Respiratory centers
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The document discusses control of respiration through the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain. It contains three main areas - the medullary rhythmicity area which controls breathing rhythm, the pneumotaxic area which regulates transition between inhalation and exhalation, and the apneustic area which stimulates deep inhalation. Chemoreceptors in the brain and bloodstream provide feedback to the respiratory center in response to oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to regulate breathing rate and depth.
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Respiratory centers
This document discusses the control of respiration by the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain. It describes three key areas that control respiration: 1) The medullary rhythmicity area controls the rhythm of breathing and generates nerve impulses for inhalation and exhalation. 2) The pneumotaxic area inhibits the inspiratory area to end inhalation before the lungs become too full. 3) The apneustic area stimulates deep, long inhalation by activating the inspiratory area. Together these three areas of the respiratory center precisely regulate the rhythm and depth of breathing.
Surface tension, compliance, Air way resistance, Diffusion
1. The document discusses various pulmonary function tests including alveolar surface tension, lung compliance, airway resistance, and diffusion capacity of the lungs.
2. It explains that surface tension in the alveoli is due to water molecule interactions and causes alveolar collapse without surfactant. Surfactant reduces surface tension to prevent collapse.
3. Compliance refers to the change in lung volume with pressure change and is affected by lung and chest wall elasticity. Higher compliance means easier expansion of the lungs.
Regulation of respiration
This document discusses the two main mechanisms that control respiration: the neural and chemical mechanisms. It describes in detail the various centers in the brainstem that control respiration, including the dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group, pneumotaxic center, and apneustic center. It also discusses the voluntary, automatic, and reflex control of respiration, including various reflexes like the Hering-Breuer reflex. Other factors that can affect respiration like sleep and receptors outside the respiratory system are also summarized.
Respiratory physiology h.o.d.
This document provides an overview of respiratory physiology, including:
1. It describes the functional anatomy of the respiratory system from the nose to the alveoli.
2. It defines and explains various lung volumes and capacities that are measured by spirometry, such as tidal volume, functional residual capacity, and closing capacity.
3. It covers topics related to gas exchange including the roles of surfactant and preoxygenation in increasing oxygen stores in the lungs.
4. It discusses the concepts of ventilation, dead space, and the measurement of physiological dead space using the Bohr equation.
Control Of Ventilation
This document summarizes control of ventilation through both voluntary and involuntary mechanisms. Voluntary control allows us to override the automatic breathing rhythm, while involuntary control is mediated by brainstem centers that generate rhythmic breathing patterns. These centers are sensitive to chemical signals from the blood, especially carbon dioxide levels, such that increases in CO2 or decreases in pH trigger higher ventilation rates to maintain homeostasis.
Pulmonary circulation
This document provides an overview of pulmonary circulation. It discusses:
1) The functional anatomy of the three circulations in the lungs - pulmonary, bronchial, and lymphatic.
2) The characteristic features of pulmonary circulation including its low pressure, resistance, and high capacitance.
3) The regulation of pulmonary blood flow through neural and chemical control mechanisms like hypoxia and hypercapnia.
4) How factors like gravity and exercise can impact regional pulmonary blood flow and alveolar ventilation.
Lungs volume and capacites
it contains all the physiology of lung volume and capacity.
in this we study:-
introduction
lung volume
lung capacities
measurements of lung volume and capacities.
measurement of FRC and RV.
vital capacity.
FEV
RMV
MBC
PEFR
restrictive and obstructive respiratory disease.
Respiratory physiology
One of the academic presentations reflecting the Academic activity at Grande International Hospital, Dhapasi, Kathmandu; an initiative of our HOD of ED, Dr. Ajay Singh Thapa.
Recommended
Respiratory centers
This document discusses the control of respiration by the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain. It describes three key areas that control respiration: 1) The medullary rhythmicity area controls the rhythm of breathing and generates nerve impulses for inhalation and exhalation. 2) The pneumotaxic area inhibits the inspiratory area to end inhalation before the lungs become too full. 3) The apneustic area stimulates deep, long inhalation by activating the inspiratory area. Together these three areas of the respiratory center precisely regulate the rhythm and depth of breathing.
Surface tension, compliance, Air way resistance, Diffusion
1. The document discusses various pulmonary function tests including alveolar surface tension, lung compliance, airway resistance, and diffusion capacity of the lungs.
2. It explains that surface tension in the alveoli is due to water molecule interactions and causes alveolar collapse without surfactant. Surfactant reduces surface tension to prevent collapse.
