This document provides an overview of stem cell therapy and research. It discusses the history of stem cell research from the first bone marrow transplant in 1968 to cloning experiments in the 1990s and 2000s. It defines stem cells as the foundation for organs and tissues that can self-renew and differentiate. Sources of stem cells include embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Potential uses include treating diseases like diabetes, Parkinson's, and heart disease. However, challenges remain around ethical issues, delivery methods, and preventing tumor growth or rejection.
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
For better view, press F5.
As we go through our lives each of us will have very different needs for our own healthcare.
Scientist's are constantly researching to make medical care treatment more personalized.
One way they are doing this is by-
Stem Cells therapy
Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
It is also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the reparative response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives.
It is the next chapter of organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply.
What are Stem cells?
Stem cells are called “master cells”
Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated.
What are Stem cells?
Steam cells have the potential to become all other kinds of cells in our body.
What are Stem cells?
Types of Stem cells
How stem cell therapy works?
Disease cured by stem cell therapy.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Stem cell treatment of Diabetes mellitus type 1 & 2
Stem cell treatment of Stroke
Cancer treatment
Heart damage
Baldness
Tooth implanting
Deafness and blindness
Have stem cells already been used to treat diseases?
Ethical Consideration of Stem Cell Therapy
As the research method mainly focused on Embryonic Stem Cells, which involves taking tissue from an aborted embryo to get proper material to study. This is typically done just days after conception or between the 5th and 9th week.
Since then, researchers have moved on to more ethical study methods, such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS). iPS is artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, such as adult somatic cells.
Nowadays stem cell treatment has been spreaded throughout the world. It has also been grown commercially in developed countries.
It is thought that one day it may be the major key to treat various diseases.
Using stem cells to conduct medical research and treat disease is acceptable?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Do you approve of the extraction of stem cells from human embryos for medical research?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
For better view, press F5.
As we go through our lives each of us will have very different needs for our own healthcare.
Scientist's are constantly researching to make medical care treatment more personalized.
One way they are doing this is by-
Stem Cells therapy
Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
It is also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the reparative response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives.
It is the next chapter of organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply.
What are Stem cells?
Stem cells are called “master cells”
Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated.
What are Stem cells?
Steam cells have the potential to become all other kinds of cells in our body.
What are Stem cells?
Types of Stem cells
How stem cell therapy works?
Disease cured by stem cell therapy.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Stem cell treatment of Diabetes mellitus type 1 & 2
Stem cell treatment of Stroke
Cancer treatment
Heart damage
Baldness
Tooth implanting
Deafness and blindness
Have stem cells already been used to treat diseases?
Ethical Consideration of Stem Cell Therapy
As the research method mainly focused on Embryonic Stem Cells, which involves taking tissue from an aborted embryo to get proper material to study. This is typically done just days after conception or between the 5th and 9th week.
Since then, researchers have moved on to more ethical study methods, such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS). iPS is artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, such as adult somatic cells.
Nowadays stem cell treatment has been spreaded throughout the world. It has also been grown commercially in developed countries.
It is thought that one day it may be the major key to treat various diseases.
Using stem cells to conduct medical research and treat disease is acceptable?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Do you approve of the extraction of stem cells from human embryos for medical research?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
This presentation describes in detail the various types and sources of stem cells. it also describes the stem cell therapies used to treat various diseases.
What is Stem Cell ?
History of Stem Cells ?
Stages of Embryogenesis
Blastocyst Diagram
Three types of stem cells
Differentiation of ESC
Adult Stem Cells
Bone Marrow
Umbilical cord stem cells
Factors known to affect stem cells
Niche cells activates Stem cells
Regenerative Medicine : Indian Scenario
iPSCs are pluripotent; unlike ESC, iPSCs are not derived from the embryo, but instead created from differentiated cells in the lab through a process – cellular reprogramming.
This presentation describes in detail the various types and sources of stem cells. it also describes the stem cell therapies used to treat various diseases.
What is Stem Cell ?
History of Stem Cells ?
