What is Stem Cell ?
History of Stem Cells ?
Stages of Embryogenesis
Blastocyst Diagram
Three types of stem cells
Differentiation of ESC
Adult Stem Cells
Bone Marrow
Umbilical cord stem cells
Factors known to affect stem cells
Niche cells activates Stem cells
Regenerative Medicine : Indian Scenario
iPSCs are pluripotent; unlike ESC, iPSCs are not derived from the embryo, but instead created from differentiated cells in the lab through a process – cellular reprogramming.
iPSCs are pluripotent; unlike ESC, iPSCs are not derived from the embryo, but instead created from differentiated cells in the lab through a process – cellular reprogramming.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Stem Cell Technology and its Clinical ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
Dr. Barkha Gupta has been teaching Veterinary Biochemistry as well as clinical physiology at CVAS, Udaipur and PGIVER, Jaipur. She has earlier served in various capacities in the Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Rajasthan. She has several publications and awards to her credit. She is the PI of M-RAJUVAS Android Educational Mobile Application for Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Kiosk Information System for Farmers/Livestock Owners. Dr. Gupta is also IFBA Certified Professional.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
Stem Cell Therapy: The Future is Here! Find Out About the Clinical Trial and ...Patients Medical
Dr. Kamau Kokayi, Director of New York Stem Cell Treatment Center at Patients Medical presents research on how stem cell therapy has helped patients already.
Stem Cell Therapy Clinical Trial at Patients MedicalPatients Medical
Dr. Kamau Kokayi from the New York Stem Cell Treatment Center at Patients Medical gives the latest information on the amazing discoveries and healing capacity of stem cells and details on enrolling in the current clinical trial at NYSCTC.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Stem Cell Technology and its Clinical ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
Dr. Barkha Gupta has been teaching Veterinary Biochemistry as well as clinical physiology at CVAS, Udaipur and PGIVER, Jaipur. She has earlier served in various capacities in the Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Rajasthan. She has several publications and awards to her credit. She is the PI of M-RAJUVAS Android Educational Mobile Application for Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Kiosk Information System for Farmers/Livestock Owners. Dr. Gupta is also IFBA Certified Professional.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
Stem Cell Therapy: The Future is Here! Find Out About the Clinical Trial and ...Patients Medical
Dr. Kamau Kokayi, Director of New York Stem Cell Treatment Center at Patients Medical presents research on how stem cell therapy has helped patients already.
Stem Cell Therapy Clinical Trial at Patients MedicalPatients Medical
Dr. Kamau Kokayi from the New York Stem Cell Treatment Center at Patients Medical gives the latest information on the amazing discoveries and healing capacity of stem cells and details on enrolling in the current clinical trial at NYSCTC.
Dr. Kenneth Dickie from Royal Centre of Plastic Surgery in Barrie, Ontario explained the use of stem cells technology in plastic surgery.
If you have any questions, please contact Dr. Kenneth Dickie at http://royalcentreofplasticsurgery.com/
Dr. Steenblock treats patients suffering from Macular Degeneration using Stem Cell Treatments. Contact his office today at 1-800-300-1063. Websites:
www.stemcellmd.org
www.strokedoctor.com
www.stemcelltherapies.org
www.cerebralpalsycure.com
www.davidsteenblock.com
www.davidsteenblock.net
What to know before getting stem cells - short versionMegan Hughes
Dr. Hughes discusses stem cell types including embryonic vs. adult stem cells, multipotent vs. pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal vs peripheral blood-based stem cells, and how to make a stem cell decision. Learn more at http://aspenintegrativemedicine.com/adult-stem-cells/
The ISSCR is an independent, nonprofit organization providin.docxoreo10
The ISSCR is an independent, nonprofit
organization providing a global forum for
stem cell research and regenerative medicine.
