This presentation discusses the basics about how to realize logic functions using Static CMOS logic. This presentation discusses about how to realize a Boolean expression by drawing a Pull-up network and a pull-down network. It also briefs about the pass transistor logic and the concepts of weak and strong outputs.
This presentation has given a brief introduction and working of CMOS Logic Structures which includes MOS logic, CMOS logic, CMOS logic structure, CMOS complementary logic, pass transistor logic, bi CMOS logic, pseudo –nMOS logic, CMOS domino logic, Cascode Voltage Switch Logic(CVSL), clocked CMOS logic(c²mos), dynamic CMOS logic
Presentation on various logic families like RTL, DTL, TTL, IIL etc with diagram, advantages and limitations plus some basic concepts like fan out, noise margin, propagation delay.
This presentation discusses the basics about how to realize logic functions using Static CMOS logic. This presentation discusses about how to realize a Boolean expression by drawing a Pull-up network and a pull-down network. It also briefs about the pass transistor logic and the concepts of weak and strong outputs.
This presentation has given a brief introduction and working of CMOS Logic Structures which includes MOS logic, CMOS logic, CMOS logic structure, CMOS complementary logic, pass transistor logic, bi CMOS logic, pseudo –nMOS logic, CMOS domino logic, Cascode Voltage Switch Logic(CVSL), clocked CMOS logic(c²mos), dynamic CMOS logic
Presentation on various logic families like RTL, DTL, TTL, IIL etc with diagram, advantages and limitations plus some basic concepts like fan out, noise margin, propagation delay.
Introduction to Sequential DevicesChapter 66.1 M.docxbagotjesusa
Introduction to Sequential Devices
Chapter 6
6.1 Models for Sequential CircuitsElevator example:
6.1.1 Block Diagram representation
Memory devices:
- Semiconductor Flip-Flops
- Magnetic devices
- Delay lines
- Mechanical relays
- Rotation switches
- Etc…
This circuit can be represented by the following equations:
Vector Notation:
- All the vectors are time dependant
- Vector y has the value y(tk) at time tk.
- Input signals xi and output signal zi may assume a variety of forms
6.1.2 State Tables and DiagramsThe state diagram is a graphical representation of a sequential circuit in which the states are represented by circles and state transition of the circuit are shown by arrows.
State table : all circuit input vectors are listed across the top, while all state vectors are listed down the left side. Entries in the table are the next state and the output.
In practice, the state diagrams and tables are usually labeled using symbols rather than vectors. For example consider a sequential circuit with two present state variables y1, and y2. Then y= [y1 , y2]Therefore the vector y can have any of the four possible values:
In general, if r represents the number of memory devices (number of states) in a circuit with Ns states then
Example: Consider the following sequential circuit with one input x, two state variables y1 and y2, and one output z.
The state diagram is:
Let assume that the circuit is initially in state A. now consider the application of the following input sequence to the circuit:
Hence the input sequence applied to the machine in state A cause the output sequence
Z=0100110111
And leaves the circuit in its final state C.
6.2 Memory Devices-Most memory elements are bistable electronic circuits, that is, they exist indefinitely in one of two possible states, 0 and 1. - Binary data are stored in a memory element by placing the element into the 0 state to store 0 and into the 1 state to store 1. - The output of the memory indicates the present state. - The input of the memory indicates the next state. - Each memory element has one or more excitation inputs, so called because they are used to “excite” or drive the circuit into the desired state.
Two memory element types
The Two memory element types most commonly used in switching circuits are latches and flip-flops.1- LATCHES
A latch is a memory element whose excitation input signals control the state of
the device
A set latch: the excitation input forces the output of the device to 1.
A Reset latch: the excitation inputs force the device output to 0.
A Set-Reset latch: a latch with both set and reset excitation signals.
Timing Diagram of SR LATCH
2- FLIP-FLOP:
A flip-flop differs from a latch in that it has a
control signal called clock. The clock signal
issues a command to the flip-flop, allowing it
to change states in accordance with its
excitation input signals.