Stages of Embryogenesis
Blastocyst Diagram
Three types of stem cells
Differentiation of ESC
Adult Stem Cells
Bone Marrow
Umbilical cord stem cells
Factors known to affect stem cells
Niche cells activates Stem cells
Regenerative Medicine : Indian Scenario
iPSCs are pluripotent; unlike ESC, iPSCs are not derived from the embryo, but instead created from differentiated cells in the lab through a process – cellular reprogramming.
Dr. Kenneth Dickie from Royal Centre of Plastic Surgery in Barrie, Ontario explained the use of stem cells technology in plastic surgery.
If you have any questions, please contact Dr. Kenneth Dickie at http://royalcentreofplasticsurgery.com/
Blood production agency. all types of blood cellls are produced in it. to understand it is the need of this era. it also will help in the physiology of blood making mechanism.
The ISSCR is an independent, nonprofit organization providin.docxoreo10
The ISSCR is an independent, nonprofit
organization providing a global forum for
stem cell research and regenerative medicine.
Stem Cell
Facts
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are the foundation cells for every organ and
tissue in our bodies. The highly specialized cells that make
up these tissues originally came from an initial pool of stem
cells formed shortly after fertilization. Throughout our lives,
we continue to rely on stem cells to replace injured tissues
and cells that are lost every day, such as those in our skin,
hair, blood and the lining of our gut. Stem cells have two
key properties: 1) the ability to self-renew, dividing in a
way that makes copies of themselves, and 2) the ability to
differentiate, giving rise to the mature types of cells that
make up our organs and tissues.
Tissue-specific stem cells
Tissue-specific stem cells, which are sometimes referred to
as “adult” or “somatic” stem cells, are already somewhat
specialized and can produce some or all of the mature
cell types found within the particular tissue or organ in
which they reside. Because of their ability to generate
multiple, organ-specific, cell types, they are described as
“multipotent.” For example, stem cells found within the
adult brain are capable of making neurons and two types of
glial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Tissue-specific stem cells have been found in several organs
that need to continuously replenish themselves, such as the
blood, skin and gut and have even been found in other, less
regenerative, organs such as the brain. These types of stem
cells represent a very small population and are often buried
deep within a given tissue, making them difficult to identify,
isolate and grow in a laboratory setting.
Neuron – Dr. Gerry Shaw, EnCor Biotechnology Inc.
Astrocyte – Abcam Inc.
Oligodendrocyte – Dhaunchak and Nave (2007).
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:17813-8
www.isscr.org
Embryonic stem cells
Embryonic stem cells have been derived from a variety
of species, including humans, and are described as
“pluripotent,” meaning that they can generate all the
different types of cells in the body. Embryonic stem cells
can be obtained from the blastocyst, a very early stage
of development that consists of a mostly hollow ball of
approximately 150-200 cells and is barely visible to the
naked eye. At this stage, there are no organs, not even
blood, just an “inner cell mass” from which embryonic stem
cells can be obtained. Human embryonic stem cells are
derived primarily from blastocysts that were created by
in vitro fertilization (IVF) for assisted reproduction but
were no longer needed.
The fertilized egg and the cells that immediately arise in the
first few divisions are “totipotent.” This means that, under
the right conditions, they can generate a viable embryo
(including support tissues such as the placenta). Within a
matter of days, however, these cells transition to become
pluripote ...
This presentation deals with stem cell therapy & new avenues in stem cell therapy. It also discusses latest advances such as treatment against baldness, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, spinal cord injury, demyelinating diseases, deafness, eye, Parkinson's disease. Also discusses about umbilical cord stem cells and finally clinical trials without patients (organs on chips).
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. Outline
History of Stem Cell Research
What are Stem Cells
Classification of Stem Cells
Sources of Stem Cells
Potential Uses
Stem Cell Therapy
Ethical Issues
Conclusions
3. Introduction
Today living in the 21st century, we
still do not have proper treatments for
many diseases like diabetes,
Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's
Disease etc.
