This document provides an overview of pulmonary circulation. It discusses:
1) The functional anatomy of the three circulations in the lungs - pulmonary, bronchial, and lymphatic.
2) The characteristic features of pulmonary circulation including its low pressure, resistance, and high capacitance.
3) The regulation of pulmonary blood flow through neural and chemical control mechanisms like hypoxia and hypercapnia.
4) How factors like gravity and exercise can impact regional pulmonary blood flow and alveolar ventilation.
This presentation is an overview of the description of the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle (atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole) as well as explaining the mechanism of the cardiac cycle.
Cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat.
Cardiac events that occur from –
beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called the cardiac cycle.
This presentation is an overview of the description of the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle (atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole) as well as explaining the mechanism of the cardiac cycle.
Cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat.
Cardiac events that occur from –
beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called the cardiac cycle.
Emphysema is defined pathologically as an abnormal, permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. Together, emphysema and chronic bronchitis are known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and involves the enlargement of the air sacs in the lung.
The damage is permanent - not reversible - and it causes reduced respiratory function. When the hazards of smoking are bought up, the most common disease discussed is
cancer and no one brings up emphysema. Although, most cases of COPD, and therefore emphysema, are caused by cigarette smoking.
Emphysema is rarely caused by a congenital condition known as α1-antitrypsin
deficiency, for which there is a lab test.
The most common symptoms are breathlessness, or a 'need for air', excessive sputum
production, and a chronic cough. However, COPD is not just simply a "smoker's
cough", but an under-diagnosed, life threatening lung disease that may progressively
lead to death.
Doctors diagnose COPD and emphysema with lung function tests to measure lung capacity. Spirometry is used in diagnosis - to measure the volume of air a patient can
blow out in one second after a deep breath.
Treatment does not halt or reverse lung damage but eases symptoms and prevents exacerbations. Drugs and supportive therapies are the mainstay of emphysema treatment.
Drugs may include inhaled bronchodilators, corticosteroids and, when there is an infection, antibiotics.
Support therapy includes oxygen supplementation, nutrition, help with smoking cessation, and other educational interventions.
Surgical intervention, including lung transplantation, is reserved for severe cases of emphysema.
People with emphysema and COPD should have an annual flu jab and may be recommended for a pneumonia shot once every 5 years.
Joe Palamara, DVM, DACVS-SA
Description: Dyspnea is defined as difficulty/labored breathing or shortness of breath, and can be a sign of serious disease of the airway, lungs or heart. This lecture will review the process of diagnosing, stabilizing and further localizing dyspnea in dogs. We will discuss recommendations for surgical correction of components of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome, as well as salvage procedure for Laryngeal paralysis. With appropriate management, the prognosis for these conditions is generally favorable depending on the degree of severity.
Learning Objectives
- Recognize the clinical signs, associated physiology, and diagnosis related to each condition
- Initial stabilization for patients presenting in airway crisis
- Understand the medical and surgical options for each condition
It is a short description or short notes on ards, know we can easily know about this superficially.
It is a condition where in the alveoli, the alveoli is filled with fluid and then the gas exchange can't be done properly..
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease that makes it difficult to empty air out of the lungs.
Emphysema is a condition that involves damage
to the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) of the lung making it difficult to breath.
The lungs are sponge-like structures that lies within the chest, protected by the ribcage.
They are made up of progressively branching air passages, the smallest of which end in minute air sacs(alveoli)
In these air sac inhaled oxygen is transferred to the blood stream and carbon dioxide is transferred from the blood into the exhaled breath. (Respiration)
common cardio vascular system disorders in pediatrics tamenefetene1
Fetus receives oxygenated blood from the placenta by umbilical vein, which enters the fetus at the umbilicus.
The umbilical vein carries blood to the liver & given off branches to the left lobe to supply the oxygenated blood & receives the deoxygenated blood from portal vein
Most of the umbilical venous blood by passes the liver though the ductus venosus & enters in the inferior vena cava (also contains the deoxygenated blood from lower extremities), then to the right atrium
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
3. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
Lungs have 3 circulation.
Pulmonary
circulation
Bronchial circulation
Lymphatic
circulation.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
4. PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Pulmonary trunk
Right & left pulm
artery
Right & left lungs
Capillaries lining of
alveoli
Get oxygenated &
return back via pul
veins to left atrium.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
5. BRONCHIAL CIRCULATION
Descending thoracic aorta
give right & left bronchial
arteries
Supply oxygenated blood to
lungs (connective tissue,
septa & bronchi) & after joins
pulm veins without (Bypass)
oxygenation.