Stem Cell
Facts
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are the foundation cells for every organ and
tissue in our bodies. The highly specialized cells that make
up these tissues originally came from an initial pool of stem
cells formed shortly after fertilization. Throughout our lives,
we continue to rely on stem cells to replace injured tissues
and cells that are lost every day, such as those in our skin,
hair, blood and the lining of our gut. Stem cells have two
key properties: 1) the ability to self-renew, dividing in a
way that makes copies of themselves, and 2) the ability to
differentiate, giving rise to the mature types of cells that
make up our organs and tissues.
Tissue-specific stem cells
Tissue-specific stem cells, which are sometimes referred to
as “adult” or “somatic” stem cells, are already somewhat
specialized and can produce some or all of the mature
cell types found within the particular tissue or organ in
which they reside. Because of their ability to generate
multiple, organ-specific, cell types, they are described as
“multipotent.” For example, stem cells found within the
adult brain are capable of making neurons and two types of
glial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Tissue-specific stem cells have been found in several organs
that need to continuously replenish themselves, such as the
blood, skin and gut and have even been found in other, less
regenerative, organs such as the brain. These types of stem
cells represent a very small population and are often buried
deep within a given tissue, making them difficult to identify,
isolate and grow in a laboratory setting.
Neuron – Dr. Gerry Shaw, EnCor Biotechnology Inc.
Astrocyte – Abcam Inc.
Oligodendrocyte – Dhaunchak and Nave (2007).
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:17813-8
www.isscr.org
Embryonic stem cells
Embryonic stem cells have been derived from a variety
of species, including humans, and are described as
“pluripotent,” meaning that they can generate all the
different types of cells in the body. Embryonic stem cells
can be obtained from the blastocyst, a very early stage
of development that consists of a mostly hollow ball of
approximately 150-200 cells and is barely visible to the
naked eye. At this stage, there are no organs, not even
blood, just an “inner cell mass” from which embryonic stem
cells can be obtained. Human embryonic stem cells are
derived primarily from blastocysts that were created by
in vitro fertilization (IVF) for assisted reproduction but
were no longer needed.
The fertilized egg and the cells that immediately arise in the
first few divisions are “totipotent.” This means that, under
the right conditions, they can generate a viable embryo
(including support tissues such as the placenta). Within a
matter of days, however, these cells transition to become
pluripote ...
A Brief History of Regenerative MedicineJohn Makohen
In the presentation ISREGEN outlines the history of regenerative medicine fro it's earliest days when Robert Briggs and Thomas King began cloning frogs to the present medicinal advancements in stem cell research and repair.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. Gold medalist in medicine
Has felicitated by national and International
awards for the outstanding work in the field of
Regenerative Medicine
Recently felicitated by Ohio State University
and was invited for the advanced training in organ
development at US
He has several research and scientific
publications on his name
A well transplant surgeon in the field of
regenerative medicine, treated more than 2000
patients with cellular medicine
Has represented several National and
International conference as a chief guest & chief
Achievements
3. • Introduction of Stem cells as the building blocks
• Stem cells – types
• Practical Experience
• Future - Drug Discovery in a dish
- Organ Shop- fiction or reality?
- Organ Development – 3D printing technology
- Organ Development – Minimal Invasive Technique
- Silicon chip technology
• A paradigm shift from traditional medicine to cellular medicine – New
dimensions
• Revamping of complete Regenerative Medicine
4. 1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human embryos
1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making cells from cadavers
2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research
2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International creates $20 million
fund-raising effort to support stem-cell research
2002 - California ok stem cell research
2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos using private funding
2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells
Stem Cell HistoryStem Cell History
5. Stem Cell – Definition
A cell that has the ability to
continuously divide and differentiate
(develop) into various other kind(s)
of cells/tissues
9. Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC): received from:
Embryos created in vitro fertilization
Aborted embryos
Adult Stem Cells (ASC): can be received from:
Limited tissues (bone marrow, muscle, brain)
Discrete populations of adult stem cells generate replacements for
cells that are lost through normal wear and tear, injury or disease.
• IPSC’s reprogrammed cells
10. This cell
Can form the
Embryo and placenta
This cell
Can just form the
embryo
Fully mature
11.