Some light of hope for the treatment
of these incurable diseases is - the
Stem Cells
4. History of Human Stem Cell
Research
In 1968, the first bone marrow
transplant was successfully used in
treatment of Severe Combined
Immunodeficiency.
Since the 1970s, bone marrow
transplants have been used for
treatment of immunodeficiencies and
leukemias.
5. History of Stem Cell
1999 - First Successful human
transplant of insulin- making cells
from cadavers •
2001 – First cloned human embryos
(only to six cell stage) created by
Advanced Cell Technology (USA)
2004 - Harvard researchers grow
stem cells from embryos
6. History of Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transfer (Cloning)
1952 – Briggs and King cloned
tadpoles
1997 – The first mammal cloned
from adult cells was Dolly, the
sheep
1998 – Mice cloned
1998 – Cows cloned
2000 – Pigs cloned
7. History of Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transfer (Cloning)
2001 – Cats cloned
2002 – Rabbits
cloned
2003 – Mule cloned
2004 – Bull cloned
2005 – Dog cloned
8. Stem Cell
Foundation for every organ and
tissue in your body.
Self-renew (make copies of
themselves) and differentiate
(develop into more specialized cells.
Have unique properties.
12. Stem Cell Therapy
Stem cell therapy is introduction of new adult
stem cells into damaged tissue in order to
treat disease or injury.
The ability of stem cells to self-renew and
give rise to different cells, that can potentially
replace diseased and damaged areas in the
body, with minimal risk of rejection and side
effects.
A number of stem cell therapies exist, but
most are at experimental stages, costly or
13. What Diseases Can be Cured by
Stem Cell Therapies?
Any disease in which there is tissue
degeneration can be a potential candidate for
stem cell therapies
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
Spinal cord injury
Heart disease
Severe burns
Diabetes
15. Heart Disease
Adult bone
marrow stem cells
injected into the
hearts are
believed to
improve cardiac
function in victims
of heart failure or
heart attack
16. Leukemia and Cancer
• Leukemia patients
treated with stem
cells emerge free of
disease.
• Stem cells have
also reduces
pancreatic cancers
in some patients.
20. Challenges to Stem Cell
Research
Source - Cell lines may have mutations
Delivery to target areas
Prevention of rejection
Suppressing tumors
Stem Cell regenerated tissue viability
Political and religious obstructions
Inability to obtain source material due to
ethical concerns
21. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
CONTROVERSY
There is wide-spread controversy
over the use of human embryonic
stem cells. This controversy primarily
targets the techniques used to derive
new embryonic stem cell lines, which
often requires the destruction of the
blastocyst.
22. The Ethical Debate
In favor of ESCR:
Embryonic stem cell research (ESCR)
fulfills the ethical obligation to alleviate
human suffering.
Since excess IVF embryos will be
discarded anyway, isn’t it better that they
be used in valuable research? • SCNT
(Therapeutic Cloning) produces cells in a
petri dish, not a pregnancy.
23. The Ethical Debate
Against ESCR
In ESCR, stem cells are taken from a
human blastocyst, which is then
destroyed. This amounts to “murder.”
There is a risk of commercial exploitation
of the human participants in ESCR.
ESCR will lead to reproductive cloning.
Day 5-6 Blastocyst
24. Stem Cell Ethics
This is an ethical issue.
Science is designed to tell us what is
possible – what we can do.
Science is not designed to tell us what is
right – what we should do.
To evaluate this technology one must
employ some ethical system that comes
from outside of science.
25. Stem Cell Ethics
Encourage development of sound
research and therapy.
Prevent any misuse of human
embryos and fetuses.
Protect patients from fraudulent
treatments in the name of stem cell
research.
26. Conclusions
Stem cells show great promise for
regenerative medicine
There is enormous potential in human
stem cell research. (Both adult and
embryonic stem cells should be studied)
Much research needed before therapies
are realized
Ethical concerns need to be taken into
account
Editor's Notes
Research on stem cells is advancing
How an organism develops from a single cell and how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms.
This promising area of science - investigates the possibility of cell-based therapies to treat disease, which is often referred to as regenerative or reparative medicine
A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues.
