cells differentiate into the target tissue upon transplantation. While stem cell therapy holds promise, ethical issues surround the use of embryonic stem cells and challenges remain in obtaining cells and ensuring successful transplantation and treatment of diseases.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and can help treat many medical conditions. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can form nearly every cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and usually form a limited number of cell types. Recent research has shown that mature cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells through nuclear transfer or the introduction of specific factors. This opens up new possibilities for regenerative medicine and treating diseases.
What is Stem Cell ?
History of Stem Cells ?
Stages of Embryogenesis
Blastocyst Diagram
Three types of stem cells
Differentiation of ESC
Adult Stem Cells
Bone Marrow
Umbilical cord stem cells
Factors known to affect stem cells
Niche cells activates Stem cells
Regenerative Medicine : Indian Scenario
youtube link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=da69DB6dU58&lc=z13osnvyfnnryny2z22qh3y4rs2bd3h2d
Stem cells can be defined simply as cells which are not specialized in any specific tissue or organs.
In other words, stem cells have not differentiated into other cell types to form tissues and organs.
They are the base or foundational cells to develop into cells which specialized in certain functions.
Another distinguishing characteristics of stem cells is their ability to undergo division, giving rise to more stem cells.
The significance of stem cells in their application to the human body and human health boils down to the two important characteristics of differentiation and self-regeneration.
Imagine how powerful they can be if stems cells can be developed into heart cells, especially when someone’s heart is doomed to fail Or, for someone with damaged brain cells or nerve cells, wouldn’t it be extremely great news if stem cells can develop new brain cells or nerve cells for the person.
Indeed, the potential and possibilities of exploiting stem cells for medical science and health science are enormous.
Many untreatable diseases and ailments may in the near future become curable.
Stem cells are classified into various types based on their ability to undergo differentiation into different cell types.
In other words, their classification, and hence their name, is derived from their potential to develop into one, two or several other cell types.
In my presentation I’ll discuss the principals of formation the stem cell and its applications .
Stem cells can differentiate into many specialized cell types and can divide to produce more stem cells. The main types are embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and are pluripotent, while adult stem cells are tissue-specific and multipotent. In 2007, induced pluripotent stem cells were discovered whereby adult cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell research continues to provide potential treatments for diseases.
Cloning involves making genetically identical copies of organisms through somatic cell nuclear transfer. John Gurdon first cloned frogs in the 1960s by transferring nuclei from intestinal cells into enucleated eggs. His work established the basis for cloning techniques still used today. Therapeutic cloning uses somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate patient-matched stem cells for research and potential medical treatments without creating human clones. However, technical challenges remain such as immune rejection and ethical issues around embryo use and destruction.
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into any cell type, and adult or tissue stem cells, which can only differentiate into a limited number of cell types. Stem cells offer potential applications for cell therapy and drug development due to their unique abilities to self-renew and differentiate. However, there are still many challenges to the clinical application of stem cells, such as controlling differentiation and preventing immune rejection.
1.Introduction
2. Stem cell history
3.Why are stem cell important?
4.Classification of stem cell
5.Culturing stem cells embryonic
6.Bone marrow
7.Umbilical Human cord culture.
8.Media that are used
9.Applications
10.Conclusion
11.References.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells found in blastocysts that can form any cell type, and multipotent adult stem cells that can form a limited number of cell types. Induced pluripotent stem cells are adult cells that have been genetically modified to behave like embryonic stem cells. While stem cells show promise for research and medical applications, growing entire organs from stem cells remains a challenge.
The document discusses stem cells and their relevance to interventional cardiology. It describes how adult stem cells are unique cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation. Understanding stem cell biology can inform our understanding of cardiovascular disease, and stem cells may offer new therapeutic approaches. The document then reviews several studies that have transplanted various types of stem cells into animal models of heart disease or in human clinical trials of heart attack patients to explore the potential benefits.
Stem cells have the ability to renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main sources of stem cells: embryonic stem cells derived from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in adult tissues. Stem cell research aims to understand development and cell differentiation processes and develop therapies for diseases. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent while adult stem cells are multipotent or unipotent. Stem cells are cultured in controlled conditions to maintain their undifferentiated state and are characterized based on gene expression and differentiation potential.