- In both latches and flip-flops, the next s.
Functional block, characteristics of 555 Timer and its PWM application – IC-566 voltage controlled oscillator IC; 565-phase locked loop IC, AD633 Analog multiplier ICs.
The Reason Why we use master slave JK flip flop instead of simple level triggered flip flop is Racing condition which can be successfully avoided using two SR latches fed with inverted clocks.
SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS (FLIP FLOPS AND LATCHES)Sairam Adithya
this presentation is about the sequential logic circuits, mainly concentrating on flip-flops and latches. a unique feature in this presentation is the incorporation of circuit images generated from Multisim software imparting practical knowledge to the users. this consists of both the active low and high versions of different circuits.
body language.. in interview & while giving presentationSakshi Bhargava
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and how to giva a presentation more confidently.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdf
Sequential cmos logic circuits
1. MODY UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
VLSI-EC 545
SEQUENTIAL CMOS LOGIC CIRCUITS
BY: SAKSHI BHARGAVA
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• BEHAVIOUR OF BISTABLE ELEMENTS
• SR LATCH CIRCUITS
• CLOCKED LATCH AND FLIPFLOP CIRCUITS
• CMOS D LATCH AND EDGE TRIGGERED FLIP FLOP
4. • BISTABLE: as their name implies, two stable states or operation modes, each of
which can be attained under certain input and output conditions.
• MONOSTABLE: have only one stable operating point (state). Even if the circuit
experiences an external perturbation, the output eventually returns to the single
stable state after a certain time period.
• ASTABLE: there is no stable operating point or state which the circuit can
preserve for a certain time period. Consequently, the output of an astable circuit
must oscillate without settling into a stable operating mode.
• NOTE: Among these three main groups of regenerative circuit types, the
bistable circuits are by far the most widely used 'and the most important class.
All basic latch and flip-flop circuits, registers, and memory elements used in
digital systems fall into this category
5. Behavior of Bistable Elements
• There are two stable stated of bistable elements as shown.
• If the circuit is initially operating at one of the two stable points,
it will preserve this state unless it is forced externally to change its
state.
• the gain of each inverter circuit, i.e., the slope of the voltage
transfer curves, is smaller than unity at the two stable operating points.
Thus, in order to change the state by moving the operating point from
one stable point to the other, a sufficiently large external voltage
perturbation must be applied so that the voltage gain of the inverter
loop becomes larger than unity
6. • It is seen that the potential energy is at
its minimum at two of the three
operating points, since the voltage gains
of both inverters are equal to zero. By
contrast, the energy attains a maximum
at the operating point at which the
voltage gains of both inverters are
maximum.
• at the unstable operating point of this
circuit, all four transistors are in
saturation, resulting in maximum loop
gain for the circuit. If the initial
operating condition is set at this point,
any small voltage perturbation will cause
significant changes in the operating
modes of the transistors.
• Thus, we expect the output voltages of
the two inverters to diverge and
eventually settle at VOH and VOL,
respectively, as illustrated
7. SR Latch Circuit
• the circuit structure of the simple CMOS SR
latch, which has two such triggering inputs,
S (set) and R (reset).
• the SR latch is also called an SR flip-flop, since
two stable states can be switched back and
forth.
• The circuit consists of two CMOS NOR2 gates.
• One of the input terminals of each NOR gate is
used to cross-couple to the output of the other
NOR gate, while the second input enables
triggering of the circuit.
8. Truth table of NOR based SR latch circuit
S R 𝑸 𝒏+𝟏 𝑸 𝒏+𝟏 Operation
0 0 𝑄 𝑛 𝑄 𝑛 Hold
1 0 1 0 Set
0 1 0 1 Reset
1 1 0 0 Not allowed
if S is equal to "0" and R is equal to " 1," then the output node Q will be forced to "0" while Q is forced to "1.“
Thus, with this input combination, the latch is reset, regardless of its previously held state.
Finally, consider the case in which both of the inputs S and R are equal to logic “1 .“
In this case, both output nodes will be forced to logic "0," which conflicts with the complementarity of Q and Q.