Stem cells are capable of dividing & renewing themselves for long periods – This is unlike muscle, blood or nerve cells – which do not normally replicate themselves – These cells are capable of long-term self-renewal
Unique Properties – undifferentiated/unspecialized cells. Undifferentiated cells can differentiate to yield major specialized cell types or organs. Self renewal property is to maintain and repair the tissue. Thus they have potential to replace cell tissue damaged by severe illnesses.
Totipotent – the ability to differentiate into all types; can form any cell of the embryo as well as the placenta – Ex: morula
Pluripotent – the ability to differentiate into almost all types except placental tissue – Ex: cells from inner cell mass of blastocyst
Multipotent – can differentiate into multiple specialized cells of a closely related family of cells – Ex: hematopoietic stem cells
Oligopotent – the ability to differentiate into a few cells – Ex: lymphoid
Unipotent – these cells only produce one cell type., but have the property of self renewal which distinguishes them from the non stem cells – Ex: muscle stem cells, cardiac stem cells
Spare embryo - Stem cells from leftover embryos stored at fertility clinics
Special purpose embryos - Created via in vitro fertilization for the sole purpose of extracting stem cells
Cloned embryos - Cloned in labs using somatic nucleus transfer method. (A nucleus from an adult donor cell is inserted into a recipient egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed. The resulting cell is then stimulated to divide as a zygote later forming embryo genetically identical to the adult donor cell
Aborted fetuses - Stem cells from fetuses aborted at early development stage
Umbilical cords - After child birth
Adult tissue or organ - Obtained during surgery
Cadavers - Neural post genitor cells from human post mortem tissues
Basic research – clarification of complex events that occur during human development & understanding molecular basis of cancer (- Molecular mechanisms for gene control – Role of signals in gene expression & differentiation of the stem cell – Stem cell theory of cancer)
Biotechnology(drug discovery & development) – stem cells can provide specific cell types to test new drugs (– Safety testing of new drugs on differentiated cell lines – Screening of potential drugs • Cancer cell lines are already being used to screen potential anti-tumor drugs • Availability of pluripotent stem cells would allow drug testing in a wider range of cell types & to reduce animal testing)
Cell based therapies: – Regenerative therapy to treat Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, spinal cord injury, stroke, severe burns, heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis (– Stem cells in gene therapy • Stem cells as vehicles after they have been genetically manipulated – Stem cells in therapeutic cloning – Stem cells in cancer)
VESCELL ADULT STEM CELL THERAPY FOR HEART DISEASES
This method is used to treat heart diseases like Coronary Artery Disease, cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure.
The stem cells are derived from the patients own body so there is no possibility of rejection of the stem cells.
This therapy helps in the reduction of dependence on nitro tablets.
Vescell therapy creates new blood vessels that improve blood flow to the heart as well as generate new tissues in the heart muscle itself.
Successful treatment for leukemia focuses on the removal of all the abnormal leukocytes in the patient allowing healthy ones to grow in their place. When chemotherapy is not possible, bone marrow transplant is done. In bone marrow transplant, the patients bone marrow stem cells are replaced with those from a healthy donor.
This is to stop taking insulin injections as the body starts to produce insulin naturally again.
young type I diabetic patients were given drugs to suppress immune system followed by transfusion of stem cells drawn from their own blood.
The results showed that patients started producing their own insulin. Therefore the dependence on insulin needles was eliminated with the help of an injection of their own stem cells.
Cell replacement therapies in which dopamine-producing stem cells are transplanted into Parkinson’s disease patients could improve motor symptoms, reducing or eliminating the need for dopaminergic medicines, a study suggests.
Dead nerve cells not producing dopamine
Implanted stem cells
New nerve cells producing dopamine
Dopamine transmit nerve signal
At present, there are alternative sources for stem cells which have achieved considerable success when used as medical therapies. These alternatives do not require the destruction of an embryo, such as the use of umbilical cord blood, milky teeth stem cells, bone marrow stem cells or using induced pluripotent stem cells.
However, non-embryonic stem cells may have limitations.