This document discusses stem cells, including their characteristics and different types. It begins with an introduction to stem cells, noting they are unspecialized cells that can divide indefinitely and give rise to specialized cells. It then describes the main characteristics of stem cells, including being unspecialized, capable of proliferation, able to differentiate, and demonstrating plasticity. The document discusses the different types of stem cells, including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells which can form any cell type but not placental cells, and multipotent adult stem cells which are limited to certain cell lineages. Sources of stem cells discussed include embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts, adult stem cells found in tissues, and
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Adult stem cells act as a repair system, replenishing tissues. Stem cells can be extracted from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and blood. They are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into other cell types. Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos and cultured on feeder layers where they can proliferate indefinitely. Stem cells have potential uses in research, drug testing, and regenerative cell therapy for conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and spinal cord injury.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and found in early stage embryos, and somatic or adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells are studied for their potential uses such as regenerating damaged tissues to treat diseases like diabetes or paralysis.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells are valuable for research and potential therapies because they can generate specialized cell types to replace damaged or diseased cells. Recent developments include induced pluripotent stem cells, which are generated from adult cells but have properties similar to embryonic stem cells. Stem cell research faces challenges but holds promise for treating many diseases.
Stem cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem cell therapy, but some therapies derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) involves transplanting hematopoietic stem cells to re-establish normal bone marrow function in patients with blood disorders or cancer. HSCT has become an established treatment for many malignant and non-malignant blood diseases. HSCT sources include bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood. The transplant process involves stem cell collection, processing, conditioning chemotherapy, stem cell infusion, and recovery. Complications can include graft-versus-host disease. Matching HLA antigens between donor and recipient is important for transplant success, especially in allogeneic HSCT. Advances have improved outcomes, but further progress is still needed.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research, including:
- Key discoveries and events in stem cell research history from 1998-2010.
- Different types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent, and hematopoietic stem cells found in umbilical cord blood.
- Potential uses and ethical debates around embryonic stem cell research.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into other cell types. They have two key characteristics - differentiation and self-regeneration. Different types of stem cells exist that can differentiate into various numbers of cell types. In human development, totipotent stem cells like zygotes differentiate to form the whole pool of stem cells needed to develop the body's parts. Understanding stem cell roles in development points to their potential for regenerating damaged adult organs and tissues.
The document discusses different types of stem cells including adult stem cells, fetal stem cells, and embryonic stem cells. It notes that adult stem cell research has had 74 clinical successes in treating various diseases and conditions, while embryonic stem cell research has had no successes and risks tumor formation. The document raises ethical issues with extracting stem cells from embryos and fetuses as it requires their destruction. It concludes that adult stem cells are a promising research area that avoids ethical issues.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can self-renew. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and fetal stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most versatile but also raise ethical issues, while adult stem cells are more limited in their differentiation potential. Stem cell therapy works by stem cells differentiating into the type of cells needed to repair damaged tissue when transplanted into the body. Current applications of stem cell therapy include treating diseases like cancer, diabetes, and Parkinson's disease.
Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into many cell types and can serve as a repair system in the body. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can differentiate into any fetal or extraembryonic cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and can differentiate into a limited number of cell types. Stem cells offer promise for treating diseases but also face challenges for clinical applications including controlling differentiation, reducing tumor risk, and addressing ethical concerns about embryonic stem cells.
This document discusses stem cells, their properties and applications. It defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. The three main types of stem cells discussed are embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Potential applications of stem cells include developing cell-based therapies for diseases, screening new drug treatments, and studying early human development.
This document discusses stem cells, including their properties, where they are found, and potential applications. It defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and found in early embryos, while adult stem cells are multipotent and found in tissues like bone marrow. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be generated from adult cells through genetic reprogramming. Potential uses of stem cells include modeling diseases, bone marrow transplantation, and human trials for conditions like spinal cord injuries and macular degeneration.
Stem cells can be used in a variety of ways including as research tools, for cell therapies, drug target validation, toxicology screening, drug delivery, and as a source for 3D bioprinting. As research tools, stem cells and related materials are used to study areas like cancer stem cells, growth factors, and differentiation. For cell therapies, both allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplants are used to treat diseases. Stem cells also aid in drug development through target validation, toxicity assessment, and serving as vehicles for drug delivery. They show promise as materials for 3D printed tissues and organs.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into various cell types and serve as a repair system for the body. There are several types of stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most versatile and found in early-stage embryos, while adult stem cells are found in tissues and can differentiate into multiple cell types. Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated from adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed. The potential medical uses of stem cells are debated due to ethical issues around embryonic stem cell research.
