This document provides an overview of HIV and oral manifestations in two parts. Part 1 discusses the terminology, classification, structure, pathogenesis and epidemiology of HIV. It describes how HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS by destroying the immune system. Worldwide, about 36.9 million people live with HIV. In India, the adult prevalence has declined but there are still an estimated 20.88 lakh people living with HIV. The virus is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and mother-to-child transmission. Part 1 lays the groundwork for understanding HIV and its oral implications, which will be covered in Part 2.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can cause oral manifestations in 30-80% of infected individuals. Common oral issues include candidiasis, a fungal infection causing lesions; periodontitis with tissue destruction; and viral infections like herpes simplex causing vesicles and ulcers. Other conditions linked to HIV/AIDS are Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer originating from blood vessels, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Proper dental management of HIV-infected individuals includes monitoring for early signs of oral opportunistic infections and treating them promptly to support overall health.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses HIV and periodontium. It begins with an introduction and overview of the history and epidemiology of AIDS. It then discusses the CDC definition and classification of AIDS, the virus structure, modes of transmission, and life cycle of HIV. It covers the clinical features and WHO classification of HIV-associated diseases. It also discusses the classification of oral lesions associated with HIV, periodontal manifestations, diagnostic tests, and occupational exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis. Management of HIV-infected patients and precautions are outlined.
This document discusses HIV and its oral manifestations, with a focus on periodontal diseases. It covers the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV, describing how it depletes CD4 cells and impacts the immune system. Various oral conditions associated with HIV are described, including oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma, and necrotizing periodontal diseases. The pathogenesis of HIV-associated periodontal diseases is explained. Treatment protocols for different oral conditions in HIV patients emphasize the importance of infection control and the patient's overall health status.
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. It was first identified in the 1980s after outbreaks of rare cancers and pneumonia in young, homosexual men in the United States. French scientist Luc Montagnier discovered the virus in 1983 and named it LAV, while American scientist Robert Gallo isolated the same virus from an AIDS patient and named it HTLV-III. There was initially a dispute over who discovered the virus first. HIV belongs to the retrovirus family and attacks CD4 cells of the immune system, ultimately weakening immunity and allowing opportunistic infections. There are two types of HIV - HIV-1, which is more prevalent worldwide, and HIV-2, which is less common and less virulent.
This document provides an overview of periodontal problems associated with HIV infection. It discusses the pathogenesis, transmission, epidemiology, classification/staging of HIV, as well as oral manifestations like oral candidiasis. It also covers testing/diagnosis of HIV, antiretroviral therapy including HAART, potential complications like IRIS, and treatment protocols for periodontal diseases in HIV-positive patients.
This document summarizes common oral manifestations of HIV infection and their importance in diagnosis and treatment. Key points include:
- Oral cavities can reveal early signs of HIV infection through fungal, viral, bacterial, and neoplastic lesions. Common early signs are oral candidiasis and recurrent herpes.
- Lesions may indicate falling CD4+ T cell counts and progression of HIV infection. Oral exams can help diagnose and stage HIV.
- Treatment involves addressing underlying opportunistic infections aggressively to control symptoms and decrease patient suffering, while prevention emphasizes safe practices for dental surgeons due to risk of transmission.
1. Oral manifestations are among the earliest signs of HIV infection. Conditions like oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma are strongly associated with HIV.
2. Other less common conditions include necrotizing gingivitis/periodontitis, infections by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. avium-intracellulare, and salivary gland diseases.
3. The progression of oral lesions correlates with declining CD4 counts and worsening immune suppression in patients with HIV/AIDS.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can cause oral manifestations in 30-80% of infected individuals. Common oral issues include candidiasis, a fungal infection causing lesions; periodontitis with tissue destruction; and viral infections like herpes simplex causing vesicles and ulcers. Other conditions linked to HIV/AIDS are Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer originating from blood vessels, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Proper dental management of HIV-infected individuals includes monitoring for early signs of oral opportunistic infections and treating them promptly to support overall health.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses HIV and periodontium. It begins with an introduction and overview of the history and epidemiology of AIDS. It then discusses the CDC definition and classification of AIDS, the virus structure, modes of transmission, and life cycle of HIV. It covers the clinical features and WHO classification of HIV-associated diseases. It also discusses the classification of oral lesions associated with HIV, periodontal manifestations, diagnostic tests, and occupational exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis. Management of HIV-infected patients and precautions are outlined.
This document discusses HIV and its oral manifestations, with a focus on periodontal diseases. It covers the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV, describing how it depletes CD4 cells and impacts the immune system. Various oral conditions associated with HIV are described, including oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma, and necrotizing periodontal diseases. The pathogenesis of HIV-associated periodontal diseases is explained. Treatment protocols for different oral conditions in HIV patients emphasize the importance of infection control and the patient's overall health status.
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. It was first identified in the 1980s after outbreaks of rare cancers and pneumonia in young, homosexual men in the United States. French scientist Luc Montagnier discovered the virus in 1983 and named it LAV, while American scientist Robert Gallo isolated the same virus from an AIDS patient and named it HTLV-III. There was initially a dispute over who discovered the virus first. HIV belongs to the retrovirus family and attacks CD4 cells of the immune system, ultimately weakening immunity and allowing opportunistic infections. There are two types of HIV - HIV-1, which is more prevalent worldwide, and HIV-2, which is less common and less virulent.
This document provides an overview of periodontal problems associated with HIV infection. It discusses the pathogenesis, transmission, epidemiology, classification/staging of HIV, as well as oral manifestations like oral candidiasis. It also covers testing/diagnosis of HIV, antiretroviral therapy including HAART, potential complications like IRIS, and treatment protocols for periodontal diseases in HIV-positive patients.
This document summarizes common oral manifestations of HIV infection and their importance in diagnosis and treatment. Key points include:
- Oral cavities can reveal early signs of HIV infection through fungal, viral, bacterial, and neoplastic lesions. Common early signs are oral candidiasis and recurrent herpes.
- Lesions may indicate falling CD4+ T cell counts and progression of HIV infection. Oral exams can help diagnose and stage HIV.
- Treatment involves addressing underlying opportunistic infections aggressively to control symptoms and decrease patient suffering, while prevention emphasizes safe practices for dental surgeons due to risk of transmission.
1. Oral manifestations are among the earliest signs of HIV infection. Conditions like oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma are strongly associated with HIV.
2. Other less common conditions include necrotizing gingivitis/periodontitis, infections by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. avium-intracellulare, and salivary gland diseases.
3. The progression of oral lesions correlates with declining CD4 counts and worsening immune suppression in patients with HIV/AIDS.
This presentation is helpful for the dental student interested in dealing with the infectious disease AIDS.
The material also includes evidence based article on the relation of the HIV stage on periodontal status.
HIV/AIDS causes immunodeficiency that leads to various opportunistic oral infections and conditions. Common oral manifestations include oral candidiasis (presenting as angular cheilitis, erythematous candidiasis, or pseudomembranous candidiasis), oral hairy leukoplakia, linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, Kaposi's sarcoma, oral warts, and ulcerative conditions like herpes simplex virus lesions and recurrent aphthous ulcers. Diagnosis involves visual examination and confirmation may require a biopsy or potassium hydroxide preparation. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may include antifungal agents, antiviral drugs
The document discusses oral manifestations of AIDS, including common lesions seen in HIV/AIDS patients such as oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma, and periodontal diseases. Oral candidiasis is the most common oral lesion, presenting as creamy white plaques that can be wiped away, revealing an underlying red surface. Hairy leukoplakia appears as vertical white corrugations on the tongue. Kaposi's sarcoma causes purple or red lesions on the palate or gums that may ulcerate. Periodontal diseases in HIV/AIDS patients can range from gingivitis to advanced periodontitis with bone destruction.