12. • Skin
• Fat Cells
• Bone marrow
• Brain
• Many other organs
& tissues
Adult Stem Cells
An undifferentiated cells found
among specialized or differentiated
cells in a tissue or organ after birth
13.
14. Bone Marrow
Found in spongy bone where blood cells form
Used to replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow with
healthy bone marrow stem cells.
treat patients diagnosed with leukemia, aplastic anemia,
and lymphomas
Need a greater histological immunocompatibility
15. Umbilical cord stem cells
Also Known as Wharton’s Jelly
Adult stem cells of infant origin
Less invasive than bone marrow
Greater compatibility
Less expensive
16. Factors known to affect stem cells
Low stress levels
Regular exercise
Enriching experiences
Learning new information
Healthy diets: rich in antioxidants
Avoid excessive drinking
17. Dynamic world ; Communication and information
Inside our body their is a microscopic world busy and complex like the world
around us. This world is maintained by stem cells
18. Signals to Stem Cells
Other Cells
Matrix Molecules
Self-Renewal
Soluble Factors
Differentiation
Little, et al. Chemical Reviews (2008).
19. Health Crisis :
Escalating Cost
Research
Longevity of life
Limitations in treatments
Auto Immune disease
Organ Failures
Genetic disease
Cancer
Degenerative / Development / Congenital
20. INDIA SPENDS US $ 22.7 BILLION ON HEALTHCARE
5.2% of GDP
Total
Healthcare
Pharma Healthcare
delivery
21. THAILAND INDIA
Heart Surgery
Auto Immune Disease
Organ Failure
Knee Replacement
Cosmetic Surgery
7,500
-------
-------
8,000
3,500
6,000
26,000
69,000
6,000
2,000
40,000
2,50,000
3,00,000
20,000
20,000
UK
23,000
1,50,000
2,00,000
12,000
10,000
Global Cost
COST (US$)PROCEDURE
US
22. Innovations are required…
new treatment therapies are required………..
“We can’t solve the problem by using the same kind of
thinking we used when we created them”
- Albert Einstein
Regenerative Medicine
25. Injection in organs directly.
Transplantation of differentiated cells (in vitro) in organs.
Injections in circulation.
Endogenous cells mobilations by repair cytokines , endogenous, growth
hormones and growth factors
Heart & brain Very Slow Proliferation
Skin & Liver Fast Proliferation
Cellular genetic and nano molecular therapies
Tissue engineering in vitro and in vivo
26. Autologous Cellular Therapy for…
Skin burns, skin wounds, ulcers…
Elephantiasis
Orthopedic conditions ( AVN, Arthritis, Bony Fractures and many more)
Diabetes Mellitus and other Autoimmune Conditions
COPD, OCD, Cardiac Ischemia
etc…
37. 1 Orthopedic Conditions ( AVN, OA, Bony fractures, sport injuries)
2 Neuro degenerative and developmental
3 Autoimmune Conditions (MS,AS,RA,DB1, AA etc)
4 Skeleto Muscular (DMD,LGMD, BMD
5 Burns, venous ulcers and non healing wounds
6 Diabetic gangrene wounds
7 Cosmetics
8 Others (Liver Cirrohosis, Elephantiasis, COPD, OCD, ED etc)
38.
39. “I have thought a lot about stem cells , and I am sure that
when the historians will look back at the 20th
century…the
greatest scientific achievement will not be from the field of
space technology or computer technology but will be from the
tissue engineering and genetic medicine.”
-Michael Goulian
-ABC Scientific News Reporter,
29-9-1999.
40. It takesatornado to clear the
air
RegenerativeMedicine in the
Midst of the collapsing Health Care
asatropical storm
42. Invention of IPSC’s – Reprogramming of somatic skin
cells,
Embryonic Transcription factors : Oct4, Sox2, KLF4,
Cmyc
Developing all 220 types of cells.
“ Its not a science fiction . Its stem cells research led to
never before in the history of medical science. Such a
gift received to humans – Stem Cells- which can
regenerate the cells to tissue to the organs”
43.