3. Compliance refers to the change in lung volume with pressure change and is affected by lung and chest wall elasticity. Higher compliance means easier expansion of the lungs.
Regulation of respiration
This document discusses the two main mechanisms that control respiration: the neural and chemical mechanisms. It describes in detail the various centers in the brainstem that control respiration, including the dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group, pneumotaxic center, and apneustic center. It also discusses the voluntary, automatic, and reflex control of respiration, including various reflexes like the Hering-Breuer reflex. Other factors that can affect respiration like sleep and receptors outside the respiratory system are also summarized.
Respiratory physiology h.o.d.
This document provides an overview of respiratory physiology, including:
1. It describes the functional anatomy of the respiratory system from the nose to the alveoli.
2. It defines and explains various lung volumes and capacities that are measured by spirometry, such as tidal volume, functional residual capacity, and closing capacity.
3. It covers topics related to gas exchange including the roles of surfactant and preoxygenation in increasing oxygen stores in the lungs.
4. It discusses the concepts of ventilation, dead space, and the measurement of physiological dead space using the Bohr equation.
Control Of Ventilation
This document summarizes control of ventilation through both voluntary and involuntary mechanisms. Voluntary control allows us to override the automatic breathing rhythm, while involuntary control is mediated by brainstem centers that generate rhythmic breathing patterns. These centers are sensitive to chemical signals from the blood, especially carbon dioxide levels, such that increases in CO2 or decreases in pH trigger higher ventilation rates to maintain homeostasis.
Pulmonary circulation
This document provides an overview of pulmonary circulation. It discusses:
1) The functional anatomy of the three circulations in the lungs - pulmonary, bronchial, and lymphatic.
2) The characteristic features of pulmonary circulation including its low pressure, resistance, and high capacitance.
3) The regulation of pulmonary blood flow through neural and chemical control mechanisms like hypoxia and hypercapnia.
4) How factors like gravity and exercise can impact regional pulmonary blood flow and alveolar ventilation.
Lungs volume and capacites
it contains all the physiology of lung volume and capacity.
in this we study:-
introduction
lung volume
lung capacities
measurements of lung volume and capacities.
measurement of FRC and RV.
vital capacity.
FEV
RMV
MBC
PEFR
restrictive and obstructive respiratory disease.
Respiratory physiology
One of the academic presentations reflecting the Academic activity at Grande International Hospital, Dhapasi, Kathmandu; an initiative of our HOD of ED, Dr. Ajay Singh Thapa.
Oxygen transport
This document discusses oxygen transport from the atmosphere to tissues. It describes how oxygen is absorbed in the lungs and bound to hemoglobin to be carried by the blood. The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is explained, showing how hemoglobin releases oxygen in tissues. Factors affecting oxygen diffusion and binding such as partial pressure gradients, carbon dioxide levels, 2,3-DPG, and fetal hemoglobin are covered. The document also briefly discusses oxygen toxicity and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Non respiratory functions of lungs
The lungs have several metabolic functions beyond gas exchange, including host defence, water balance maintenance, temperature and acid-base regulation, and metabolizing substances. The lungs are protected by physical, mucociliary, and cellular defences like macrophages. The lungs also play roles in water loss, heat loss, acid-base balance maintenance through CO2 exchange, fibrinolysis, renin-angiotensin system effects, and synthesizing/releasing/metabolizing various substances that enter the bloodstream.
Weibel’s model of airways
The document describes Weibel's lung model from 1963, which was a symmetrical tree lung model for adults with 35 degree branching angles. It featured symmetrical tubes of the same generation with identical geometric parameters. This was the simplest model of the human lung and is widely used. The document also describes the different generations that make up the airways in the lungs, starting from the trachea and branching all the way to the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Finally, it discusses the tracheobronchial tree, which includes the branching structure of the airways that supply air to the lungs, starting from the trachea down to the segmental bronchi.
Lungs volume and Capacities
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities. It defines four lung volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. It also defines four lung capacities that are combinations of the volumes: inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity. It provides the normal values for each volume and capacity. Lung function tests measure these volumes and capacities to evaluate lung health and detect respiratory diseases. Spirometry uses a device called a spirometer to measure the volumes expired and inspired.