Therefore, this input combination is not permitted during normal operation and is considered to be a not allowed
condition.
9. Operation of the CMOS SR Latch
• If the set input (S) is equal to VOH and the
reset input (R) is equal to VOL, both of the
parallel-connected transistors Ml and M2
will be on. Consequently, the voltage on
node Q will assume a logic-low level of VOL
= 0.
• At the same time, both M3 and M4 are
turned off, which results in a logic-high
voltage VOH at node Q. If the reset input
(R) is equal to VOH and the set input (S) is
equal to VOL, the situation will be reversed
(Ml and M2 turned off and M3 and M4
turned on).
• When both of the input voltages are equal
to VOL' on the other hand, there are two
possibilities. Depending on the previous
state of the SR latch, either M2 or M3 will
be on, while both of the trigger transistors
MI and M4 are off. This will generate a
logic-low level of VOL = O at one of the
output nodes, while the complementary
output node is at VOH.
10. SR Latch with NAND gate
NAND SR latch responds to active low input signals whereas
NOR SR latch responds to active high input signals.
11. Depletion load nMOS SR latch
CMOS SR Latch circuit based on NOR2 gate
CMOS SR Latch circuit based on NAND 2 gate
12. CLOCKED LATCH AND FLIPFLOP CIRCUITS
CLOCKED SR LATCH
• Asynchronous sequential circuits, which will respond
to the changes occurring in input signals at a circuit-delay-dependent
time point during their operation.
• To facilitate synchronous operation,
the circuit response can be controlled simply by adding a
gating clock signal to the circuit,
so that the outputs will respond to the input levels only
during the active period of a clock pulse.
• It can be seen that if the clock (CK) is equal to logic "0," the input signals have no influence upon the circuit response.
• When the clock input goes to logic " 1," the logic levels applied to the S and R inputs are permitted to reach the SR latch,
and possibly change its state.
• the circuit is strictly level-sensitive during active clock phases, i.e., any changes occurring. in the S and R input voltages
when the CK level is equal to " 1 " will be reflected onto the circuit outputs.
13. clocked NOR-based SR latch circuit.
Sample input and output waveforms illustrating the
operation of the clocked NOR based SR latch circuit.
Both input signals S and R as well as the clock signal CK are active low in case of NAND.
15. CLOCKED JK LATCH
Gate level schematic of the clocked
NAND – based JK Latch
• The J and K inputs in this circuit correspond to the
set and reset inputs of the basic SR latch.
• When the clock is active, the latch can be set with
the input combination (J = '1," K = "0"), and it can
be reset with the input combination (J = "0," K =
"1").
• If both inputs are equal to logic "0," the latch
preserves its current state.
• If, on the other hand, both inputs are equal to " 1
" during the active clock phase, the latch simply
switches its state due to feedback.
16. Detailed truth table of the JK Latch circuit
J K 𝑸 𝒏 𝑸 𝒏 S R 𝑸 𝒏+𝟏 𝑸 𝒏+𝟏 Operati
-on
0 0 0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
hold
0 1 0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
reset
1 0 0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
set
1 1 0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
toggle
All NAND implementation of
the clocked JK latch circuit
17. a) Gate level schematic of the
clocked NOR based JK Latch
b) CMOS realization of the JK Latch
18. NOTE:
• If both inputs are equal to logic " 1 " during the active phase of the clock
pulse, the output of the circuit will oscillate (toggle) continuously until
either the clock becomes inactive (goes to zero), or one of the input signals
goes to zero.
• To prevent this undesirable timing problem, the clock pulse width must be
made smaller than the input-to-output propagation delay of the JK latch
circuit.
• This restriction dictates that the clock signal must go low before the
output level has an opportunity to switch again, which prevents
uncontrolled oscillation of the output.
19. MASTER SLAVE FLIP-FLOP
operating principle: the two cascaded stages are activated with opposite clock
phases.
Master slave flip flop consisting of NAND based JK
Latches.
