general healthcare for babies

3. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS:
• LACTATION describes the secretion of milk from
the mammary glands. This process occurs in all
female mammals and it is in only 1 species of
mammals (Dayak fruit bat) that it is a normal
process in the male.
• GALACTOPOEISIS is the maintainance of milk
production.
• GALACTORRHEA is milk production which is
unrelated to nursing (breastfeeding) as occurs in
the male Dayak fruit bat.

5. HORMONAL REGULATION OF
LACTATION
• From the 24th week of Gestation, a woman’s body produces hormones that
stimulate growth of milk duct system in breasts
• PROGESTERONE: This hormone influences the growth in
size of the alveoli and lobes; high levels before birth inhibit
lactation and low levels after birth triggers lactation.
• ESTROGEN: Stimulates growth and differentiation of milk
duct system.
• PROLACTIN: Increases growth & differentiation of alveoli &
differentiation of the ductal structures. It is the main factor
that maintains tight junctions between alveoli and ducts
during lactation.
• OXYTOCIN: After birth, it contracts the smooth muscle layer
of band-like cells surrounding the alveoli to squeeze the
newly produced milk into the duct system.
• HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN: It is important in breast
nipple and areola growth before birth
NB: Lactation increases consequently with increased
consumption of the milk.

6. COMPOSITION OF BREAST
MILK
I PROTEINS
THEY ARE OF TWO MAIN TYPES; 60% WHEY PROTEIN & 40% CASEIN
A) LACTOFERRIN INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF IRON-DEPENDENT
BACTERIA IN THE G.I.T
B) SECRETORY IgA, IgG & IgM HELP TO PROTECT THE INFANT AGAINST
MICROBES, ESPECIALLYTHOSE WHICH THE MOM AND FAMILY ARE EXPOSED TO.
C) LYSOZYME PROTECTS AGAINST E-COLI & SALMONELLAAND HAS
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY FUNCTIONS
D) BIFIDUS FACTOR SUPPORTS GROWTH OF LACTOBACILLUS, IT
CREATES AN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT WHICH INHIBITS GROWTH OF HARMFUL
BACTERIA.

7. II FATS
THEY INCLUDE; LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS
ESSENTIAL FOR BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, RETINAAND
PROPER NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT.
III VITAMINS
THE CONTENT AND AMOUNT OF VITAMINS
IN BREAST MILK DEPENDS ON THE MOTHER’S
INTAKE

8. IV CARBOHYDRATE
LACTOSE IS PRIMARY CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT (
ACCOUNTS FOR 40% OF THE CALORIES PROVIDED BY BREAST
MILK). IT HELPS TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF UNHEALTHY
BACTERIA PRESENT IN THE G.I.T, IMPROVES ABSORBTION OF
CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS AND MAGNESIUM, PROMOTES GROWTH
OF HEALTHY BACTERIA
NOTE
A –
NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS MAKE
25% OF TOTAL MILK’S NITROGEN & INCLUDE UREA, URIC ACID ,
CREATINE, CREATININE, AMINO ACIDS, AND NUCLEOTIDES
B-
MOTHER'S MILK HAS BEEN SHOWN TO SUPPLY A TYPE OF
ENDOCANNABINOID (THE NATURAL NEUROTRANSMITTERS THAT
MARIJUANA SIMULATES), 2-ARACHIDONOYL GLYCEROL.

9. C-
A NEWLY DISCOVERED PROTEIN COMPLEX IN BREAST MILK CALLED
HAMLET WAS FOUND TO HAVE A QUITE IMPORTANT FUNCTION.
FURTHER RESEARCHES SAY THIS COMPLEX IS FORMED WHEN ALPHA-
LACTALBUMIN (A PROTEIN) UNFOLDS INTO A DIFFERENT FORM AND
BINDS WITH OLEIC ACID (FATTYACID).
HAMLET WAS FOUND TO BE LETHAL TO TUMOUR CELLS & TO
INCREASE BACTERIA’S SENSITIVITY TO DIFFERENT CLASSES OF
ANTIBIOTICS. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT AS IT MINIMIZES THE
CONCENTATION OF ANTIBIOTICS WE NEED TO FIGHT AGAINST BACTERIA
THEREBY REDUCING RISKS OF INTOXICATION BY THE ANTIBIOTICS.

