EUGENIC MOVEMENT.pptx
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This document provides an overview of the eugenics movement. It defines eugenics as applying genetic knowledge to improve the human race, as coined by Francis Galton in 1883. The aims of eugenics included creating a healthy, intelligent community free from disability. Historically, eugenics involved both positive eugenics through genetic counseling and negative eugenics using forced sterilization. However, challenges to eugenics emerged showing that sterilization did not reduce disability prevalence and hybrid plants showed more vigor than purebreds, refuting claims of racial purity. The document also discusses methods of implementing eugenics and modern advances in genetics.
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The document discusses eugenics, which aims to improve human populations through genetics and inheritance. It defines eugenics as controlling reproduction to improve human characteristics. Eugenics was coined by Francis Galton and aimed to increase desirable traits and decrease undesirable ones. There are two types - positive eugenics encourages reproduction of desirable people, while negative eugenics limits reproduction of undesirable people through methods like sterilization and marriage restrictions. Many countries historically implemented eugenics policies including birth control, genetic screening, and compulsory sterilization.
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The document discusses eugenics, which aims to improve human populations through genetics and inheritance. It defines eugenics as controlling reproduction to improve human characteristics. Eugenics was coined by Francis Galton and aimed to increase desirable traits and decrease undesirable ones. There are two types - positive eugenics encourages reproduction of desirable people, while negative eugenics limits reproduction of undesirable people through methods like sterilization and marriage restrictions. Many countries historically implemented eugenics policies including birth control, genetic screening, and compulsory sterilization.
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3. Each parent contributes one copy of every gene, so the child ends up with two copies of each gene, with traits generally being inherited separately rather than linked.
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The document provides background information on eugenics and discusses its implementation in Nazi Germany and the United States. It defines eugenics as efforts to improve the human population through controlled breeding. It describes how eugenics was used to try to create a master Nordic race in the US and eliminate those seen as undesirable, like minorities and disabled people. It also discusses how Nazi Germany took eugenics further by implementing forced sterilization and euthanasia programs to purify the Aryan race.
Epigenetics: You ware what you eat
Epigenetics refers to external or environmental factors that can affect how genes are expressed without altering the underlying DNA sequence. A study of individuals who experienced malnutrition prenatally during the Dutch Hunger Winter found they had persistent epigenetic differences decades later, showing how early life experiences can have long-lasting impacts. Additional research demonstrates that parental nutrition, such as a father's betel nut chewing, can influence disease risk in offspring through transgenerational epigenetic effects. Exercise is also shown to induce widespread epigenetic changes related to energy metabolism and inflammation in human muscle tissue. In summary, lifestyle and environmental exposures not only affect personal health but can also impact future generations through epigenetic mechanisms.
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Lesson 6_Ethology_behavioural_ecology_human_behaviour.ppt
This document discusses the evolution of human behavior and the sociobiology controversy. It summarizes that E.O. Wilson published a book in 1975 arguing that human social behavior had evolutionary origins, which sparked criticism from those who saw human behavior as a blank slate shaped entirely by culture. However, tests of adoption patterns and mate preferences provide support for sociobiological hypotheses over the idea of purely arbitrary culture. For example, studies found that adopted children in many cultures were often related to their adopters, and that cues males and females find attractive in mates, like youth and resources, are linked to reproductive success.
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urine formation.pptx
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The document summarizes the Human Genome Project which aimed to sequence and map the entire human genome. The project was launched in 1990 and completed in 2003. Its goals were to identify all human genes, determine the sequences of DNA base pairs, make the data widely available, and address ethical issues. The sequencing process involved isolating DNA, cloning fragments, and using shotgun sequencing. The project has applications in medicine like diagnosing diseases, pharmacology, and gene therapy. It also has applications in agriculture, forensics, evolution studies, and more. Both pros and cons are discussed. Ethical, legal and social issues around areas like privacy, discrimination, and commercialization were also important considerations of the project.
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Mendels theory
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EUGENIC MOVEMENT.pptx
- 2. INTRODUCTION • The term Eugenics is derived from Greek word Eu meaning good and Genic- meaning birth. • It applies the genetic knowledge gained by experiments for the betterment of human race. • Term coined by Sir.Francis Galton in 1883 and is regarded as father of eugenics. • Idea was inspired after the selective breeding of animals to achieve the selected traits. • Nazis under the supervision of Hitler struggled for pure German race and applied forced sterilizations, abortion and selective breeding. Hence in later period majority of scientific community distanced itself from the movement.
- 3. DEFINITION • ACCORDING TO FRANCIS GALTON: Eugenics is a science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race, also with those that develop them to almost advantage. • ACCORDING TO BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION: The practice or advocacy of controlled selective breeding of human populations (as by sterilization) to improve the population's genetic composition.
- 4. AIMS • To save resources • To create healthy people and healthy community free from mentally challenged individuals • To have intelligent community • To decrease the human suffering
- 5. HISTORY • History is described as PRIOR TO GALTON AND GALTON,POST TO GALTON: PRIOR TO GALTON: • Human gene pool should be improved by human intervention • State should control the mating programme of its own citizens • The mating should be performed according to marriage number • The marriage number should be assigned to all women and men based on their personality analysis both physically and mentally • Man with highest marriage number should mate with women with highest number of marraiges
- 6. HISTORY • History is described as PRIOR TO GALTON AND GALTON,POST TO GALTON: GALTON ANS POST TO GALTON: • Natural selection described by Darwin is also applicable to humans • As civilization progressed and care and sympathy for disabled grow it has thwarted the mechanism of this natural selection and hence elimination of weakest by natural process is stopped. • Human race should consistently try to improve their gene pool. • Genius and intelligence are hereditary traits as the color of the pods and the shape of the seed
- 7. TYPES OF EUGENICS • Recently emerged • Aimed at betterment of humans. • Ex: prenatal diagnosis, genetic counselling. • The term is not used much as it eugenics indicates elimination of waste. POSITIVE EHGENICS • Practiced till late 50’s in almost all developed world including Japan, USA, Canada and Britain. • Includes practice of forced sterilization of criminals, abortion of able fetus, restriction in marriages of disabled etc.. NEGATIVE EUGENICS
- 8. METHODS OF IMPLICATION MANDATORY EUGENICS: Government mandates the eugenic Programme •Also called authoritarian eugenics PROMOTIONAL VOLUNTARY EUGENICS voluntarily practiced and promoted to general population , but not officially mandated PRIVATE EUGENICS: Practiced voluntarily by certain groups but not promoted to general public
- 9. CHALLENGES • In 1910, Godfrey N. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg developed the equilibrium model. This model clearly and elegantly dispose off the claim that degenerate families were increasing the societal and state load of dysgenic genes. They gave an equation known as Hardy- Weinberg equation which showed that sterilization of affected individuals does not yield the reduced percentage of mental defectives in the society as a whole.
- 10. CHALLENGES • Parallely George Shull, from Carnegie Station for Experimental Evolution, by carrying out experiments on corn plants, clearly demonstrated that the hybrid corn's plants were more vigorous than the pure-bred ones. This conclusively refuted the famous belief held by the eugenics that racial purity offer any biological advantage or the mixing of the race (gene pool) destroys the good traits in the original race.
- 11. SPECIFIC PROTECTION EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT LATEST ADVANCES IN GENETICS • Detection of genetic carriers • Prenatal diagnosis • Screening of newborn infants • Recognizing preclinical cases • DNA vaccination • Biochips • Human cloning • Recombinant DNA technology • Stem cell therapy