This document discusses stem cells and stem cell therapy. It defines stem cells as the raw material from which all mature cells in the body are generated. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells in blastocysts, and multipotent adult stem cells. Sources of stem cells discussed include embryos, fetuses, umbilical cords, and adult tissues. The document outlines how stem cell therapy works by using stem cells to generate healthy cells to replace damaged or diseased cells. Potential applications mentioned are for diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, spinal cord injury, heart disease, burns, and diabetes. The document also notes there is an ethical debate around stem
Stem cells are the cells which have the capability to differentiate into any cells of the body when provided with right stimulus and environment. This presentation teaches about stem cells, characteristics, types and cultivation of stem cells in artificial environment. Sample practice questions are also provided in the end to review the concept learned from this presentation.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that are thought to be able to reproduce themselves indefinitely and under the right conditions, to develop into a wide variety of mature cells with specialized functions.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other types of specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and can differentiate into any fetal cell type, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and can differentiate into a limited number of cell types. Stem cell potency refers to their differentiation potential, ranging from totipotent stem cells that can form a complete organism, to unipotent stem cells that can produce only one cell type.
Stem cells were first identified in the 19th century and were originally studied in plants. The term "stem cell" refers to cells that can renew themselves and differentiate. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, fetal, and adult stem cells which are found in tissues like bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts are pluripotent and can differentiate into any cell type, though they also pose ethical issues. Stem cells hold promise for regenerative medicine through differentiation and replacement of damaged cells.
Stem cells have the potential to develop into many different cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells which can develop into all tissue types, and multipotent stem cells which can produce a closely related family of cells. The history of stem cell research includes bone marrow transplants in 1968 and the discovery of embryonic stem cell lines in 1998. Stem cells can be applied to treat conditions such as brain damage, cancer, and diabetes but there are also disadvantages like the potential for tumor formation and immune rejection.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to renew themselves through cell division and can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are three main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, embryonic germ cells from fetal gonadal tissue, and adult stem cells found in various tissues. Stem cells are distinguished by their clonality, pluripotency, plasticity and expression of specific cell surface markers. Research is being conducted to understand how stem cells can be used to treat diseases like diabetes, heart disease and nervous system disorders. However, there are still safety and ethical concerns to address before stem cell therapies can be widely applied.
The cell is the basic unit of life and all physiological systems depend on cellular activity. Cells acquire differentiation through development to equip them for specific functions. It was once thought that differentiated cells could not be reprogrammed, but advances in cell biology have challenged this idea. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent while adult stem cells found in tissues are multipotent or unipotent. Stem cells show potential for applications like disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine.
saptarshi pangrahi (BCDA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY & TECHNOLOGY)saptarshi panigrahi
1. The document discusses a breakthrough on stem cells presented by four students under the guidance of Dr. NRIPENDRA NATH BALA.
2. It defines stem cells as undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
3. The document outlines the history of stem cell research from 1978 to 1997 and describes the properties and characteristics of ideal stem cells as well as embryonic and adult stem cells. It discusses potential applications of stem cells in tissue repair and treatment of diseases like Parkinson's, diabetes, and baldness.
Stem cells have unique properties that allow them to renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. There are two main sources of stem cells: embryonic stem cells derived from embryos and adult stem cells found in tissues. Embryonic stem cells are grown in laboratories using nutrient solutions and feeder cell layers. Tests to identify stem cells examine transcription factors, cell markers, and differentiation potential. Applications of stem cell research include tissue regeneration, treatment of diseases like cardiovascular and brain disorders, replacing deficient cells, and treating blood disorders.
Stem cells are precursor cells that have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells derived from blastocysts, induced pluripotent stem cells produced by reprogramming adult cells, and adult stem cells found in tissues. Techniques to produce stem cells involve cell reprogramming, therapeutic cloning, and IVF. While stem cells show promise for regenerative medicine and disease modeling, challenges remain in controlling differentiation and avoiding immune rejection.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research, including:
1) It defines stem cells, outlines the history of stem cell research, and describes the different types of stem cells based on their potential.
2) It discusses the sources of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and therapeutic cloning.
3) It outlines the steps involved in stem cell therapy and provides examples of health problems that may be treated by stem cells, such as Parkinson's disease, heart disease, and diabetes.