PULMONARY DIFFUSION
This document provides an overview of pulmonary diffusion and related concepts. It begins with objectives around gas diffusion, alveolar ventilation, and the ventilation-perfusion ratio. The introduction discusses external respiration, pulmonary ventilation, diffusion, and gas transport. Key topics covered include the physics of gas diffusion and partial pressure, alveolar ventilation, dead space, and the diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane. Clinical significance of various concepts is also discussed.
Diffusion through respiratory membrane
Random motion of molecules
Movement in both directions through the membranes & fluids of the respiratory structure
Mechanism & rate of molecule transfer dependant on physics of gas diffusion and partial pressures of gases involved
Regulation of Respiration
The document summarizes the neural and chemical regulation of respiration. It describes the key respiratory centers in the medulla and pons that control breathing. These include the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups in the medulla and the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers in the pons. Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid body and aortic body and central chemoreceptors in the medulla detect changes in blood gases like CO2 and pH to modulate breathing. Increased CO2 and H+ stimulate these chemoreceptors to enhance the activity of the respiratory centers and increase ventilation.
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...
I. This document discusses sensory receptors and their classification.
II. Sensory receptors are specialized nerve endings that convert stimuli into receptor potentials. There are three main types of receptors structurally: bare nerve endings, capsulated nerve endings, and sense organs.
III. Receptors can be classified in several ways, including by the source of the stimulus (exteroceptors, enteroceptors, telereceptors), the type of stimulus (mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors), or their anatomical location (superficial, deep, visceral).
Muscles of respiration Dr. MADHUKIRAN, MD.PULMONOLOGY
1. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are responsible for quiet inspiration by contracting to increase the thoracic cavity volume.
2. Quiet expiration is a passive process where these muscles relax and the lungs and chest wall recoil, decreasing thoracic cavity volume and expelling air.
3. Forced expiration involves contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles like the rectus abdominis to compress the abdomen and further increase intrathoracic pressure, expelling more air from the lungs.
Regulation of respiration
Respiration is regulated by both nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that collect sensory information and control respiratory muscles. There are four respiratory centers - the inspiratory and expiratory centers in the medulla, and the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers in the pons. The chemical mechanism involves central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels and stimulate the respiratory centers.
Compliance of lung
The document discusses lung elastance, compliance, and work of breathing. It defines key terms like elastance, compliance, and surface tension. It describes the elastance of the thoracic cage and lungs, the role of pulmonary surfactant in reducing surface tension, and how compliance is measured. It also explains the different components of work of breathing, including overcoming elastic, viscous, and airway resistance, and how work of breathing is affected in restrictive and obstructive lung diseases.
Mechanics of respiration
This document discusses the mechanism of respiration, including the anatomy of the respiratory system and the four main steps of respiration: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport in blood, and internal respiration in tissues. It describes the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration, important lung pressures, Boyle's law relating gas pressure and volume, lung compliance, surface tension in the alveoli, and factors that can increase the work of breathing.
Hypothalamus and its function
The hypothalamus is a small cone-shaped structure located below the thalamus that controls important autonomic and endocrine functions. It contains several nuclei that regulate processes like circadian rhythms, temperature control, hormone production, and behaviors. The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system by secreting hormones that stimulate or inhibit pituitary hormone release, regulating other endocrine glands. Key functions include cardiovascular, temperature and fluid regulation, the hunger/thirst response, and behaviors like rage and reward responses.
Lungs compliance
Compliance refers to the expansibility of the lungs and thorax, or the change in their volume with changes in pressure. Determining compliance provides a measure of lung stiffness. Normal compliance values are 130 mL/1 cm H2O for lungs and thorax together and 100 mL/1 cm H2O for lungs alone. Compliance can be measured statically without breathing or dynamically during breathing, and diseases may decrease dynamic compliance more than static compliance. Compliance is measured by determining volume and pressure changes in the lungs during inspiration and expiration.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - Anatomy and Physiology
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary body functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is activated during stress and prepares the body for fight or flight through increased heart rate and respiration. The parasympathetic division acts to calm the body and restore homeostasis. Dysregulation of the ANS is implicated in several psychiatric disorders like depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia through altered heart rate variability and sympathetic/parasympathetic balance. Studying ANS function provides insights into the physiological effects of mental illness and potential treatment strategies like vagus nerve stimulation.
Bp regulation
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure on short, intermediate, and long term timescales.
Short term regulation occurs over seconds to minutes and involves baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system ischemic response. Intermediate regulation over minutes to hours is mediated by capillary fluid shifts and stress relaxation in blood vessels. Long term regulation over days to years involves the renal body fluid mechanism and renin-angiotensin system to control extracellular fluid levels and blood pressure.