44.
45. More than 2000 patients treated
One of the leader in therapeutic applications of stem cells
Full equipped facility for sample processing, research and quality
control
Trained laboratory and clinical personnel
Conducting PhD/ M.Sc courses in Stem cells in collaboration with
ITM
Currently working on several research projects covering mostly
clinical disorder in human being
49. “We live in a time where the words impossible and unsolvable
are no longer part of scientific community’s vocabulary. Each
day we move closer to trials that will not just minimize the
symptoms of diseases and injury but eliminates them”
-Christopher Reeve
50. Stem cells therapy & anti ageing center at 7 Hills hospital, Andheri,
Mumbai
Stem cells therapy center at Rabale, Navi Mumbai
51.
52.
53. Dr.P V Mahajan at AICRACM
discussion with ex-President of India
smt. Pratibha patil
discussion with first Ayush cabinet minister
Shripad Naik
54. in Technical discussion with Luc
Montagnier (2008 Nobel laureate)
Dr. P V Mahajan at H3C
Conference
with Prof. K Chandan Sen, Executive
Director,Ohio State University
55. Union Minister Dr. JP Nadda in the conference
Dr. P V Mahajan at H3C
Conference
56.
57. Dr. P V Mahajan Invited by Ohio State University, USA
for Advanced Tissue Culture Training
with Wound healing specialist Dr.Scott
Scrape, Director, Transfusion Medicine,
Ohio State University
with Dr.Serber, Regenerative Medicine,
Ohio State University
58.
59.
60. “ You carry your own repairing kits
in your body”
Editor's Notes
Stem cells are different from other cells of the body in that they have the ability to differentiate into other cell/tissue types. This ability allows them to replace cells that have died. With this ability, they have been used to replace defective cells/tissues in patients who have certain diseases or defects.
The early stages of embryogenesis are the point at which embryonic stem cell lines are derived. The fertilized egg (day 1) undergoes cell division to form a 2-cell embryo, followed by 4-cell, etc. until a ball of cells is formed by the fourth day. The ball becomes hollow, forming the blastocyst. This is the stage at which pluripotent embryonic stem cell lines are generated. Following the blastocyst stage, the tissues of the embryo start to form and the cells become multipotent.
CLICK! This diagram will eventually show the entire range of development, from fertilized egg to mature cell types in the body.
Each cell in the 8-cell embryo, here in red, can generate every cell in the embryo as well as the placenta and extra-embryonic tissues. These cells are called CLICK! TOTIPOTENT stem cells. Why are they called totipotent? (wait for answers) Because one red cell can potentially make all necessary tissues for development. CLICK!
During In Vitro Fertilization, can parents choose whether their baby is going to be a boy or a girl? (wait) Yes, there is a widely-practiced procedure called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, where one cell is removed from the 8-cell embryo and its DNA is examined. What might you look for when trying to identify the embryo’s sex? (wait) If there’s an X and Y chromosome it’s a boy and if there are two X’s it’s a girl. The parents can decide whether to implant it. Also parents with a genetic disease might want to see if their baby has any identifiable genetic disorders and decide whether to implant based on this information. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis doesn’t destroy the embryo. Scientists are attempting to adapt this pre-implantation genetic diagnosis procedure and use it to create a stem cell line from one single TOTIPOTENT cell, without destroying the embryo.
The embryonic stem cells inside the blastocyst, here in purple, can generate every cell in the body except placenta and extra-embryonic tissues. These are called CLICK! PLURIPOTENT stem cells…why? (wait for answers) Because they can differentiate into all the 200+ cell types in the body, but they do not form the placenta. CLICK! Pluripotent stem cells can be isolated and grown in culture, or left to develop into more specialized cells in the body.
CLICK! Adult stem cells or tissue-specific stem cells have restricted lineages. Adult stem cells show up when the three distinct layers form in the 14-day-old embryo, and are present in the fetus, baby, child, and so forth. Adult just means they’ve gone further down their lineage pathway than the initial stem cells in the embryo. They are called CLICK! MULTIPOTENT stem cells because they will only become mature cells from the tissue in which they reside. Adult stem cells are present throughout your life and replace fully mature CLICK!, yet damaged and dying cells.