The document discusses oral manifestations of HIV infection at different stages. It begins by outlining methods of HIV transmission. In primary HIV infection, nonspecific flu-like symptoms occur within 6-12 weeks and resolve within a few weeks. Then follows a clinical latency period where HIV replicates slowly lowering CD4 counts. Oral opportunistic infections like candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia may occur as immunity declines. Advanced HIV is diagnosed when CD4 counts drop below 200, putting one at risk for serious infections. Kaposi's sarcoma lesions in the mouth may appear as well. Topical treatments are discussed for various oral conditions.
Pathology and management of periodontal problems in patientsNavneet Randhawa
This document discusses periodontal problems in patients with HIV infection. It covers the pathogenesis of HIV and how the virus weakens the immune system over time. As the immune system is damaged, oral infections like oral candidiasis become more common and severe. The document also discusses the various stages of HIV infection and AIDS, as well as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) used to treat HIV. Common oral manifestations seen in patients with HIV infection include oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
This document discusses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It covers the definition, classification, structure, pathogenesis and transmission of HIV. It also describes the oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS, including oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma and periodontal diseases. The management of oral diseases in HIV/AIDS patients is discussed, along with diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS. Infection control procedures for treating AIDS patients in dental offices are also summarized.
The document discusses HIV and its discovery. It describes how HIV was discovered in 1981 when CDC noted an increase in opportunistic infections in previously healthy individuals with impaired immune function. HIV was isolated in 1983. It provides details on the properties of HIV, how it interacts with and infects host cells, the pathogenesis and progression of HIV infection including how it evades the immune system, and diagnostic tests for HIV including viral detection tests and antibody tests.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This study examined 110 known HIV-positive patients with skin lesions in Central India over 2 years. 53 patients (48%) had infectious skin pathology including viral (27.28%), bacterial (12.72%), fungal (5.45%), and parasitic (6.36%) infections. The most common were molluscum contagiosum and HPV lesions. 37 patients (35%) had non-infectious pathology such as pruritic papular eruptions. Infectious lesions were more common in patients with CD4 counts below 350, while non-infectious lesions were more common above 350. Unusual presentations of infectious agents were observed in 57 patients (52%). Cutaneous manifestations can serve as early indicators
This document provides information on periodontal management of HIV patients. It discusses the stages of HIV infection and common oral manifestations such as oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It also covers HIV-related periodontal diseases including linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis. Treatment protocols are provided for oral lesions and periodontal diseases seen in HIV patients.
Cutaneous manifestations are common in patients with HIV/AIDS and can present as the earliest sign of infection. A wide variety of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections can affect the skin, such as herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, human papilloma virus, and molluscum contagiosum virus. Non-infectious conditions like Kaposi's sarcoma and seborrheic dermatitis are also more prevalent. Recognition of cutaneous signs is important for early diagnosis and treatment of HIV, as skin disorders can severely impact quality of life.
Introduction
History
Epidemiology AIDS
CDC definition and classification of AIDS
Virus structure
Mode of transmission
Life cycle of HIV
Clinical features-WHO classification
Classification of oral lesions associated with HIV
Periodontal manifestations of HIV
Periodontal management of HIV infected patients
Diagnostic tests
Sterilization and precautions to be taken
Conclusion
This document discusses otolaryngologic manifestations of HIV/AIDS. It begins by explaining how HIV works and disease progression as CD4 counts decline. AIDS is diagnosed when CD4 counts fall below 200 or AIDS-defining conditions occur. Common conditions include Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, herpes zoster outbreaks, recurrent ear/sinus infections, facial palsy, and sensorineural hearing loss. Fungal and atypical bacterial infections increase with immunosuppression. Evaluation with imaging/biopsy is important to identify treatable underlying causes of symptoms like lymphadenopathy. Management involves antiviral/antibiotic therapy and occasionally surgery.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses periodontal management of HIV patients. It begins with an introduction noting that oral manifestations of AIDS are common. It then outlines the dentist's role in maintaining oral health for HIV patients. The document provides details on the clinical definition of AIDS, modes of transmission, stages of infection, oral manifestations associated with AIDS, and a periodontal treatment protocol. It emphasizes the importance of infection control, supportive care, and addressing oral lesions and conditions common in HIV patients.
