Cloning involves making genetically identical copies of organisms through somatic cell nuclear transfer. John Gurdon first cloned frogs in the 1960s by transferring nuclei from intestinal cells into enucleated eggs. His work established the basis for cloning techniques still used today. Therapeutic cloning uses somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate patient-matched stem cells for research and potential medical treatments without creating human clones. However, technical challenges remain such as immune rejection and ethical issues around embryo use and destruction.
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Introduction.
Definition.
Importance of transgenic animals.
Transgenic mice
Methods for introducing a foreign gene:
The retroviral vector method
The DNA microinjection method/ pronuclear microinjection
Genetically engineered embryonic stem cells
Transgenic fish
What is transgenic fish?
A few facts to know to know about transgenic fish.
Important points needed for genetic engineering (gene transfer) to produce transgenic fish.
Development of transgenic fishes.
A few examples
Auto-transgenesis.
Controlled culture of transgenic fish and feed.
Gene transfer technology for development of transgenic fishes.
Gene flow.
Food safety issues.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Introduction
History
Cell culture techniques
Species cloned
Approaches of cell cloning
Monolayer culture- Dilution cloning
Microtitration plate
Suspension culture- Cloning in agar
Cloning in methocel
Isolation of clone
By clonal rings
By suspension clone
Application of cell cloning
Conclusion
Reference
A gene knockout is a genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is made inoperative ("knocked out" of the organism). However, gene knockout can also refer to the gene that is knocked out or the organism that carries the gene knockout. Knockout organisms or simply knockouts are used to study gene function, usually by investigating the effect of gene loss. Researchers draw inferences from the difference between the knockout organism and normal individuals.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
NEED OF SYNCHRONIZATION
SYNCHRONOUS CULTURES CAN BE OBTAINED IN SEVERAL WAYS:
Physical fractionation .
Chemical appro ach
CENTRIFUGAL ELUTRIATION
Inhibition of DNA synthesis
Nutritional deprivation
SYNCHRONIZATION AT LOW TEMPERATURE
CELLULAR TOTIPOTENCY
SOME HIGHLIGHTS OF CELL SYNCHRONIZATION
REFERENCES
WHAT IS EMBRYONIC STEM CELL?
TYPES OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
RECENT RESEARCH OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
ADVANTAGES OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
LIMITATION OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL.
Introduction.
Definition.
Importance of transgenic animals.
Transgenic mice
Methods for introducing a foreign gene:
The retroviral vector method
The DNA microinjection method/ pronuclear microinjection
Genetically engineered embryonic stem cells
Transgenic fish
What is transgenic fish?
A few facts to know to know about transgenic fish.
Important points needed for genetic engineering (gene transfer) to produce transgenic fish.
Development of transgenic fishes.
A few examples
Auto-transgenesis.
Controlled culture of transgenic fish and feed.
Gene transfer technology for development of transgenic fishes.
Gene flow.
Food safety issues.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Introduction
History
Cell culture techniques
Species cloned
Approaches of cell cloning
Monolayer culture- Dilution cloning
Microtitration plate
Suspension culture- Cloning in agar
Cloning in methocel
Isolation of clone
By clonal rings
By suspension clone
Application of cell cloning
Conclusion
Reference
A gene knockout is a genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is made inoperative ("knocked out" of the organism). However, gene knockout can also refer to the gene that is knocked out or the organism that carries the gene knockout. Knockout organisms or simply knockouts are used to study gene function, usually by investigating the effect of gene loss. Researchers draw inferences from the difference between the knockout organism and normal individuals.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
NEED OF SYNCHRONIZATION
SYNCHRONOUS CULTURES CAN BE OBTAINED IN SEVERAL WAYS:
Physical fractionation .
Chemical appro ach
CENTRIFUGAL ELUTRIATION
Inhibition of DNA synthesis
Nutritional deprivation
SYNCHRONIZATION AT LOW TEMPERATURE
CELLULAR TOTIPOTENCY
SOME HIGHLIGHTS OF CELL SYNCHRONIZATION
REFERENCES
WHAT IS EMBRYONIC STEM CELL?