Arterial blood pressure regulation
This document discusses the concepts of blood pressure including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. It defines normal blood pressure ranges and factors that can influence blood pressure such as age, sex, body size, emotions, exercise, meals, sleep, and gravity. The relationship between cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure is explained. Mechanisms for short-term blood pressure regulation including baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex, and central nervous system ischemic response are outlined. Long-term regulation involves the kidneys, renin-angiotensin system, and pressure natriuresis.
Regulation of blood pressure
There are four main mechanisms that regulate blood pressure: nervous, renal, hormonal, and local. The nervous mechanism acts the fastest via the vasomotor system to control heart rate and vasoconstriction/vasodilation in response to baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. The renal mechanism regulates blood pressure long-term by controlling extracellular fluid volume and through the renin-angiotensin system. Hormonal and local factors also contribute to blood pressure regulation.
Respiratory Muscle Assessment
This document discusses the assessment of respiratory muscle function. It begins by introducing the respiratory muscles and the importance of assessing their strength. It then covers the clinical signs of respiratory muscle weakness and conditions that could cause weakness. The remainder of the document details various methods for assessing respiratory muscle function, including tests of overall lung function, direct tests of muscle strength, electrophysiological techniques, imaging methods, and considerations for assessing function in the ICU.
Control of respiration
Like heartbeat, breathing must occur in a continuous, cyclic pattern to sustain life processes.
Inspiratory muscles must rhythmically contract and relax to alternately fill the lungs with air and empty them.
The rhythmic pattern of breathing is established by cyclic neural activity to the respiratory muscles
Regulation of respiration ap-converted
The document summarizes the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers located in the medulla and pons that control inspiration and expiration. Chemical regulation occurs through central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels and stimulate the respiratory centers. Factors like exercise, voluntary control, and lung irritants can also affect respiration.
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes regulation of respiration, including:
1- The respiratory center is located in the medulla and pons and contains three major neuron groups that control inspiration, expiration, and breathing depth. Peripheral chemoreceptors also detect oxygen levels and signal the respiratory center.
2- Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions directly stimulate the respiratory center, with CO2 having a more potent effect. Low oxygen is detected by peripheral chemoreceptors and signals increased breathing.
3- During exercise, respiration increases to match oxygen needs through both chemical and neural signals to the respiratory center and muscles. Other factors like lung inflation and brain edema can also affect respiration. Periodic breathing disorders like Cheyne-S
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This document discusses oxygen transport from the atmosphere to tissues. It describes how oxygen is absorbed in the lungs and bound to hemoglobin to be carried by the blood. The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is explained, showing how hemoglobin releases oxygen in tissues. Factors affecting oxygen diffusion and binding such as partial pressure gradients, carbon dioxide levels, 2,3-DPG, and fetal hemoglobin are covered. The document also briefly discusses oxygen toxicity and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Non respiratory functions of lungs
The lungs have several metabolic functions beyond gas exchange, including host defence, water balance maintenance, temperature and acid-base regulation, and metabolizing substances. The lungs are protected by physical, mucociliary, and cellular defences like macrophages. The lungs also play roles in water loss, heat loss, acid-base balance maintenance through CO2 exchange, fibrinolysis, renin-angiotensin system effects, and synthesizing/releasing/metabolizing various substances that enter the bloodstream.
Weibel’s model of airways
The document describes Weibel's lung model from 1963, which was a symmetrical tree lung model for adults with 35 degree branching angles. It featured symmetrical tubes of the same generation with identical geometric parameters. This was the simplest model of the human lung and is widely used. The document also describes the different generations that make up the airways in the lungs, starting from the trachea and branching all the way to the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Finally, it discusses the tracheobronchial tree, which includes the branching structure of the airways that supply air to the lungs, starting from the trachea down to the segmental bronchi.
Lungs volume and Capacities
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities. It defines four lung volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. It also defines four lung capacities that are combinations of the volumes: inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity. It provides the normal values for each volume and capacity. Lung function tests measure these volumes and capacities to evaluate lung health and detect respiratory diseases. Spirometry uses a device called a spirometer to measure the volumes expired and inspired.