This document discusses HIV and its effects on the ENT system. It begins by explaining what HIV is and how it attacks the immune system. It then discusses the epidemiology of HIV and current global statistics. Various opportunistic infections that can affect the ENT system are described, including fungal infections of the ear, sinusitis, neoplasms like Kaposi's sarcoma, and lymphomas of the nose and oral cavity. Manifestations in different areas like the ear, nose, oral cavity and airways are summarized. Risk groups, disease progression, and treatment approaches are also briefly covered.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document summarizes early signs and symptoms of AIDS, oral manifestations of HIV, and concludes with the importance of early testing. Early signs may include brief flu-like symptoms appearing 2-4 weeks after infection. As the virus destroys immune cells over years, mild infections and chronic symptoms develop, including swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss and fever. Late-stage AIDS is marked by opportunistic infections causing symptoms like night sweats, cough, diarrhea and oral lesions. Oral manifestations include fungal, viral and bacterial lesions as well as neoplastic lesions like Kaposi's sarcoma. Early testing is key to stopping the spread of HIV and improving survival.
HIV infection clinical Classification & Systemic manifestationsShinjan Patra
This document outlines the revised WHO clinical staging system for HIV/AIDS in adults and adolescents. It describes the four clinical stages based on disease severity and symptoms. Stage 1 is asymptomatic HIV infection or persistent generalized lymphadenopathy. Stage 2 includes moderate weight loss and recurrent infections. Stage 3 involves severe weight loss or recurrent fever and opportunistic infections diagnosed clinically or with simple tests. Stage 4 includes HIV wasting syndrome and other conditions requiring confirmatory testing, including cancers and disseminated infections. Common opportunistic infections and clinical manifestations involving various organ systems are also summarized.
This document discusses the cutaneous manifestations of HIV/AIDS. It begins with current statistics on HIV/AIDS cases and deaths in the Philippines. It then lists common AIDS-defining conditions and opportunistic infections. The rest of the document discusses various skin disorders seen in HIV/AIDS patients, including bacterial, fungal and viral infections, drug eruptions, and conditions associated with low CD4 counts like Kaposi's sarcoma and eosinophilic folliculitis. Pruritus, oral hairy leukoplakia, and lipodystrophy are also covered.
Oral hiv/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides guidance for oral healthcare providers on treating patients with HIV/AIDS. It discusses HIV basics, how HIV affects oral health, important considerations in the medical history, common oral health problems associated with HIV, and infections and cancers that may occur. Key parts of the medical history for an HIV patient include their latest CD4 and viral load counts, current medications, history of opportunistic infections, and other health issues like hepatitis or substance use. No routine premedication is needed but antibiotics may be considered for severely immune compromised patients. Overall the document aims to educate dental providers on the oral manifestations of HIV and best practices for safe care of this patient population.
This presentation is helpful for the dental student interested in dealing with the infectious disease AIDS.
The material also includes evidence based article on the relation of the HIV stage on periodontal status.
HIV/AIDS causes immunodeficiency that leads to various opportunistic oral infections and conditions. Common oral manifestations include oral candidiasis (presenting as angular cheilitis, erythematous candidiasis, or pseudomembranous candidiasis), oral hairy leukoplakia, linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, Kaposi's sarcoma, oral warts, and ulcerative conditions like herpes simplex virus lesions and recurrent aphthous ulcers. Diagnosis involves visual examination and confirmation may require a biopsy or potassium hydroxide preparation. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may include antifungal agents, antiviral drugs
The document discusses oral manifestations of AIDS, including common lesions seen in HIV/AIDS patients such as oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma, and periodontal diseases. Oral candidiasis is the most common oral lesion, presenting as creamy white plaques that can be wiped away, revealing an underlying red surface. Hairy leukoplakia appears as vertical white corrugations on the tongue. Kaposi's sarcoma causes purple or red lesions on the palate or gums that may ulcerate. Periodontal diseases in HIV/AIDS patients can range from gingivitis to advanced periodontitis with bone destruction.