This document discusses alcohol withdrawal delirium (AWD), also known as delirium tremens or DTs. It defines delirium and describes different types. AWD is a serious form of alcohol withdrawal that causes sudden brain and nervous system problems. It only affects heavy drinkers who stop drinking abruptly. Symptoms include hallucinations, agitation, and disorientation. Diagnosis involves various medical tests. AWD is treated in hospitals with intravenous fluids, medications to prevent seizures and reduce symptoms, and rehabilitation. With treatment, AWD has a low death rate but some withdrawal symptoms may persist long-term.
Taeniasis is caused by ingesting undercooked beef containing the cysticercus larval form of the pork tapeworm Taenia saginata or Taenia solium. After ingestion, the cysticercus matures into an adult tapeworm in the small intestine over 2 months. Symptoms include mild abdominal pain, diarrhea, and passing white proglottid segments in stool. Diagnosis is made by detecting eggs or proglottids in stool. Treatment involves praziquantel or alternative medications. Follow up stool exams are needed to confirm elimination of the tapeworm. Thorough cooking of beef can prevent transmission.
The document discusses pain management, including definitions of pain, classifications of pain types (nociceptive, neuropathic, and inflammatory), assessing pain intensity on a scale of mild, moderate and severe, pain duration categories of acute and chronic, and the structure of the pain analyzer in the body. It then outlines various treatment principles and methods for pain management, including nonpharmacological interventions like cognitive-behavioral techniques and physical modalities, as well as pharmacological approaches using analgesics, and interventional pain management procedures.
Hypogammaglobulinemia is characterized by a decrease in plasma gamma globulins due to a deficiency in B lymphocytes. It can be caused by primary (congenital) disorders including X-linked agammaglobulinemia, autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia, specific antibody deficiency, and hyper-IgM syndromes. Secondary causes include nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy, and immunosuppressive therapy. Treatment involves immunoglobulin replacement therapy through vaccination or bone marrow transplantation for certain syndromes.
FSH, LH, and testosterone are hormones that regulate reproductive functions. FSH acts on the ovaries and testes to stimulate gamete production. LH triggers ovulation in females and supports testosterone production in males. Testosterone promotes male sexual development and secondary sex characteristics. The hormones work by binding to receptors on target cells and activating intracellular signaling cascades. Abnormal levels can cause diseases like polycystic ovarian syndrome or Klinefelter syndrome.
This document discusses key concepts in ecology including the biosphere, ecosystems, trophic chains, and ecological factors. It begins by defining the biosphere as the global sum of all ecosystems, including the troposphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. It then explains ecosystem types from micro to macro and their parameters. Factors like species diversity and population sizes are qualitative and quantitative parameters. Trophic chains involve producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and decomposers transmitting energy between trophic levels in food webs and chains. Ecological factors like optimum, pessimum and spectrum influence species distributions. In summary, the document outlines foundational ecological concepts and relationships between biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear liquid produced by specialized cells in the brain that acts as a cushion and protects the brain. It circulates through the brain and spinal cord and can be analyzed to diagnose conditions. The document discusses the history and contributors to the understanding of CSF, its composition, regulation and circulation, functions in protecting and nourishing the brain, methods for analyzing CSF including lumbar puncture, and pathologies involving excess CSF or leaks including hydrocephalus and meningitis.
This document discusses glycogen storage disorders (GSD), specifically GSD type 1a (von Gierke's disease). It begins with an overview and lists the different types of GSD. It then provides more details on the background, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of GSD type 1a. GSD type 1a is caused by a deficiency of the glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme and results in glycogen accumulation in the liver and kidneys. Patients experience hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, ketosis, and hyperlipidemia. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests and liver biopsy to check enzyme levels. Treatment focuses on dietary management to avoid low blood glucose.
Codeine is a naturally occurring opiate that was isolated in 1832. It is widely used as a painkiller when combined with other drugs and can also be used recreationally. Codeine is metabolized in the liver by enzymes that convert it to morphine and norcodeine. Detoxification involves breaking down and removing codeine and its metabolites from the body through conjugation and excretion. The document cautions against drug abuse and recommends only taking medications under a doctor's supervision.
This document discusses diseases of the parathyroid gland, including its structure and functions in regulating blood calcium levels. The diseases are classified into hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, and pseudohypoparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by autonomous overproduction of PTH, often due to a tumor. It can result in kidney stones, bone abnormalities, and other clinical issues. Hypothyroidism is a deficiency of PTH secretion and causes low calcium levels and tetany. Pseudohypoparathyroidism occurs when there is end-organ resistance to PTH despite normal levels.