WORKING:
• The input latch in called the "master," is
activated when the clock pulse is high. During
this phase, the inputs J and K allow data to be
entered into the flip-flop, and the first-stage
outputs are set according to the primary
inputs.
• When the clock pulse goes to zero, the master
latch becomes inactive and the second-stage
latch, called the "slave," becomes active. The
output levels of the flip-flop circuit are
determined during this second phase, based
on the master-stage outputs set in the
previous phase.
20. Input and output waveforms of the master-slave flip-flop
• The circuit is never transparent, i.e., a
change occurring in the primary
inputs is never reflected directly to
the outputs.
• Eliminates the possibility of
uncontrolled oscillations since only
one stage is active at any given time.
• Has the potential problem of " 1’s
catching." When the clock pulse is
high, a narrow glitch in one of the
inputs, for instance a glitch in the J
line (or K line), may set (or reset) the
master latch and thus cause an
unwanted state transition, which will
then be propagated into the slave
stage during the following phase.
21. CMOS D-Latch and Edge – Triggered Flip-Flop
Gate level schematic view of
the D-Latch
Block diagram view of
the D-Latch
• Gate-level schematic that the output Q
assumes the value of the input D when the
clock is active, i.e., for CK = "1.“
• When the clock signal goes to zero, the output
will simply preserve its state. Thus, the CK
input acts as an enable signal which allows
data to be accepted into the D-latch.
• Used for temporary storage of data or as a
delay element.
22. CMOS implementation of the D-Latch
• The TG at the input is activated by the CK
signal, whereas the TG in the inverter loop is
activated by the inverse of the CK signal, CK.
• Thus, the input signal is accepted (latched)
into the circuit when the clock is high, and
this information is preserved as the state of
the inverter loop when the clock is low.
• The operation of the CMOS D-latch circuit
can be better visualized by replacing the
CMOS transmission gates with simple
switches
23. • D input must be stable for a short time before
(setup time, tsetup) and after (hold time, thold) the
negative clock transition, during which the input
switch opens and the loop switch closes.
• Once the inverter loop is completed by closing the
loop switch, the output will preserve its valid level.
• In the D-latch design, the requirements for setup
time and hold time should be met carefully.
• Any violation of such specifications can cause
metastability problems which lead to seemingly
chaotic transient behavior, and can result in an
unpredictable state after the transitional period.
• The transparency property makes the application of
this D-latch unsuitable for counters and some data
storage implementations.
Simplified schematic view
Timing diagram of the CMOS D-Latch
24. CMOS implementation of D-Latch
• The first tri-state inverter acts as the
input switch, accepting the input signal
when the clock is high.
• At this time, the second tristate inverter
is at its high-impedance state, and the
output Q is following the input signal.
• When the clock goes low, the input
buffer becomes inactive, and the second
tristate inverter completes the two-
inverter loop, which preserves its state
until the next clock pulse.
D Flip-flop with Tristate inverter
25. Master–Slave D Flip-flop
• The two-stage master-slave flip-flop
circuit shown in Fig, which is constructed
by simply cascading two, D-latch circuits.
• The first stage (master) is driven by the
clock signal, while the second stage
(slave) is driven by the inverted clock
signal.
• Thus, the master stage is positive level-
sensitive, while the slave stage is
negative level-sensitive.
• When the clock is, high, the master
stage follows the D input while the slave
stage holds the previous value.
• When the clock changes from logic "1"
to logic “0" the master latch ceases to
sample the input and stores the D value
at the time of the clock transition.
CMOS negative edge-triggered master – slave DFF
26. • At the same time, the slave latch becomes transparent, passing the stored master
value Qm to the output of the slave stage, Qs.
• The input cannot affect the output because the master stage is disconnected from
the D input.
• When the clock changes again from logic 0" to 1," the slave latch locks in the
master latch output and the master stage starts sampling the input again.
Output waveform
of the
CMOS DFF
27. NAND based positive edge DFF
Timing diagram of the positive edge-triggerd DFF