The document discusses oral manifestations of HIV infection at different stages. It begins by outlining methods of HIV transmission. In primary HIV infection, nonspecific flu-like symptoms occur within 6-12 weeks and resolve within a few weeks. Then follows a clinical latency period where HIV replicates slowly lowering CD4 counts. Oral opportunistic infections like candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia may occur as immunity declines. Advanced HIV is diagnosed when CD4 counts drop below 200, putting one at risk for serious infections. Kaposi's sarcoma lesions in the mouth may appear as well. Topical treatments are discussed for various oral conditions.
Pathology and management of periodontal problems in patientsNavneet Randhawa
This document discusses periodontal problems in patients with HIV infection. It covers the pathogenesis of HIV and how the virus weakens the immune system over time. As the immune system is damaged, oral infections like oral candidiasis become more common and severe. The document also discusses the various stages of HIV infection and AIDS, as well as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) used to treat HIV. Common oral manifestations seen in patients with HIV infection include oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
This document discusses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It covers the definition, classification, structure, pathogenesis and transmission of HIV. It also describes the oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS, including oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma and periodontal diseases. The management of oral diseases in HIV/AIDS patients is discussed, along with diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS. Infection control procedures for treating AIDS patients in dental offices are also summarized.
The document discusses HIV and its discovery. It describes how HIV was discovered in 1981 when CDC noted an increase in opportunistic infections in previously healthy individuals with impaired immune function. HIV was isolated in 1983. It provides details on the properties of HIV, how it interacts with and infects host cells, the pathogenesis and progression of HIV infection including how it evades the immune system, and diagnostic tests for HIV including viral detection tests and antibody tests.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This study examined 110 known HIV-positive patients with skin lesions in Central India over 2 years. 53 patients (48%) had infectious skin pathology including viral (27.28%), bacterial (12.72%), fungal (5.45%), and parasitic (6.36%) infections. The most common were molluscum contagiosum and HPV lesions. 37 patients (35%) had non-infectious pathology such as pruritic papular eruptions. Infectious lesions were more common in patients with CD4 counts below 350, while non-infectious lesions were more common above 350. Unusual presentations of infectious agents were observed in 57 patients (52%). Cutaneous manifestations can serve as early indicators
This document provides information on periodontal management of HIV patients. It discusses the stages of HIV infection and common oral manifestations such as oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It also covers HIV-related periodontal diseases including linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis. Treatment protocols are provided for oral lesions and periodontal diseases seen in HIV patients.
Cutaneous manifestations are common in patients with HIV/AIDS and can present as the earliest sign of infection. A wide variety of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections can affect the skin, such as herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, human papilloma virus, and molluscum contagiosum virus. Non-infectious conditions like Kaposi's sarcoma and seborrheic dermatitis are also more prevalent. Recognition of cutaneous signs is important for early diagnosis and treatment of HIV, as skin disorders can severely impact quality of life.
Introduction
History
Epidemiology AIDS
CDC definition and classification of AIDS
Virus structure
Mode of transmission
Life cycle of HIV
Clinical features-WHO classification
Classification of oral lesions associated with HIV
Periodontal manifestations of HIV
Periodontal management of HIV infected patients
Diagnostic tests
Sterilization and precautions to be taken
Conclusion
This document discusses otolaryngologic manifestations of HIV/AIDS. It begins by explaining how HIV works and disease progression as CD4 counts decline. AIDS is diagnosed when CD4 counts fall below 200 or AIDS-defining conditions occur. Common conditions include Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, herpes zoster outbreaks, recurrent ear/sinus infections, facial palsy, and sensorineural hearing loss. Fungal and atypical bacterial infections increase with immunosuppression. Evaluation with imaging/biopsy is important to identify treatable underlying causes of symptoms like lymphadenopathy. Management involves antiviral/antibiotic therapy and occasionally surgery.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses periodontal management of HIV patients. It begins with an introduction noting that oral manifestations of AIDS are common. It then outlines the dentist's role in maintaining oral health for HIV patients. The document provides details on the clinical definition of AIDS, modes of transmission, stages of infection, oral manifestations associated with AIDS, and a periodontal treatment protocol. It emphasizes the importance of infection control, supportive care, and addressing oral lesions and conditions common in HIV patients.