PULMONARY DIFFUSION
This document provides an overview of pulmonary diffusion and related concepts. It begins with objectives around gas diffusion, alveolar ventilation, and the ventilation-perfusion ratio. The introduction discusses external respiration, pulmonary ventilation, diffusion, and gas transport. Key topics covered include the physics of gas diffusion and partial pressure, alveolar ventilation, dead space, and the diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane. Clinical significance of various concepts is also discussed.
Diffusion through respiratory membrane
Random motion of molecules
Movement in both directions through the membranes & fluids of the respiratory structure
Mechanism & rate of molecule transfer dependant on physics of gas diffusion and partial pressures of gases involved
Regulation of Respiration
The document summarizes the neural and chemical regulation of respiration. It describes the key respiratory centers in the medulla and pons that control breathing. These include the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups in the medulla and the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers in the pons. Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid body and aortic body and central chemoreceptors in the medulla detect changes in blood gases like CO2 and pH to modulate breathing. Increased CO2 and H+ stimulate these chemoreceptors to enhance the activity of the respiratory centers and increase ventilation.
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...
I. This document discusses sensory receptors and their classification.
II. Sensory receptors are specialized nerve endings that convert stimuli into receptor potentials. There are three main types of receptors structurally: bare nerve endings, capsulated nerve endings, and sense organs.
III. Receptors can be classified in several ways, including by the source of the stimulus (exteroceptors, enteroceptors, telereceptors), the type of stimulus (mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors), or their anatomical location (superficial, deep, visceral).
Muscles of respiration Dr. MADHUKIRAN, MD.PULMONOLOGY
1. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are responsible for quiet inspiration by contracting to increase the thoracic cavity volume.
2. Quiet expiration is a passive process where these muscles relax and the lungs and chest wall recoil, decreasing thoracic cavity volume and expelling air.
3. Forced expiration involves contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles like the rectus abdominis to compress the abdomen and further increase intrathoracic pressure, expelling more air from the lungs.
Regulation of respiration
Respiration is regulated by both nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that collect sensory information and control respiratory muscles. There are four respiratory centers - the inspiratory and expiratory centers in the medulla, and the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers in the pons. The chemical mechanism involves central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels and stimulate the respiratory centers.
Compliance of lung
The document discusses lung elastance, compliance, and work of breathing. It defines key terms like elastance, compliance, and surface tension. It describes the elastance of the thoracic cage and lungs, the role of pulmonary surfactant in reducing surface tension, and how compliance is measured. It also explains the different components of work of breathing, including overcoming elastic, viscous, and airway resistance, and how work of breathing is affected in restrictive and obstructive lung diseases.
Mechanics of respiration
This document discusses the mechanism of respiration, including the anatomy of the respiratory system and the four main steps of respiration: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport in blood, and internal respiration in tissues. It describes the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration, important lung pressures, Boyle's law relating gas pressure and volume, lung compliance, surface tension in the alveoli, and factors that can increase the work of breathing.
Hypothalamus and its function
The hypothalamus is a small cone-shaped structure located below the thalamus that controls important autonomic and endocrine functions. It contains several nuclei that regulate processes like circadian rhythms, temperature control, hormone production, and behaviors. The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system by secreting hormones that stimulate or inhibit pituitary hormone release, regulating other endocrine glands. Key functions include cardiovascular, temperature and fluid regulation, the hunger/thirst response, and behaviors like rage and reward responses.
Lungs compliance
Compliance refers to the expansibility of the lungs and thorax, or the change in their volume with changes in pressure. Determining compliance provides a measure of lung stiffness. Normal compliance values are 130 mL/1 cm H2O for lungs and thorax together and 100 mL/1 cm H2O for lungs alone. Compliance can be measured statically without breathing or dynamically during breathing, and diseases may decrease dynamic compliance more than static compliance. Compliance is measured by determining volume and pressure changes in the lungs during inspiration and expiration.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - Anatomy and Physiology
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary body functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is activated during stress and prepares the body for fight or flight through increased heart rate and respiration. The parasympathetic division acts to calm the body and restore homeostasis. Dysregulation of the ANS is implicated in several psychiatric disorders like depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia through altered heart rate variability and sympathetic/parasympathetic balance. Studying ANS function provides insights into the physiological effects of mental illness and potential treatment strategies like vagus nerve stimulation.
Bp regulation
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure on short, intermediate, and long term timescales.
Short term regulation occurs over seconds to minutes and involves baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system ischemic response. Intermediate regulation over minutes to hours is mediated by capillary fluid shifts and stress relaxation in blood vessels. Long term regulation over days to years involves the renal body fluid mechanism and renin-angiotensin system to control extracellular fluid levels and blood pressure.