TYPES OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
RECENT RESEARCH OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
ADVANTAGES OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
LIMITATION OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL.
CANCER: A group of disease involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other part of the body.
CHEMOTHERAPY: the term chemotherapy is describe as the use of chemicals or drugs to treat cancer.
CYTOTOXIC DRUG: lysis both normal and cancer cells
Cloning(human cloning) sreenivas.m final pptSreenivas vasu
cloning types in detail .... easy ppt for seminars....................................................................................................................................................................................
Is the cloning a way for surving of humankind?
The cloning is an extraordinary method used nowadays quite often. But it presents a lot of prejudices and a lot of people think that it is too dangerous. So I have decided to present different types of cloning and their contribution for our life.
At the end, I show some disadvantages as well and I reply to the question asked in the title.
Just discover my work and ask me some questions, because I would like to show you my point of view.
#Scichallenge2017
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/sameer99932/gene-cloning
https://www.slideshare.net/kmm49/stem-cell-research-and-therapeutic-cloning?next_slideshow=1
https://www.neb.com/applications/cloning-and-synthetic-biology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21498/
https://www.neb.com/applications/cloning-and-synthetic-biology/pcr-cloning
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whatiscloning/
https://www.google.fr/search?q=cloning+dna&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLmtuA0vTSAhVCwxQKHTfYDWAQ_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=662#imgrc=cwNtgpdBcbf5dM:
https://www.google.cz/search?q=cloning+dna&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj75oyS1vTSAhXHvBQKHd0jAdEQ_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=662#tbm=isch&q=cloning+&*&imgrc=dRmArnbnO_G5oM:
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2031-dna-cloning
google pictures
https://www.camoinassociates.com/biotechnology-market-trends-what-economic-developers-need-know-1
https://www.google.cz/search?q=cloning+dna&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj75oyS1vTSAhXHvBQKHd0jAdEQ_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=662#tbm=isch&q=biotechnologie&*&imgrc=W7gqplQ-6DXMFM:
https://www.google.fr/search?q=beef+burger+stem+cell&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCm-ek5fTSAhVrB8AKHXVrBJ8Q_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=662#imgrc=iBUVaE_QE9PAfM:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whyclone/
This presentation deals with stem cell therapy & new avenues in stem cell therapy. It also discusses latest advances such as treatment against baldness, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, spinal cord injury, demyelinating diseases, deafness, eye, Parkinson's disease. Also discusses about umbilical cord stem cells and finally clinical trials without patients (organs on chips).
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Cloning
It is a process for making numerous copies of
organisms or cells or of individual genes which
are genetically identical.
It refers to the transfer of somatic cell’s nucleus
into an ovum, which then grows into an embryo
3. History
1952
Thomas J. King and Robert Briggs
Northern leopard frogs
1962:
John Gurdon
South African frogs
4. Early Frog Experiments
(gurdon’s Method)
John Gurdon began cloning experiments using non-
embryonic cells
Cells from intestinal lining of tadpoles
Exposed a frog egg to ultraviolet light, which
destroyed its nucleus
Removed the nucleus from the tadpole intestinal
cell and implanted it in the enucleated egg
Egg grew into a tadpole that was genetically identical
to the DNA-donating tadpole
5. iMpact of gurdon’s research
Gurdon’s experiments captured the attention of
the scientific community
Tools and techniques he developed for nuclear
transfer are still used today
1963- J. B. S. Haldane, in describing Gurdon’s
results, became one of the first to use the word
clone in reference to animals
6. 1964:
F.C. Steward cloned Carrot
1969: First gene isolation
1972: First recombinant DNA molecule
1977: Mouse
1983:
Nuclear transfer
7. 1984:
Steen Willadsen
Cloned a sheep from embryo cells
1986:
Nucleus of an adult cell can also be used
1996:
Ian Wilmut
Villainous sheep "Dolly"
8. Types of Cloning
Cloning is of three types which are as follows
(1) Recombinant DNA technology or DNA
cloning
(2) Reproductive cloning
(3) Therapeutc cloning
9. Recombinant DNA
technology or DNA cloning
DNA cloning, Molecular cloning, Gene cloning
The production of exact copies (clones) of a
particular gene or DNA sequence using genetic
engineering techniques.