This document discusses HIV and its effects on the ENT system. It begins by explaining what HIV is and how it attacks the immune system. It then discusses the epidemiology of HIV and current global statistics. Various opportunistic infections that can affect the ENT system are described, including fungal infections of the ear, sinusitis, neoplasms like Kaposi's sarcoma, and lymphomas of the nose and oral cavity. Manifestations in different areas like the ear, nose, oral cavity and airways are summarized. Risk groups, disease progression, and treatment approaches are also briefly covered.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document summarizes early signs and symptoms of AIDS, oral manifestations of HIV, and concludes with the importance of early testing. Early signs may include brief flu-like symptoms appearing 2-4 weeks after infection. As the virus destroys immune cells over years, mild infections and chronic symptoms develop, including swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss and fever. Late-stage AIDS is marked by opportunistic infections causing symptoms like night sweats, cough, diarrhea and oral lesions. Oral manifestations include fungal, viral and bacterial lesions as well as neoplastic lesions like Kaposi's sarcoma. Early testing is key to stopping the spread of HIV and improving survival.
HIV infection clinical Classification & Systemic manifestationsShinjan Patra
This document outlines the revised WHO clinical staging system for HIV/AIDS in adults and adolescents. It describes the four clinical stages based on disease severity and symptoms. Stage 1 is asymptomatic HIV infection or persistent generalized lymphadenopathy. Stage 2 includes moderate weight loss and recurrent infections. Stage 3 involves severe weight loss or recurrent fever and opportunistic infections diagnosed clinically or with simple tests. Stage 4 includes HIV wasting syndrome and other conditions requiring confirmatory testing, including cancers and disseminated infections. Common opportunistic infections and clinical manifestations involving various organ systems are also summarized.
This document discusses the cutaneous manifestations of HIV/AIDS. It begins with current statistics on HIV/AIDS cases and deaths in the Philippines. It then lists common AIDS-defining conditions and opportunistic infections. The rest of the document discusses various skin disorders seen in HIV/AIDS patients, including bacterial, fungal and viral infections, drug eruptions, and conditions associated with low CD4 counts like Kaposi's sarcoma and eosinophilic folliculitis. Pruritus, oral hairy leukoplakia, and lipodystrophy are also covered.
Oral hiv/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides guidance for oral healthcare providers on treating patients with HIV/AIDS. It discusses HIV basics, how HIV affects oral health, important considerations in the medical history, common oral health problems associated with HIV, and infections and cancers that may occur. Key parts of the medical history for an HIV patient include their latest CD4 and viral load counts, current medications, history of opportunistic infections, and other health issues like hepatitis or substance use. No routine premedication is needed but antibiotics may be considered for severely immune compromised patients. Overall the document aims to educate dental providers on the oral manifestations of HIV and best practices for safe care of this patient population.
Hiv infection progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS, the most severe stage. It is caused by the HIV virus which depletes CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system. Left untreated, opportunistic infections develop. HIV is transmitted via blood, sex, or perinatally. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus indefinitely and treat any infections, with the goals of prolonging life, improving quality of life, and restoring immune function. Nursing care focuses on medication adherence, nutrition, symptom management, and psychological support.
This document discusses various types of hepatitis and liver disease. It begins by introducing hepatitis and its worldwide prevalence. It then covers the functions of the liver and various types of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E), chronic hepatitis, drug-induced liver disease, cirrhosis, and alcoholic liver disease. For each topic, it provides details on causes, clinical features, management, and sometimes dental considerations.
Types of hepatitis
HEPATITIS - symptoms
How To Diagnose Hepatitis?
Treatment
Main Prevention Measures for Hepatitis B and C
Hepatitis in Pregnant Women
Oral Manifestations of Hepatitis
Management of patients with hepatitis B and C infection in dental office
This document summarizes key milestones in the discovery of HIV and AIDS, including:
1) In 1981, Michael Gottleib reported the first cases of GRID (Gay-Related Immune Deficiency) and in 1982 it was named AIDS.
2) In 1983, Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barre Sinoussi discovered LAV (Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus) which was later found to be HIV.
3) In 1984, Robert Gallo discovered HTLV III which was also later found to be HIV.
4) HIV is a retrovirus that infects and kills CD4+ T cells, gradually destroying the immune system. Its structure
Hepatitis B and C infection and it's clinical implication in Dental practice, how to management patients of hepatitis and what clinical features patients with hepatitis show in oral cavity.
Controll and preventive measures on hepatitis BRajat Chaudhary
This document provides information about hepatitis B prevention and control. It discusses risk groups for hepatitis B, including parenteral drug users, homosexual men, and people who have close contact with infected individuals. Control measures include immunization, awareness campaigns, screening blood and blood products, and practicing good hygiene. Prevention involves hepatitis B vaccines and immunoglobulin. Hepatitis B vaccines are effective and provide long-term protection against the virus.
Hepatitis B Vaccine revisited - Ideal Schedule & recommendationsGaurav Gupta
This document discusses hepatitis B immunization schedules. It begins by outlining the global burden of hepatitis B and its transmission patterns. It then examines the disease profile of hepatitis B and reviews evidence that the 0, 1, 6 month schedule is the most effective approach. This schedule provides protection at birth from vertical transmission, limits horizontal transmission with a second dose, and leads to high antibody titers with a third dose after 6 months that provide long-term protection. Most international health organizations and countries recommend a schedule that begins at birth.
This document is a report from medical microbiology students at the University of Gondar on immunity against HIV infection. It outlines the HIV lifecycle and the components of the antiviral response. It reviews literature showing that both humoral and cellular immunity are ineffective at controlling HIV over time as the virus mutates. It concludes that HIV depletes immune cells and blunts the immune response, establishing a latent reservoir early in infection. Further research is needed to better understand the immune response mechanisms against HIV.
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) involves rehydrating a dehydrated person through oral intake and corrects water and electrolyte deficits. ORT has been shown to effectively treat 90-95% of cases of cholera and acute diarrhea. The principle behind ORT is that glucose enhances intestinal absorption of salt and water when taken orally, correcting electrolyte and water deficits. Reduced osmolarity ORS is the most effective type, decreasing stool output and need for IV therapy in children with non-cholera diarrhea. ORT is a low-cost treatment that can be administered at home using readily available ingredients. It has significantly reduced mortality from cholera and diarrhea globally.
This document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including its history, virology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It describes how HIV was first identified in 1981 as the cause of AIDS, belongs to the retrovirus family, and has two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Over 30 million people have died of AIDS since 1981, and approximately 2.5 million people are newly infected with HIV each year.
The document discusses the differences between census surveys and sample surveys. Census surveys collect information from the entire population, while sample surveys collect information from a representative sample of the population. Census surveys are more accurate but are also more time-consuming and costly compared to sample surveys, which can be completed more quickly and at lower cost, but have some margin of error since only a sample is studied rather than the entire population.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which attacks CD4+ cells in the immune system. There are two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further divided into groups M, N, O, and P. HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells leading to immunosuppression and increased risk of opportunistic infections. HIV progresses from primary infection to clinical latency to early signs of infection like candidiasis and lymphadenopathy to late stage AIDS with life threatening infections when CD4+ counts fall below 200 cells/mm3. HIV is transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood or needles, mother-to-child transmission, and other bodily
PATHOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF PERIODONTAL PROBLEMS IN PATIENTS WITH HIV INFECTIONDR YASMIN MOIDIN
This document discusses the pathogenesis, oral manifestations, and management of periodontal problems in patients with HIV infection. Key points include:
1. HIV weakens the immune system by destroying CD4 cells, leaving the body vulnerable to infection. Oral lesions commonly seen include candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
2. Periodontal diseases in HIV+ patients include linear gingival erythema, necrotizing periodontitis, and chronic periodontitis. Management involves local debridement, antimicrobials like metronidazole, and maintaining good oral hygiene.