Arterial blood pressure regulation
This document discusses the concepts of blood pressure including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. It defines normal blood pressure ranges and factors that can influence blood pressure such as age, sex, body size, emotions, exercise, meals, sleep, and gravity. The relationship between cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure is explained. Mechanisms for short-term blood pressure regulation including baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex, and central nervous system ischemic response are outlined. Long-term regulation involves the kidneys, renin-angiotensin system, and pressure natriuresis.
Regulation of blood pressure
There are four main mechanisms that regulate blood pressure: nervous, renal, hormonal, and local. The nervous mechanism acts the fastest via the vasomotor system to control heart rate and vasoconstriction/vasodilation in response to baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. The renal mechanism regulates blood pressure long-term by controlling extracellular fluid volume and through the renin-angiotensin system. Hormonal and local factors also contribute to blood pressure regulation.
Respiratory Muscle Assessment
This document discusses the assessment of respiratory muscle function. It begins by introducing the respiratory muscles and the importance of assessing their strength. It then covers the clinical signs of respiratory muscle weakness and conditions that could cause weakness. The remainder of the document details various methods for assessing respiratory muscle function, including tests of overall lung function, direct tests of muscle strength, electrophysiological techniques, imaging methods, and considerations for assessing function in the ICU.
Control of respiration
Like heartbeat, breathing must occur in a continuous, cyclic pattern to sustain life processes.
Inspiratory muscles must rhythmically contract and relax to alternately fill the lungs with air and empty them.
The rhythmic pattern of breathing is established by cyclic neural activity to the respiratory muscles
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Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...
Muscles of respiration Dr. MADHUKIRAN, MD.PULMONOLOGY
Muscles of respiration Dr. MADHUKIRAN, MD.PULMONOLOGY
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - Anatomy and Physiology
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - Anatomy and Physiology
Similar to Respiratory centers
Regulation of respiration ap-converted
The document summarizes the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers located in the medulla and pons that control inspiration and expiration. Chemical regulation occurs through central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels and stimulate the respiratory centers. Factors like exercise, voluntary control, and lung irritants can also affect respiration.
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes regulation of respiration, including:
1- The respiratory center is located in the medulla and pons and contains three major neuron groups that control inspiration, expiration, and breathing depth. Peripheral chemoreceptors also detect oxygen levels and signal the respiratory center.
2- Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions directly stimulate the respiratory center, with CO2 having a more potent effect. Low oxygen is detected by peripheral chemoreceptors and signals increased breathing.
3- During exercise, respiration increases to match oxygen needs through both chemical and neural signals to the respiratory center and muscles. Other factors like lung inflation and brain edema can also affect respiration. Periodic breathing disorders like Cheyne-S
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes regulation of respiration, including:
1- The respiratory center is located in the medulla and pons and contains three major neuron groups that control inspiration, expiration, and breathing depth. Peripheral chemoreceptors also detect oxygen levels and signal the respiratory center.
2- Chemical control of respiration, mainly by carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions, directly stimulates the respiratory center. Oxygen does not directly affect the center but is detected by peripheral chemoreceptors.
3- Other factors like exercise, lung inflation, brain edema, anesthesia, and irritant receptors can also influence respiration. Periodic breathing disorders like Cheyne-Stokes and sleep apnea involve irregular breathing patterns during
Regulation of respiration
1) Respiration is regulated by the nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that collect sensory information and determine signals to respiratory muscles.
2) There are four respiratory centers - the inspiratory and expiratory centers in the medulla, and the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers in the pons. The inspiratory center controls inspiration while the expiratory center controls expiration.
3) The chemical mechanism is operated by central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels and stimulate the respiratory centers.
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The document summarizes control of respiration through three main points:
1) Respiration is controlled by centers in the brainstem that generate rhythmic breathing patterns and are influenced by higher brain areas. The medullary respiratory center contains inspiratory and expiratory neurons that drive the respiratory cycle.
2) Respiration is regulated automatically by chemoreceptors sensitive to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels as well as by non-chemical receptors in the lungs and muscles that sense stretch and movement. Changes in chemical levels stimulate breathing via peripheral and central chemoreceptors.