This document summarizes diseases of the ovaries, classifying them into primary inflammatory disorders, functional cysts, and ovarian tumors. It describes the histological structure of the normal ovary and then discusses each disease type in detail, including their morphology, pathogenesis, and potential complications. Primary inflammatory disorders cause premature ovarian failure through autoimmune destruction. Functional cysts include follicular, luteal, and stromal hyperthecosis cysts. Ovarian tumors are further divided into surface epithelial-stromal tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors, germ cell tumors, and metastatic cancers from other primary sites. Each tumor type has specific subtypes and histological features.
The document discusses Dengue virus, an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes that causes Dengue fever and the potentially lethal Dengue hemorrhagic fever and Dengue shock syndrome. It covers the classification, structure, and life cycle of the virus; how it spreads and affects the body; symptoms of the diseases it causes; methods of diagnosis; and prevention and treatment approaches, which currently focus on controlling mosquito populations as there is no vaccine to prevent all four virus serotypes. The disease poses a major public health challenge as over 100 million cases occur annually and it places over 2.5 billion people at risk of infection.
The document defines lactation and galactopoiesis and describes the hormonal regulation of lactation from gestation through birth. It explains that progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, oxytocin, and human placental lactogen stimulate breast growth and milk production. The composition of breast milk is summarized, including proteins, fats, vitamins, carbohydrates, and other components, and how they benefit infant growth and development. Benefits of breastfeeding for mother, child, society, and during emergencies are highlighted. Reasons why breastfeeding may not be recommended in some situations are also outlined.
This document discusses autoimmune diseases, including their causes, classification, and examples. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues. They are broadly classified into three groups: haemolytic, localized, and systemic. Examples provided include Graves' disease, Addison's disease, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Sjögren's syndrome. The causes of autoimmune diseases include sequestered antigens, neoantigens, loss of tolerance, and cross-reacting antigens.
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the US and the leading cause of severe disability. Rehabilitation after a stroke aims to prevent complications, maximize functional independence, and facilitate a return to normal life roles and community integration. Post-stroke rehabilitation includes physiotherapy, medication management, and psychological support. The goals are to address impairments, prevent issues like contractures, and train new skills to manage daily living. A variety of rehabilitation techniques and technologies are used depending on individual needs and impairments. Outcomes vary based on neurological deficits and rehabilitation received, though many patients achieve significant functional gains.
This document discusses topical treatment approaches for various types of external ocular inflammation. It covers treatment for viral, bacterial, fungal/parasitic conjunctivitis as well as non-infectious irritative and allergic conjunctivitis. General treatment principles involve etiologic, symptomatic and pathophysiologic approaches. Specific treatment recommendations are provided for conditions like viral conjunctivitis, non-gonococcal conjunctivitis, gonococcal conjunctivitis, trachoma, allergic/irritative conjunctivitis and various forms of corneal inflammation. Recommended medications, dosages and treatment durations are outlined for each condition.
This document outlines the detoxification of ibuprofen, a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It discusses ibuprofen's structure, uses for pain relief and inflammation, mechanism of action by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes, and metabolic detoxification through oxidation and conjugation in the liver. Adverse effects from overuse include gastrointestinal bleeding and renal impairment. The summary concludes that doctors should prescribe appropriate dosages of ibuprofen and patients should seek medical advice before treatment.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"AlexandraDiaz101
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
3. Contents
Types of stem cells & sources.
Aim of stem cell research
Challenges faced by the research
Material and Methods
4
1
2
3
Uses of stem cells5
4. What is a stem cell.
stem cell
SELF-RENEWAL
(copying)
specialized cell
e.g. muscle cell, nerve cell
DIFFERENTIATION
(specializing)
stem cell
5. Stem cell jargon.
POTENCY
MULTIPOTENT
Can self renew for a long
period of time and Can
make multiple types of
specialized cells ( adult
stem cells
PLURIPOTENT
Able to differentiate into
any of the three germ
layers ( embryonic stem
cells ).
I-PLURIPOTENT
artificially derived from a
non-pluripotent cell by
inducing a “forced “
expression of certain
genes.