11.  Colostrum has laxative effect.
 The composition of Breast Milk changes with time according to
the needs of the infant.
 Easier to digest especially for premature babies.
 Primary protection from disease.
 Growth factors presesnt stimulate development of the G.I.T.
 Hormones present are important for development of the child.

12. BENEFITS FOR MOTHER.
( 3) RELAXES BOTH INFANT
& MOTHER.
(1) MAKES LIFE EASIER. ( 2 ) SAVES MONEY.
( 4 ) CAN SERVE AS
CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD.

13. • EFFECTIVE ROLE IN POST
PREGNANCY WEIGHT
LOSS.
• LOWER RISK FOR IRON
DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA.
• LOWER RISK FOR POST-
PARTUM HEMORRHAGE.
• REDUCED RISK OF
REPRODUCTIVE/OVARIAN
& UTERINE CANCERS.

14. • FOR MOTHERS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES.
• Need less insulin shots while breast feeding .
• They achieve optimal weight loss.
• Reduced risk of heart problems.

15. It helps to create mother - child bond due to effects of Prolactin &
Oxytocin secreted during breast feeding.

16. BENEFITS FOR THE SOCIETY.
• Nations save money which can be implemented into budget for other
sectors like education, agriculture, research….
• More productive work force.
• Environmental friendly : less non-biodegradable waste.

17. DURING EMERGENCY SITUATIONS.
• Breast feeding prevents dehydration of the infant when there is no
access to clean water.
• Helps protect against respiratory diseases & diarrhoea in a crowded
environment |( eg. Shelters.)
• Helps to prevent hypothermia when baby temperature drops.
• Readily available when family is stranded without access to supplies.

18. FACTS ABOUT BREAST FEEDING.
If 90% of families in USA
exclusively breast fed for 6
months.
= 1000 less infant deaths/yr
=$13billion saved per year.
200-500 calories is used
up/day during breast
feeding.
= swimming 30 laps at the
pool.
= cycling uphill for one
hour.

19. CONCLUSION
AS FUTURE DOCTORS, IT IS OUR DUTY TO
ADVICE OUR PATIENTS ON THE BENEFITS OF
BREAST FEEDING OVER FORMULA FEEDING.
AS FUTURE PARENTS, IT IS AN OBLIGATION FOR
US TO FOLLOW THE RULES OF BREAST FEEDING
PROVIDED THERE IS NO CONTRAINDICATION.

20. PERSPECTIVES
I
THE FINDINGS HOLD GREAT PROMISE IN AN ERA
WHEN HOSPITALS ARE STRUGGLING TO CONTAIN
DRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA.
II
WE BELIEVE THERE ARE STILL A LOT OF FACTS
ABOUT BREAST MILK TO BE DISCOVERED WHICH
COULD BE REVOLUTIONARY TO GENERAL MEDICINE
AND EVEN CLINICAL PRACTICE.

21. WHEN NOT TO BREASTFEED.
• IF THE MOTHER IS INFECTED WITH HIV OR HAS AIDS.
• WHILE TAKING SOME MEDICATIONS WHICH CAN HARM THE
BABY.
• MOTHERS UNDERGOING CHEMOTHERAPY SINCE THIS CAN
SEVERLY DAMAGE THE GROWTH OF THE BABY.
• MOTHERS UNDERGOING RADIATION THERAPY ESPECIALLY
OF THE CHEST.
• MOTHERS WITH UNTREATED AND ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS.
• MOTHERS TAKING DRUGS LIKE COCAINE, MARIJUANA,
HEROIN…

22. • BABIES WITH GALACTOSEMIA WHEREIN THEY CANNOT
DIGEST OR TOLERATE BREAST MILK.
• MOTHERS UNDERGOING RADIATION THERAPIES ESPECIALLY
OF THE CHEST.
NOTE : DURING SIMPLE INFECTIONS & &AILMENTS LIKE
COMMON COLDS, FLU, G.I.T INFECTIONS….. BABIES CAN BE
BREASTFED IF PROPER PRECAUTIONS & HYGIENE MEASURES
ARE FOLLOWED.
IT IS ADVANTAGOUS BECAUSE BREAST MILK WOULD CONTAIN
ANTIBODIES AGAINST THE INFECTION PASSIVE
IMMUNITY FOR THE BABY.

23. WHEN

26. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION.