This document discusses rhabdoviruses like rabies virus and reoviruses like rotavirus. It provides information on their structure, replication cycles, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment/prevention. Rhabdoviruses have a negative-sense RNA genome and cause diseases like rabies through bites. Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants worldwide and have a double-layered capsid enclosing 11 segments of double-stranded RNA.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
The rhinovirus (from the Greek ῥίς rhis "nose", gen ῥινός rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 °C (91–95 °F), the temperatures found in the nose. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 160 recognized types of human rhinovirus that differ according to their surface proteins (serotypes).[1] They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. By comparison, other viruses, such as smallpox and vaccinia, are around ten times larger at about 300 nanometers; while flu viruses are around 80–120 nm.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
The rhinovirus (from the Greek ῥίς rhis "nose", gen ῥινός rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 °C (91–95 °F), the temperatures found in the nose. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 160 recognized types of human rhinovirus that differ according to their surface proteins (serotypes).[1] They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. By comparison, other viruses, such as smallpox and vaccinia, are around ten times larger at about 300 nanometers; while flu viruses are around 80–120 nm.
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, parvoviruses and polymovirusesNCRIMS, Meerut
Adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, parvoviruses and polymoviruses are Double stranded DNA Viruses except parvoviruses. Adenoviruses are non enveloped icosahedral symmetry.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
In potato, causes mild mosaic on leaves,Crinkling and necrosis etc. TGB3 (Triple gene block proteins) is expressed by leaky scanning of the TGB2 subgenomic mRNA. TGBp1 with the presence of TGBp2 and TGBp3 can modify the PD size exclusion limit and move between cells.
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, parvoviruses and polymovirusesNCRIMS, Meerut
Adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, parvoviruses and polymoviruses are Double stranded DNA Viruses except parvoviruses. Adenoviruses are non enveloped icosahedral symmetry.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
In potato, causes mild mosaic on leaves,Crinkling and necrosis etc. TGB3 (Triple gene block proteins) is expressed by leaky scanning of the TGB2 subgenomic mRNA. TGBp1 with the presence of TGBp2 and TGBp3 can modify the PD size exclusion limit and move between cells.
With brief acknowledgment overview for Pandemic viral infections
#Pharmaceutical
#Medical
#Viral Infection
1.)Introduction
2.) Assessment
(a) Stages
3.) Management
(a.) Containment
(b.) Mitigation
4.) Viral Infection Process
5.) Concerning diseases
6.) List of Antiviral Drugs
7.) Types of viral Infection
8.) Virus Structure
9.) Modification
10.) Causative Agent
10.) Geographical Modification
11.) References
A pandemic is defined as “an epidemic occuring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people”. The classical definition includes nothing about population immunity, virology, or disease severity.
SARS2 CoVID-19 is so far the latest endemic that has hit the humanity. This presentation is a sincere approach to understand about this class of viruses and the methods that can be used to prevent their further upgradation or genetic modification.
3. Rabies in the US Distribution of rabies in the US, 2001. (From http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/Epidemiology/Epidemiology.htm) www.freelivedoctor.com
4. Human pathogens in the order Mononegavirales www.freelivedoctor.com Family Subfamily Genus Human pathogens Rhabdoviridae Lyssavirus Rabies virus Filoviridae Marburghvirus Marburgh virus Ebolavirus Ebola virus Paramyxoviridae Paramyxovirinae Rubulavirus Mumps virus, Parainfluenzavirus 2,4 Respirovirus Parainfluenza virus 1,3 Henipavirus Hendra virus, Nipah virus Morbillivirus Measles virus Pneumovirinae Pneumovirus Respiratory syncytial virus Metaneumovirus Human metapneumovirus
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6. Rhabdovirus gene function www.freelivedoctor.com Gene product Virion location Function Nucleoprotein (N) Nucleocapsid Protects RNA genome Polymerase phosphoprotein (P) Associated with nucleocapsid RNA polymerase subunit Matrix (M) Between nucleocapsid and envelope Virion assembly glycoprotein (G) Transmembrane envelope glycoprotein Viral attachment protein Large protein (L) Associated with nucleocapsid RNA polymerase