So forms Physiological
shunt.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
6. OTHER EXAMPLE OF
PHYSIOLOGICAL SHUNT
Drainage of Coronary vessel in to left side of
heart.
Effects of shunts –
Reduce oxygenation of arterial blood slightly.
Increase left ventricular output by 1-2% than right.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
7. LYMPHATIC CIRCULATION.
Present in walls of
terminal bronchioles
& supportive tissues
of lung.
Removes particulate
matter, plasma
proteins – thus
prevents pulmonary
oedema
Thursday, December 5, 2019
9. PULMONARY CIRCULATION
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES.
Pulmonary circulation is low pressure, low
resistance & high capacitance system.
Thickness of Right ventricle and pulmonary
artery 1/3rd of left ventricle & aorta
Pulmonary capillaries are larger in diameter
than systemic capillaries.
Each alveolus is enclosed in basket of
capillaries.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
10. PRESSURES IN PULMONARY
SYSTEM.
Right ventricular pressure.
Pulmonary artery pressure.
Left atrial pressure.
Pulmonary capillary pressure.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
11. RIGHT VENTRICULAR
PRESSURE.
During each cardiac cycle,
During Systole – reaches peak 25 mm
Hg.(120 mm Hg in Left ventricle)
During Diastole – 0-1 mm Hg (5 mm Hg in
left ventricle)
Thursday, December 5, 2019
12. PULMONARY ARTERY
PRESSURE.
Systolic pressure 25 mm Hg (120 mm Hg in
Aorta)
Diastolic pressure 8 mm Hg (8 mm Hg in
Aorta)
Mean arterial pressure 15 mm Hg (100 mm
Hg in Aorta)
Pulse pressure 17 mm Hg (40 mm Hg in
Aorta)
Thursday, December 5, 2019
13. LEFT ATRIAL PRESSURE.
Major pulmonary veins pressure avg 5 mm
Hg
So Pressure gradient in pulmonary system
Mean pulmonary artery pressure – mean
pulmonary vein pressure
15-5 = 10 mm Hg.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
14. PULMONARY CAPILLARY
PRESSURE.
10 mm Hg.
Colloidal osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg
So net suction force of 15 mm Hg draw fluid
from pulmonary interstitial fluid into
pulmonary capillary
So keeps Alveoli dry
Thursday, December 5, 2019
15. SIGNIFICANCE OF LOW PULMONARY
CAPILLARY PRESSURE
So if pulmonary capillary pressure rises above
25 mm Hg
Fluid escapes into interstitial spaces
Lead to pulmonary oedema
Conditions raising this pressue
Exercise at high altitude
Left heart failure
Mitral stenosis
Pulmonary fibrosis.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
16. PULMONARY WEDGE
PRESSURE
Estimate left atrial
pressure.
Measured by passing a
catheter through right
ventricle, pulmonary artery
up to smallest branch of
pulmonary artery.
Used to study left atrial
pressure in patients of CCF
Thursday, December 5, 2019
17. PULMONARY BLOOD VOLUME
Pulmonary vessels contains – 600 ml; its
capacitance vary from 200-900 ml
Pulmonary blood volume decreases during
standing & during haemorrhage to
compensate , so acts as Reservoir.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
18. PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW
Pulmonary blood flow
nearly equal to cardiac
output.
Blood flow through lung
depend on –
Relationship between
pressures of Pulmonary
artery, pulmonary vein &
alveolar artery.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
19. EFFECT OF GRAVITY ON REGIONAL
PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW.
In supine position
mean arterial pressure
is same all over lung
so all regions equally
perfused.
In erect position
gravity affects due to
hydrostatic pressure
effect.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
20. EFFECT OF GRAVITY ON REGIONAL
PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW.
Zero reference plane is
at level of right atrium.
So pulmonary arterial
pressure
In middle of lung –is 15
mm Hg
At apex – 4 mm Hg
At the base 26 mm Hg.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
21. PERFUSION ZONES OF LUNG
Depending on
relationship between
alveolar pressure
(PA), Pulmonary
arterial pressure (Pa)
& Pulmonary venous
pressure (Pv) 3 zones
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Thursday, December 5, 2019
22. PERFUSION ZONES OF LUNG
Zone 1- area of zero
flow. (Pa<Pv)
Does not exist in normal
lung.
In hypovolaemic shock,
pulmonary embolism.
Zone 2 – Intermittent
blood flow.(Pa>PA>Pv)
Occurs during systole.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
23. PERFUSION ZONES OF LUNG
Blood flow is
determined by arterial-
alveolar pressure
gradient not arterio-
venous gradient. so
called Waterfall effect.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
24. PERFUSION ZONES OF LUNG
Zone 3
Continuous high blood
flow. (Pa>Pv>PA)
Generally occurs near
bottom of the lung.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
25. EFFECT OF GRAVITY ON
ALVEOLAR VENTILATION
In Supine Position – alveolar ventilation evenly
distributed
In Upright Position –
Alveolar pressure is zero throughout lung
Intrapleural pressure – at apex -10 mmHg & at base -2
mm Hg.
So transpulmonary pressure -10 & -2 at apex & base
respectively.
So linear reduction in regional alveolar ventilation from
base to apex.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
26. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
So arterial
oxygenation in
unilateral lung
diseases is improved
by keeping good lung
in Dependent
Position.
Opposite is done in
INFANT.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
27. ALVEOLAR VENTILATION :
PERFUSION RATIO
Ratio of alveolar
ventilation per minute
to quantity of blood
flow to alveoli per
min.
VA/Q = 4.2/5 = 0.84-
0.9
Thursday, December 5, 2019
28. EFFECT OF GRAVITY
Linear Reduction of blood flow and
alveolar ventilation from base to
apex.
But gravity affects perfusion more
than ventilation.
So as we go up from middle VA/Q
goes on increasing , about 3 at apex.
At the base it is over perfused than
over ventilated so at the base is 0.6
Thursday, December 5, 2019
29. CAUSES OF ALTERATION.
Causes of altered
alveolar ventilation
Bronchial asthma
Emphysema
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pneumothorax
Congestive heart failure
Causes of altered
pulmonary perfusion.
Anatomical shunts
Pulmonary embolism
Decrease in pulmonary
vascular bed in
emphysema
Increase pulmonary
resistance in pulmonary
fibrosis, Pneumothorax,
CHF
Thursday, December 5, 2019
30. EFFECTS OF ALTERATION IN
VA/Q RATIO.
Normal VA/Q ratio –both normal alveolar
pO2 = 104 mmHg, pCO2 =40 mmHg.
Increased VA/Q ratio. – alveolar dead space
air, VA/Q = infinity, pO2 = 149 mmHg, pCO2
= 0 mmHg.
Decreased VA/Q ratio, pO2 = 40 mmHg,
pCO2 = 45 mmHg.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
31. EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON REGIONAL
PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW
During exercise blood flow
increases in all regions of
blood.
Near base increased by 2-3
time
Near apex increased by 8
times.
It occurs due to
Recruitment of capillaries.
Distension of capillaries.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
32. PULMONARY CAPILLARY
DYNAMICS
Pulmonary transit time – mean transit time
in pulmonary circulation from pulmonary
valves to left atrium – 4 sec.
Capillary transit time for RBC is 0.8 sec at
rest and 0.3 sec during exercise.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
33. MEAN FILTRATION PRESSURE AT
PULMONARY CAPILLARY = 1 mm Hg.
Starling’s forces at capillary membrane
are
Outward forces (29 mm Hg)
Interstitial oncotic pressure – 14 mmHg
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure - -8 mm Hg
Capillary Hydrostatic pressure 7 mm Hg
Inward forces (28 mm Hg)
Plasma oncotic pressure 28 mm Hg.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
35. PULMONARY OEDEMA
Occur due to increase capillary filtration
from pulmonary capillary.
Conditions –
Increase capillary hydrostatic pressure from 7 mm
Hg to 28 mm Hg (safety factor of 21 mm Hg)
Capillary permeability increase – due to infection,
irritant gases.
Acute left heart failure – increase in capillary
pressure to 50 mm Hg.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
36. FUNCTIONS
Respiratory gas exchange
Other functions
Reservoir for left ventricle
Filter for removal of emboli & other particles from
blood.
Removal of fluid from alveoli.
Role in absorption of drugs.
Synthesis of Angiotensin converting enzyme.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
38. Afferent control through vagus
is mediated through receptors.
Pulmonary
baroreceptors
pulmonary volume
receptors
J receptors.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
39. CHEMICAL CONTROL
Local Hypoxia – causes
change in blood flow by
vasoconstriction.
Hypercapnia &
acidosis – causes
vasoconstriction.(Vasod
ilatation in systemic
circulation)
Thursday, December 5, 2019
40. CHEMICAL CONTROL
Chronic Hypoxia
Occurs in high altitude dwellers associated with
pulmonary hypertension followed by right
ventricular hypertrophy, right heart heart failure &
pulmonary oedema.
Thursday, December 5, 2019