TOTIPOTENT
can differentiate into all
types of specialized cells
in the body including
extra-embryonic tissues
(zygote )
6. blastocyst
outer layer of cells
= ‘trophectoderm’
cells inside
= ‘inner cell mass’
embryonic stem cells taken from
the inner cell mass
culture in the lab
to grow more cells
fluid with nutrients
Embryonic stem cells
Where they are found
7. Embryonic stem (ES) cells:
What they can do
all possible types of specialized cells
differentiationembryonic stem cells
PLURIPOTENT
9. Tissue stem cells:
Where we find them
surface of the eye
skin
testicles
muscles
brain
breast
intestines (gut)
bone marrow
10. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells).
cell from the body
‘genetic reprogramming’
= add certain genes to the cell
induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell
behaves like an embryonic stem cell
all possible types of
specialized cells
culture iPS cells in the lab
differentiation
Advantage: no need for embryos!
11.
12. Tissue stem cells:
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
committed progenitors
neutrophil
NK cell
erythrocytes
dendritic cell
platelet
s
megakaryocyte
macrophage
eosinophil
basophil
B cell
T cell
specialized cells
bone marrow
HSC
13.
14. Challenges faced by stem cell research
• Identifying stem cells in adult tissues.
• Stem cell integration.
• Immunological rejection.
• Cancer.
• Moral issues surrounding the sources of
stem cells.
Key research events
1908 - The term "stem cell" was proposed for scientific use by the Russian histologist Alexander Maksimov (1874–1928) at congress of hematologic society in Berlin. It postulated existence of haematopoietic stem cells.
1960s - Joseph Altman and Gopal Das present scientific evidence of adult neurogenesis, ongoing stem cell activity in the brain; their reports contradict Cajal's "no new neurons" dogma and are largely ignored.
1963 - McCulloch and Till illustrate the presence of self-renewing cells in mouse bone marrow.
1968 - Bone marrow transplant between two siblings successfully treats SCID.
1978 - Haematopoietic stem cells are discovered in human cord blood.
1981 - Mouse embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass by scientists Martin Evans, Matthew Kaufman, and Gail R. Martin. Gail Martin is attributed for coining the term "Embryonic Stem Cell".
1992 - Neural stem cells are cultured in vitro as neurospheres.
1997 - Leukemia is shown to originate from a haematopoietic stem cell, the first direct evidence for cancer stem cells.
1998 - James Thomson and coworkers derive the first human embryonic stem cell line at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
2000s - Several reports of adult stem cell plasticity are published.
2001 - Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology clone first early (four- to six-cell stage) human embryos for the purpose of generating embryonic stem cells.
2003 - Dr. Songtao Shi of NIH discovers new source of adult stem cells in children's primary teeth.
2004–2005 - Korean researcher Hwang Woo-Suk claims to have created several human embryonic stem cell lines from unfertilised human oocytes. The lines were later shown to be fabricated.
2005 - Researchers at Kingston University in England claim to have discovered a third category of stem cell, dubbed cord-blood-derived embryonic-like stem cells (CBEs), derived from umbilical cord blood. The group claims these cells are able to differentiate into more types of tissue than adult stem cells.
August 2006 - Rat Induced pluripotent stem cells: the journal Cell publishes Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka.
October 2006 - Scientists at Newcastle University in England create the first ever artificial liver cells using umbilical cord blood stem cells.
January 2007 - Scientists at Wake Forest University led by Dr. Anthony Atala and Harvard University report discovery of a new type of stem cell in amniotic fluid.This may potentially provide an alternative to embryonic stem cells for use in research and therapy.
June 2007 - Research reported by three different groups shows that normal skin cells can be reprogrammed to an embryonic state in mice.In the same month, scientist Shoukhrat Mitalipov reports the first successful creation of a primate stem cell line through somatic cell nuclear transfer
October 2007 - Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans, and Oliver Smithies win the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their work on embryonic stem cells from mice using gene targeting strategies producing genetically engineered mice (known as knockout mice) for gene research.
November 2007 - Human Induced pluripotent stem cells: Two similar papers released by their respective journals prior to formal publication: in Cell by Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka, "Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors",and in Science by Junying Yu, et al., from the research group of James Thomson, "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells":pluripotent stem cells generated from mature human fibroblasts. It is possible now to produce a stem cell from almost any other human cell instead of using embryos as needed previously, albeit the risk of tumorigenesis due to c-myc and retroviral gene transfer remains to be determined.