3) Voluntary control from the cortex allows conscious modification of breathing but the involuntary control system in the brainstem drives automatic breathing at rest and
Regulation of respiration
This document summarizes the regulation of respiration through two main mechanisms: nervous and chemical. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the brainstem that control breathing rate and depth. The chemical mechanism involves chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, stimulating the respiratory centers to increase or decrease breathing. Central chemoreceptors in the brain are more sensitive to increased carbon dioxide while peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid body strongly respond to decreased oxygen levels. Together these mechanisms maintain appropriate gas exchange and pH levels in the blood through adjustments to respiratory rate and depth.
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The document summarizes the regulation of ventilation through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that control respiratory muscles. The chemical mechanism involves chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels in the blood and stimulate the respiratory centers. Central chemoreceptors in the medulla are sensitive to increased hydrogen ions, while peripheral chemoreceptors detect reduced oxygen levels and stimulate breathing to rectify the lack of oxygen. Together the nervous and chemical mechanisms tightly regulate breathing to maintain appropriate gas exchange.
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Regulation of respiration (the guyton and hall physiology)
Normal respiration is spontaneous and unconscious.
There are 4 groups of neurons on each side in the Pons and medulla oblongata which are involved in regulation of respiration. These include
1. Medullary centers
Dorsal respiratory group of neurons
Ventral respiratory group of neurons
2. Pontine centers
Pneumotaxic centre
Apneustic centre.
It contains “I”neurons which are inspiratory neurons.
It’s located in dorsal portion of medulla oblongata.
It also includes the nucleus of tractus solitarius which is the sensory termination of afferent fibers in 9th ( GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE) and 10th (VAGUS NERVE) cranial nerves.
They receive impulses from peripheral chemoreceptors, carotid and aortic baroreceptors and also other receptors in the lungs.
In this group inspiratory ramp signals are produced spontaneously.
If we cut the medulla oblongata from other parts of brain and also the afferent nerves which enter the medulla, still inspiratory ramp signals are produced which indicate it’s the inherent property of medulla.
Initially the signal is weak and then it progressively increases and then fades away.
Each ramp signal’s duration is 2 sec and then for 3 seconds there is no ramp signal.
So each cycle lasts for 5 seconds and there are 12 cycles /minute which is the respiratory rate.
Significance of the signal in the form of ramp is that it causes progressive expansion of the lungs. After production, these ramp signals are transmitted to the contra lateral motor neurons supplying the inspiratory muscles.
Rate and duration of inspiratory ramp signals is controlled by impulses from the Pneumotaxic centre and impulses from the lungs via vagi.
GROUP 27 physiology.ppt
The document discusses several topics related to respiratory physiology:
1. The control of respiratory rate and depth by the brainstem, particularly the medulla oblongata and pons, which receives input from chemoreceptors and stretch receptors to regulate breathing.
2. How the respiratory muscles like the diaphragm and intercostals coordinate during forced breathing under control of the brainstem to expand the chest cavity and increase air exchange.
3. The process of ventilation-perfusion matching in the lungs, where the ratio of airflow and blood flow is optimally maintained between 0.8-1.2 through adjustments to the airways and pulmonary blood vessels.
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla and pons that receive sensory information and control respiratory muscles. The chemical mechanism involves chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels. Central chemoreceptors in the brainstem are sensitive to increased carbon dioxide levels, while peripheral chemoreceptors respond to decreased oxygen levels. Together the nervous and chemical mechanisms work to regulate breathing and maintain appropriate gas exchange.
Kashif 1
1. The document describes the automatic respiratory control system, including both nervous and chemical regulation of breathing.
2. The nervous control involves afferent nerves that transmit sensory information to respiratory centers in the brainstem, which then send efferent signals to respiratory muscles via motor nerves.
3. Chemical control involves central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions in the blood and stimulate breathing as needed to maintain homeostasis.
Regulation of respiration
1. The respiratory center located in the medulla contains inspiratory and expiratory neurons that generate rhythmic breathing movements.
2. Respiration is regulated by peripheral reflexes like the Hering-Breuer reflex, chemical factors like carbon dioxide and oxygen levels that influence the respiratory center, and higher brain centers.
3. An increase in carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, or decrease in oxygen stimulates respiration to maintain homeostasis, while stretch receptors in the lungs inhibit inspiration when full.
Regulation of respiration.pptx
1. Regulation of respiration involves nervous and chemical mechanisms, with respiratory centers in the brainstem controlling breathing via nerves and chemoreceptors detecting blood gas levels.
