The cell is the basic unit of life and all physiological systems depend on cellular activity. Cells acquire differentiation through development to equip them for specific functions. It was once thought that differentiated cells could not be reprogrammed, but advances in cell biology have challenged this idea. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent while adult stem cells found in tissues are multipotent or unipotent. Stem cells show potential for applications like disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine.
This slide is about the potential uses of stem cells. It describes how they are useful and also puts froward the extraction process and the ares in which stem cells prove to be extremely useful. This slide also lists the various from of cells and the difference between stem cells and the normal differentiated cells. It is also richly supplied with photos and content which would altogether increase the quality of the slide. Hope you enjoy and learn. Please do like and follow. Share with your friends who might benefit from this.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity.
Stem cell therapy is the most advance therapy which use stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
Properties, types and uses of stem cells are summarized in this presentation.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity.
Stem cell therapy is an advance therapy technique used to treat or prevent a disease or condition using stem cells.
This slide is about the potential uses of stem cells. It describes how they are useful and also puts froward the extraction process and the ares in which stem cells prove to be extremely useful. This slide also lists the various from of cells and the difference between stem cells and the normal differentiated cells. It is also richly supplied with photos and content which would altogether increase the quality of the slide. Hope you enjoy and learn. Please do like and follow. Share with your friends who might benefit from this.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity.
Stem cell therapy is the most advance therapy which use stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
Properties, types and uses of stem cells are summarized in this presentation.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity.
Stem cell therapy is an advance therapy technique used to treat or prevent a disease or condition using stem cells.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
"stem cells known to be a blank or undifferentiated cells act as revolutionized medicine by bringing a prolong life to millions of people for survival and also by creating a better hope to the research field"
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
"stem cells known to be a blank or undifferentiated cells act as revolutionized medicine by bringing a prolong life to millions of people for survival and also by creating a better hope to the research field"
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. 2. Cell
Common physiological denominator
All physiological system for example, digestive, respiratory, or
cardiovascular depends on the action and activities of cell.
The group of cell and their products coalesce to create the four basic
tissue type (epithelial, neural, muscular, and connective tissue).
The primordial stem cell stage of the embryo, cells acquire varying
degree of structural and functional differentiation.
Differentiation of cells equips them for particular function
3. For many years, the dogma was that once cells become
differentiated it was impossible to reprogram them cell, so that these
cell or their daughters could be induced to follow a different path.
However, it is also evident that advances in cell and molecular
biology have called their dogma in question
For example, development of the cloned sheep Dolly in 1996 was
achieved using cultured fibroblasts.
There is a lot in the news lately about stem cells. Much of this
involves efforts to produce replacement tissues or organs or combat
revenges of cancer and other disease.
5. CELL – Considered a basic unit of life, complex function in
multicellular animal requires interaction and cooperation between cells. cell
cell
TISSUE – Groups of cells with same general function e.g., muscle, nerve
tissue
ORGAN – Two or more types of tissues dedicated to particular function
e.g., skin, kidney, intestine, blood vessels
organ
ORGAN SYSTEM – Several organs
e.g., respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems
system
6. Terminologies
Histology: Subspecialty of anatomy that deals with the microscopic
structure of tissues.
Tissue: A group of similar cells and intercellular material specialized
to carry out a specific activity. The four primary tissues are
epithelial, muscle, nervous and connective tissue.
Organ: A discrete portion of the body composed of two or more tissue
types dedicated to a particular function.
Cytology: Subspecialty of anatomy that deals with the structure and
functional differentiation of individual cells either as isolated cells
or as part of a tissue.
7. Pathology: Subspecialty of anatomy and physiology that deals with
changes in gross anatomy, histology, or cytology associated with
disease or injury.
Necropsy: Refers to the gross and or/microscopic examination of
organ, tissue, and cells after death.
Parenchyma: Refers to the functional portion of a tissue or organs.
Stroma: Refers to the support cells, that is, connective tissue, blood
vessels, and nerves, that are needed for the parenchyma tissue to
Cary out its function.
15. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Moves materials around in cell
Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
16. Ribosomes
Each cell contains
thousands
Make proteins
Each of the cell has two sub
units identified based on
size as 18s and 28s RNA.
17. Mitochondria
Produces energy through chemical
reactions – breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
Controls level of water and other
materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates
18. Golgi Bodies
Protein 'packaging plant'
Move materials within the cell
Move materials out of the cell
19. Lysosome
Digestive 'plant' for proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates.
Transports undigested material
to cell membrane for removal.
Cell breaks down if Lysosomes
explode.
21. Stem Cell
Stem cells are master cells with two important characteristics
Unspecialized cells capable of their own renewal
Ability to differentiate into different cell types
The stem cells may have various differentiation potentials
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Unipotent
22. Cells that can develop into
any other cell are called
stem cells
A few still exist in the
body of an adult
E.g. bone marrow has
blood stem cells
E.g. umbilical cords have
stem cells
23. Totipotent and pluripotent cells
In simple animals (e.g. sponges)
the cells retain their capacity to
regenerate into whole new
sponge – (Totipotent)
More complex animals lose this
capacity
Cells of the early embryo are
capable of turning into any type
of cell - (pluripotent)
Differentiated cells may not be
able to do this
26. Characteristics of Embryonic stem cells
Derived from Blastocyst
Pluripotent
Long-term self-renewal
Exhibit and maintain a stable diploid normal complement
of chromosome
27. Characteristics of Adult stem cells
Long-term self-renewal
Give rise to mature cells having characteristic
morphologies and specialized functions
Rare
Dispersed in tissues throughout the body
Origin of adult stem cells in tissues is yet not known
29. Stem cells specialty
Apoptosis
No apoptosis in stem cells
Telomere
No shortening of telomere in stem cells
DNA Methylation
Minimum DNA methylation in stem cells
30. Major Applications
Animal model testing for pharmaceutical research
Use of stem cells in transplantation and cell replacement therapy
Conservation of endangered species
Understanding fundamental events in embryonic development
Therapeutic delivery system
To resolve mysteries of developmental biology
To investigate genes involved in differentiation and development
Cell banking for research applications
31. Making stem cells
Stem cells could be used to replace tissues that are damaged or
diseased. E.g. cardiac muscle will not divide once it has
differentiated.
Stem cells stimulated to grow into cardiac cells could replace
the need for heart transplants.
The problem of tissue typing and tissue rejection still remains
Implanted tissue could become cancerous
32. Cloned stem cells
If stem cells can be cloned from the cells of a patient
they can be used to generated genetically identical
tissues.
Therapeutic cloning
Mammalian cells need to be set back to the beginning
of the cell cycle.
33. Somatic cell nuclear transfer
SCNT
Made famous by Dolly the sheep
Oocytes (unfertilised egg cells) harvested
Nuclei removed
Somatic cells from animal to be cloned fused
with enucleate oocyte
Electric shock sets the cell cycle to G0
Nuclear genome cloned but…
Mitochondrial genome comes from animal
which donated the oocyte
34. Identification of stem cells
Cell morphology
Expression of unique cell surface antigens
Characterization of biochemical markers such as tissue
specific enzymatic activity
Expression of genes that are unique to a particular cell type
Nuclear chromosomal karyotype to access genetic stability
35. Scope
Pharmaceuticals: diabetes, cardiac anomalies, neurodegeneration,
and infertility
Neutraceuticals: produce heterologous nutrients
Understanding early embryonic development
Model for in vitro drug and immunity screening
Producing environment friendly animals eg. Phytase and methane
Tissue remodeling and engineering
Cell-cell communication and differentiation
Conservation
36. Livestock stem cells
Farm animals are contributing in human health through
Nutrition
Producing biomedicine
Cell therapy
Xenotransplantation
With decoding of the genome sequences in animals, stem cell
promise to resolve many mysteries of the developmental
biology