10.
11.
12.
13. Reproductive Cloning
Technology to produce a genetically identical
organism or an animal with the same nuclear
DNA as an existing, or even an extinct, animal.
An embryo is produced through the removal
and transfer of nuclear material in a cell, and the
use of a growth medium
to manipulate that cell
into undergoing mitosis.
14.
15.
16. Cloning animals for
research
Cloning endangered
species
In order to expand
population
Cloning extinct species
To research their behavior
and other characteristics
18. Therapeutic Cloning
Embryo cloning
Nuclear transplantation of a patient’s own cells
to make an oocyte from which immune-
compatible cells (especially stem cells) can be
derived for transplant.
Not cloned humans or animals
Stem cells harvested at the stage of blastocyst
19. How is Therapeutic Cloning
Performed?
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Somatic cell
Nuclear
Transfer
20.
21. SCNT Process (1)
Remove the nucleus
from an unfertilized
egg cell (A).
(Done under a
microscope.)
Suction pipette (B)
Glass needle (C)
22. SCNT Process (2)
Gently push the glass
needle through the
tough shell that
surrounds the egg cell.
23. SCNT process (3)
The egg cell’s nucleus
(A) has been released
outside of the egg.
What remains is an
“enucleated” egg (B).
24. SCNT process (4)
•Inject the nucleus (at arrow)
from a donor cell into the
enucleated egg cell.
• Ease the tip of the glass
needle deep into the
enucleated egg cell.
Then, deposit the donor
nucleus.
25. SCNT process (5)
After completing the
nuclear transfer, the
unfertilized egg cell is
“activated” using a
chemical or electrical
treatment that
stimulates cellular
division.
26. SCNT process (6)
The proliferating cells
form a structure called a
blastocyst within days. It
is roughly the same size
as the egg cell.
The right-hand image shows
the blastocyst “hatching”
27. Difference B/W
Fertilization & SCNT
Fertilization = two set of chromosomes
one from sperm and one from egg
SCNT = two set of chromosomes
both from somatic cell as egg’s nucleus has
been removed
28.
29.
30.
31. 3 goals of therapeutic
cloning by SCNT in humans
Use embryo as source for ES cells
Use ES cells to generate an organ
In this case the organ generated will carry cells
with the same genetic markers as the patient
(recipient)
Correct genetic error in ESC in blastula stage
32. What Are Stem Cells?
Stem cells are the raw material from which
all of the body’s mature, differentiated cells
are made. Stem cells give rise to brain
cells, nerve cells, heart cells, pancreatic
cells, etc.
33. Special characteristics
of ALL stem cells
Self-renewal (proliferation)- the ability of a
stem cell to clone itself indefinitely by cell
division.
Relocation and Differentiation are abilities of
stem cells to “migrate” to where they’re
needed in the body and specialize into a
particular type of mature cell
34. What’s so special about
Stem Cells?
They have the potential to replace cell tissue
that has been damaged or destroyed by severe
illnesses.
They can replicate themselves over and over
for a very long time.
Understanding how stem cells develop into
healthy and diseased cells will assist the search
for cures.
35. Two Kinds of Stem Cells
Embryonic (also called “pluripotent”) stem
cells (ESC) are capable of developing into all the
cell types of the body.
Adult stem cells are less versatile and more
difficult to identify, isolate, and purify.
Stem cells have been found in the blood, bone
marrow, liver, kidney, cornea, dental
pulp, umbilical cord, brain, skin, muscle, salivary
gland .
43. Practical Issues
Some immune rejection may occur- WHY?
About 1% of the DNA in the clone will NOT
be identical to donor cell (patient)
It will be identical to egg cell used in SCNT
REASON: mitochonrial DNA in eggs
Human mitochondria carry about 13
genes, some of which code for surface
proteins
44. Large number of eggs needed for SCNT
To harvest large number of eggs:
Excessive hormone treatment of females
Surgery to retrieve eggs
Both can be harmful to female human
Cow/pig females may be used
Cow/pig eggs will carry species-specific
mitochondrial genes
Steadiness of stem cells