January 2008 - Robert Lanza and colleagues at Advanced Cell Technology and UCSF create the first human embryonic stem cells without destruction of the embryo
January 2008 - Development of human cloned blastocysts following somatic cell nuclear transfer with adult fibroblasts
February 2008 - Generation of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Mouse Liver and Stomach: these iPS cells seem to be more similar to embryonic stem cells than the previous developed iPS cells and not tumorigenic, moreover genes that are required for iPS cells do not need to be inserted into specific sites, which encourages the development of non-viral reprogramming techniques.
March 2008-The first published study of successful cartilage regeneration in the human knee using autologous adult mesenchymal stem cells is published by Clinicians from Regenerative Sciences
October 2008 - Sabine Conrad and colleagues at Tübingen, Germany generate pluripotent stem cells from spermatogonial cells of adult human testis by culturing the cells in vitro under leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) supplementation.
30 October 2008 - Embryonic-like stem cells from a single human hair.
1 March 2009 - Andras Nagy, Keisuke Kaji, et al. discover a way to produce embryonic-like stem cells from normal adult cells by using a novel "wrapping" procedure to deliver specific genes to adult cells to reprogram them into stem cells without the risks of using a virus to make the change.The use of electroporation is said to allow for the temporary insertion of genes into the cell.
05 March 2009 Australian scientists find a way to improve chemotherapy of mouse muscle stem cells.
09 March 2009 US President Obama lifted federal funding limits on human embryonic instituted by former President Bush.
What is a stem cell?
Note: The next slide provides an alternative version of this diagram that some younger audiences may find easier to understand. It aims to avoid the misconception that a stem cell always makes one copy of itself and one specialized cell when it divides (see below). The concept of a stem cell is very well explained in the short film, “A Stem Cell Story” at www.eurostemcell.org/films
What the diagram shows
Stem cells are different from other cells of the body because stem cells can both:
Self-renew: Make copies of themselves
AND
2) Differentiate: Make other types of cells – specialized cells of the body.
‘Specialized’ or ‘differentiated’ cells play particular roles in the body, e.g. blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells. Specialized cells cannot divide to make copies of themselves. This makes stem cells very important. The body needs stem cells to replace specialized cells that die, are damaged or get used up.
Cell division - possible questions
1) 16+ year old students may remember learning about 2 kinds of cell division – mitosis and meiosis. They may have learnt that mitosis happens in wound healing or to replace short-lived cells, but probably won’t have discussed stem cells in this context. You might therefore need to explain that most specialized cells cannot undergo mitosis. There are a few exceptions (e.g. liver cells or T-cells) but in general specialized cells can no longer divide. Skin cells, red blood cells or gut lining cells cannot undergo mitosis. Stem cells do divide by mitosis and this makes them very important for replacing lost or damaged specialized cells.
2) Should mitosis be discussed, you may wish to note the following: In mitosis, the DNA in the daughter cells is identical to the DNA in the dividing cell. This is true for dividing stem cells, both in self-renewal and in differentiation. In differentiation, the daughter cells are more specialized than the original stem cell. So, the daughter cells behave differently even though they have the same DNA as the stem cell. This is because there are lots of other molecules inside and around the cells that can change the way the cells behave.
3) Scientists think that when human stem cells divide they probably make EITHER two stem cells, OR two more specialized cells. In fruit flies, stem cells can divide to make one stem cell and one more specialized cell in a single division.
Why self-renew AND differentiate?
1) Self renewal is needed because if the stem cells didn’t copy themselves, you would quickly run out. It is important for the body to maintain a pool of stem cells to use throughout your life.
2) Differentiation is important because specialized cells are used up, damaged or die all the time during your life. Specialized cells cannot divide and make copies of themselves, but they need to be replaced for your body to carry on working. For example, your body needs 100,000 million new blood cells every day. Of course, differentiation is also important for making all the different kinds of cell in the body during development of an embryo from a single fertilized egg.
Possible questions or misconceptions
1) School students may have learnt simply that ‘cells undergo mitosis to make copies of themselves to heal wounds or replace blood cells’. You may need to explain that specialized cells like skin, red blood or gut cells cannot undergo mitosis, which is why you need stem cells. There are a few exceptions (e.g. liver cells or T-cells) but in general specialized cells can no longer divide. For adult audiences, this could be expanded to cover the idea that there are intermediate cells (progenitors) between stem cells and specialized cells that divide to allow a large number of new cells to be made (see slide 26 on renewing tissues)
2) Scientists think that stem cells in the human body don’t generally divide to produce one stem cell and one specialized cell at the same time. They probably divide to make EITHER two stem cells, OR two more specialized cells. In fruit flies, stem cells can divide to make one stem cell and one more specialized cell.