7. Rhabdovirus virion structure A: Diagram of rhabdovirus virion. B: Negative stain electron micrograph of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) virion. C: VSV nucleocapsid-M protein complexes prepared by solubilization of virion envelopes with triton X-100 in low ionic strength buffer. D: VSV nucleocapsids prepared by solubilization of virion envelopes with triton X-100 in high ionic strength buffer. Bar, 100 nm. (From Fields Vriology (2007) 5th edition, Knipe, DM & Howley, PM, eds, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia Fig. 39.2) www.freelivedoctor.com
8. Rhabdovirus replication Replication of rhabdoviruses: a simple enveloped (-) RNA virus. 1, Rhabdoviruses bind to the cell surface and are ( 2 ) endocytosed. The envelope fuses with the endosome vesicle membrane to deliver the nucleocapsid to the cytoplasm. The virion must carry a polymerase, which ( 3 ) produces five individual messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and a full-length (+) RNA template. 4, Proteins are translated from the mRNAs, including one glycoprotein (G), which is co-translationally glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), processed in the Golgi apparatus, and delivered to the cell membrane. 5, The genome is replicated from the (+) RNA template, and N, L, and NS proteins associate with the genome to form the nucleocapsid. 6, The matrix protein associates with the G protein-modified membrane, which is followed by assembly of the nucleocapsid. 7, The virus buds from the cell in a bullet-shaped virion. (From Medical Microbiology, 5 th ed., Murray, Rosenthal & Pfaller, Mosby Inc., 2005, Fig. 6-14.) www.freelivedoctor.com
9. Rabies distribution Distribution of animal rabies in the United States, 1999. The percentages relate to the total number of cases of animal rabies. (From Medical Microbiology, 5 th ed., Murray, Rosenthal & Pfaller, Mosby Inc., 2005, Fig. 61-3.) Note: Dogs are the primary source of human rabies in urban settings worldwide. www.freelivedoctor.com
10. Rabies pathogenesis Pathogenesis of rabies virus infection. Numbered steps describe the sequence of events. (From Medical Microbiology, 5 th ed., Murray, Rosenthal & Pfaller, Mosby Inc., 2005, Fig. 61-2.) www.freelivedoctor.com
11. Rabies disease time course Progression of rabies disease. (From Medical Microbiology, 5 th ed., Murray, Rosenthal & Pfaller, Mosby Inc., 2005, Table 61-1.) www.freelivedoctor.com
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13. Negri bodies Immunohistochemical staining of intra-cytoplasmic viral inclusions in the neuron of a human rabies patient. (Fields Vriology (2007) 5th edition, Knipe, DM & Howley, PM, eds, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia Fig. 39.9) www.freelivedoctor.com
14. Control of rabies in wild animals through bait based vaccination The bait Lunch time http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/prevention&control/ovalvacc.htm www.freelivedoctor.com
17. Rotavirus disease burden Annual burden of rotavirus disease worldwide and in the United States in infants and young children under 5 years of age. (From Fields Vriology (2007) 5th edition, Knipe, DM & Howley, PM, eds, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia Fig. 53.sup8) www.freelivedoctor.com
18. Rotavirus disease distribution Distribution of rotavirus disease-associated deaths worldwide by region. (From Fields Vriology (2007) 5th edition, Knipe, DM & Howley, PM, eds, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia Fig. 53.sup9) www.freelivedoctor.com
19. Human reoviruses Reoviridae responsible for human disease (From Medical Microbiology, 5 th ed., Murray, Rosenthal & Pfaller, Mosby Inc., 2005, Table 62-1) www.freelivedoctor.com
20. Rotavirus structure Genome Segments: Shows PAGE separation of the 11 segments of the rotavirus SA11 genome. Encoded proteins: Shows the PAGE separation of the intracellular proteins synthesized by SA11 and the genome segment in which they are encoded. Six structural (VP) and six nonstructural (NSP) proteins are synthesized in the infected cell. Note that NSP6 runs far below NSP5 and is not shown on the gel presented here. Viron Schematic: Shows the locations of the various structural proteins within the rotavirus virion. Note the arrangement of the proteins into 3 concentric capsid layers, and the location of the VP1/VP3 complexes at the 5-fold verticies of the icosahedral structure. Reconstruction: A 3D reconstruction of the SA11 virion (23Å resolution) with the genome computationally removed. The color scheme is the same as the schematic, to indicate locations of the various proteins. (http://www.iah.bbsrc.ac.uk/dsRNA_virus_proteins/rotavirus%20figure.htm) www.freelivedoctor.com
21. Rotavirus gene function Functions of rotavirus gene products. (From Medical Microbiology, 5 th ed., Murray, Rosenthal & Pfaller, Mosby Inc., 2005, Table 62-3) www.freelivedoctor.com
22. Rotavirus structure Electron micrograph of negatively stained rotavirus virus particles. (From Schaechter’s Mechanisms of Microbial Disease; 4 th ed.; Engleberg, DiRita & Dermody; Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2007; Fig. 37-1) www.freelivedoctor.com
23. Rotavirus replication The rotavirus replication cycle . (From Schaechter’s Mechanisms of Microbial Disease; 4 th ed.; Engleberg, DiRita & Dermody; Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2007; Fig. 37-2) www.freelivedoctor.com