2. Fetal respiration relies on oxygen transfer through the plumbcenta rather than lung function. Neonatal respiration requires adaptations as the lungs begin gas exchange and breathing independently.
3. Respiration can be modified in unusual environments through adaptations like increased lung capacity at high altitudes or anaerobic pathways in low oxygen conditions.
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2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
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7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
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Respiratory centers
- 2. INTRODUCTION • At rest about 200ml of oxygen is used each minute by our body. • During strenuous breathing oxygen use typically increases 15-20 fold in a normal healthy adult.
- 3. RESPIRATORY CENTER • The size of thorax is altered by action of respiratory muscles which contract as a result of nerve impulses transmitted to them from the centers in the brain and relax in the absence of nerve impulses. • RESPIRATORY CENTER: Nerve impulses are sent from clusters of neurons located bilaterally in MEDULLA OBLONGATA and PONS. • THE THREE AREARS OF RESPIRATORY CENTER ARE: MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY AREA PNEUMOTAXIC AREA APNEUSTIC AREA
- 4. 1.MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY AREA • FUNCTION: TO CONTROL THE RHYTHM OF RESPIRATION • There are two areas: 1.INSPIRATORY 2. EXPIRATORY • During quiet breathing – Inhalation lasts about 2 seconds Exhalation lasts for 3 seconds • Nerve impulses will be generated in inspiratory area to establish the rhythm • Activation of inspiratory area • Generation of nerve impulse for 2 sec • These impulses propagate to ext. Intercostals via • INTERCOSTAL NERVES- EIM • PHRENIC NERVES-DIAPHRAGM
- 5. The cycle repeats Elastic recoil of lungs and thoracic wall With no impulses ,the diaphragm and EIM reax for 3seconds Inspiratory area becomes inactive inactive after 2sec and the nerve impulses cease As the muscles contract INHALATION occurs. 1.MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY AREA Neurons of the Exp.area remains inactive during quiet breathing but during forceful breathing impulses from Insp.area activates the Exp.area
- 6. 2. PNEUMOTAXIC AREA Seen in upper pons which transmits inhibitory impulses to inspiratory area The major function of this area is to turnoff the inspiratory area before lungs become too full of air. In other words the impulses shorten the duration of inhalation. When this area is active , breathing is more rapid FUNCTION: CO-ORDICATES THE TRANSITION BETWEEN INHALATION AND EXHALATION
- 7. 2. APNEUSTIC AREA Present in LOWER PONS Stimulates and activates the inspiratory area during inhalation Results in long deep inhalation FUNCTION: CO-ORDICATES THE TRANSITION BETWEEN INHALATION AND EXHALATION
- 9. CHEMORECEPTOR REGULATION OF RESPIRATORY CENTER • The respiratory system functions to maintain proper levels of co2 and o2 and is very responsive to the changes in levels of these gases in the body fluids. • The sensory neurons that responds to these chemicals are called as CHEMORECEPTORS • They maintain levels of co2, H+ and O2. • This provides input to the respiratory center. • There are two types of chemoreceptors: • CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS • PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS
- 10. CHEMORECPTORS CONTINUED…. CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS • Located near Medulla Oblongata in CNS. • Respond to changes in both H+,Pco2or both in CSF PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS • Located in aortic bodies(clusters of chemoreceptors in he wall of arch of aorta) and carotid bodies(present in carotid arteries) • They respond to the changes in Po2,H+ and Pco2 in blood.
- 11. CHEMORECEPTOR REGULATION • Normal Pco2 in blood is 40mmHg , when increased it is called HYPERCAPNIA. • During hypercapnia • In addition the ONLY peripheral CR respond to deficiency of O2. Central CR are stimulated due to increased H+ Peripheral CR are stimulated due to increase in H+ and Pco2
- 12. REGULATION OF RESPIRATORY CENTER POSITIVE FEEDBACK When Pao2 falls from normal to 100 mmHg but is still above 50mmhg----- PR gets stimulated and inspiratory area in chemoreceptors gets deactivated. Decreased impulses to the respiratory ,muscles of inhalation. As breathing rate falls more and more PAo2 falls more and more leading to fatal result. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK The CR participate in negative feedback regulate levels of CO2,O2 and H+. Due to increase in PCo2, decreased PH, decreased Po2. Central and peripheral chemoreceptors stimulates inspiratory area to become active. Rate and depth of breathing increases--- HYPERVENTILATION. Allows inhalation of more O2 and exhalation of Co2. Until Pao2 and H+ are lowered to normal.