Stem cell jargon
Scientists use the words pluripotent and multipotent to help them describe stem cells. ALL stem cells can both self-renew and differentiate, BUT some stem cells can make more kinds of specialized cells than others. The terms on the slide are the key ones to remember. There are also stem cells that are:
TOTIPOTENT: can differentiate into all types of specialized cells in the body PLUS cells that are needed during development of the embryo only: placenta, yolk sac, umbilical cord.
UNIPOTENT: can only differentiate into one type of specialized cell. For example, spermatogonial stem cells (found in the testicles) are unipotent because they can only form sperm cells.
A useful place to look up other words and phrases to do with stem cells is the EuroStemCell online glossary: www.eurostemcell.org/glossary
Embryonic stem cells: What they can do
Embryonic stem cells are exciting because they can make all the different types of cell in the body – scientists say these cells are pluripotent.
Embryonic stem cells: Challenges
Scientists around the world are trying to understand how and why embryonic stem cells produce skin, blood, nerve or any other particular kind of specialized cell. What controls the process so that the stem cells make the right amount of each cell type, at the right time?
The big challenge for scientists is to learn how to control these fascinating cells. If we could force embryonic stem cells to make whatever kind of cell we want, then we would have a powerful tool for developing treatments for disease. For example, perhaps we could grow new insulin-producing cells to transplant into a patient with diabetes. But there is a great deal to learn before such therapies can be developed. Scientists also want to use stem cells to:
Understand how diseases develop (disease modeling)
Test drugs in the laboratory
Tissue stem cells: Principles of renewing tissues
The slide shows the typical hierarchy of cells from tissue stem cell to specialized cell.
Stem cells give rise to committed progenitors. These are not fully differentiated cells but have different properties from stem cells – they are an intermediate cell type.
Committed progenitors will divide many times and will give rise to fully differentiated and functional cells via a series of steps.
This typical hierarchy is applicable to many types of tissue stem cell (some examples are given in the following slides to illustrate this principle).
What are some advantages and disadvantages to stem cell therapy and research?
It provides medical benefits in the fields of therapeutic cloning and regenerative medicine.
It provides great potential for discovering treatments and cures to a plethora of diseases including Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, Cancer, spinal cord injuries, diabetes and many more.
Limbs and organs could be grown in a lab from stem cells and then used in transplants or to help treat illnesses.
It will help scientists to learn about human growth and cell development.
Scientists and doctors will be able to test millions of potential drugs and medicine, without the use of animals or human testers. This necessitates a process of simulating the effect the drug has on a specific population of cells. This would tell if the drug is useful or has any problems.
Stem cell research also benefits the study of developmental stages that cannot be studied directly in a human embryo, which sometimes are linked with major clinical consequences such as birth defects, pregnancy loss and infertility. A more comprehensive understanding of normal development will ultimately allow the prevention or treatment of abnormal human development.
It holds the key to reversing the effects of aging and prolonging our lives. Stem cell research has already found many treatments that help slow the aging process, and a bonus of further stem cell research is a possible ‘cure’ for aging altogether.
The usage of adult stem cells to treat disease is that a patient’s own cells could be used to treat a patient. Risks would be quite reduced because patients’ bodies would not reject their own cells.An advantage of using embryonic stem cells is that they can develop into any cell types of the body, and may then be more versatile than adult stem cells.
The use of embryonic stem cells for research involves the destruction of blastocysts formed from laboratory-fertilized human eggs. For those people who believe that life begins at conception, the blastocyst is a human life and to destroy it is immoral and unacceptable.
Like any other new technology, it is also completely unknown what the long term effects of such an interference with nature could materialize.Embryonic stem cells may not be the solution for all ailments.
According to a new research stem cell therapy was used on heart disease patients. It was found that it can make their coronary arteries become narrower.A disadvantage of most adult stem cells is that they are pre-specialized, for instance, blood stem cells make only blood, and brain stem cells make only brain cells.
A disadvantage of embryonic stem cells is that they are derived from embryos that are not a patient’s own and the patient’s body may reject them.