So to review (if time): TOTIPOTENT stem cells come from embryos that are less than 3 days old. These cells can make the TOTAL human being because they can form the placenta and all other tissues. PLURIPOTENT stem cells come from embryos that are 5-14 days old. Embryos and fetuses that are older than 14 days DO NOT contain pluripotent cells. These cells can form every cell type in the body but not the placenta. MULTIPOTENT stem cells are also called adult stem cells and these appear in the 14 day old embryo and beyond. At this point these stem cells will continue down certain lineages and CANNOT naturally turn back into pluripotent cells or switch lineages.
1990s that scientists agreed that the adult brain does contain stem cells that are able to generate the brain's three major cell types—astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, which are non-neuronal cells, and neurons, or nerve cells.
A. Where are adult stem cells found, and what do they normally do?
Adult stem cells have been identified in many organs and tissues, including brain, bone marrow, peripheral blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver, ovarian epithelium, and testis. They are thought to reside in a specific area of each tissue (called a "stem cell niche"). In many tissues, current evidence suggests that some types of stem cells are pericytes, cells that compose the outermost layer of small blood vessels. Stem cells may remain quiescent (non-dividing) for long periods of time until they are activated by a normal need for more cells to maintain tissues, or by disease or tissue injury.
Typically, there is a very small number of stem cells in each tissue, and once removed from the body, their capacity to divide is limited, making generation of large quantities of stem cells difficult. Scientists in many laboratories are trying to find better ways to grow large quantities of adult stem cells in cell culture and to manipulate them to generate specific cell types so they can be used to treat injury or disease. Some examples of potential treatments include regenerating bone using cells derived from bone marrow stroma, developing insulin-producing cells for type 1 diabetes, and repairing damaged heart muscle following a heart attack with cardiac muscle cells.
B. What tests are used for identifying adult stem cells?
Scientists often use one or more of the following methods to identify adult stem cells: (1) label the cells in a living tissue with molecular markers and then determine the specialized cell types they generate; (2) remove the cells from a living animal, label them in cell culture, and transplant them back into another animal to determine whether the cells replace (or "repopulate") their tissue of origin.
Importantly, it must be demonstrated that a single adult stem cell can generate a line of genetically identical cells that then gives rise to all the appropriate differentiated cell types of the tissue. To confirm experimentally that a putative adult stem cell is indeed a stem cell, scientists tend to show either that the cell can give rise to these genetically identical cells in culture, and/or that a purified population of these candidate stem cells can repopulate or reform the tissue after transplant into an animal.
So if growth factors and hormones affect stem cell functions, then our lifestyles…. our experiences and behaviors…. are also likely to influence homeostatic stem-cell related processes—for example, regular cell turnover in blood and skin, wound healing throughout the body, and even our sensory and cognitive abilities when it comes to adult stem cells in the brain.
So not surprisingly, what is good for your body (point to bullets) is good for your stem cells…. and so, what’s good for your stem cells is also good for your body. Why? Because the regulation of stem cells not only plays a really important role in various disease states but also these proliferative cells actively participate in maintaining our overall health. If you’re good to your stem cells, they’ll be good to you.
(This is a single mouse embryonic stem cell on silicon nanotubes.)
Cells stick and respond to molecules embedded in their extracellular environment (top left). They also respond to chemicals or molecules floating around in the liquid surrounding them (middle left). Cells can feel and communicate with each other (bottom left), and also can respond to forces. How might an embryonic stem cell respond if it touches a bunch of muscle cells? (wait for answers) It might differentiate into a muscle fiber. How do you think that same stem cell would respond to culture with a bunch of neurons? (wait) It’ll turn into a neuron.
Here, this stem cell is going to make a decision to self-renew or differentiate based on the individual components and combinations of these factors in the extracellular environment.