3. Dental treatment for HIV+ patients requires strict infection control
Management of patient with hepatic disorder in dental office (hepatitis, alco...Shankar Hemam
The document provides information on managing dental patients with hepatic disorders such as hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease. It discusses the various types of hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E), their causes, symptoms, and medical management. For dental management, it emphasizes identifying potential hepatitis carriers, minimizing aerosols for infected patients, using isolation techniques, and consulting physicians on medication and bleeding risks. The liver's role in metabolism requires special consideration of drugs and procedures for patients with hepatic impairment.
Hepatitis D is a severe form of viral hepatitis that requires simultaneous infection with hepatitis B virus. It has the highest fatality rate of hepatitis infections at 20% and inhibits interferon-alpha signaling. The virus has two antigens, L-HDAg and S-HDAg, that play different roles in its life cycle and replication within human cells. Hepatitis D is transmitted through exposure to infected blood and bodily fluids, and can occur through co-infection or superinfection of individuals already chronically infected with hepatitis B. Diagnosis involves testing for antibodies to the virus and detecting its RNA. While there is no vaccine for hepatitis D specifically, the hepatitis B vaccine provides protection, and treatment with interferon alpha can reduce severity in some
This document provides information about HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). It discusses that HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting CD4+ T cells of the immune system. The virus was first discovered in 1981 in the United States. It originated from chimpanzees in rural Africa and has two types: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV replicates by reverse transcribing its RNA into DNA. The virus mutates rapidly due to its error-prone replication. There are various subtypes of HIV distributed globally with different transmission patterns. The natural course of HIV infection progresses from acute infection to asymptomatic latency to AIDS if left untreated.
THERAPEUTICS FOR HIV INFECTION (1).pptFaithLwabila
This document provides information on therapeutics for HIV infection, including:
1. It describes the types and characteristics of HIV, its life cycle, pathogenesis, and structure.
2. It discusses various classes of antiretroviral drugs, including their mechanisms of action, examples, and regimens. Common adverse effects are also summarized for some drug classes.
3. Guidelines for monitoring HIV infection and stages of the disease are outlined, including initial diagnosis, CD4 count, viral load, resistance testing, and clinical staging of HIV/AIDS.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an enveloped RNA virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It belongs to the retrovirus family and there are two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells of the immune system, ultimately weakening the body's ability to fight infections and disease. Common routes of transmission include sexual contact, contaminated blood transfusions, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. While antiretroviral treatment can slow the progression of the disease, there is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an enveloped RNA virus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells of the immune system. HIV belongs to the retrovirus family and has two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV replication involves binding to CD4 receptors on cells, integration into the host genome, and production of new virus particles. Infection progresses to AIDS as CD4 cells are depleted. There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS, but treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus and prolong life.
A detailed description of HIV covering virology, morphology, pathogenesis, clinical stages and manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and diagnostic strategy, and therapeutic options and prevention.
This document provides an overview of Hepatitis C. It begins with an introduction stating that over 71 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HCV. It then covers the virology of HCV including its structure, genome, replication cycle, genotypes/quasispecies. The epidemiology section discusses the global prevalence and incidence. Pathogenesis outlines how HCV evades the immune system to cause chronic infection. Clinical features are separated into acute hepatitis C and chronic hepatitis C. Extrahepatic manifestations associated with HCV are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. It discusses the history and microbiology of HIV, global and national statistics on prevalence, risk groups in India, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Key points include: globally 38 million people are living with HIV, generalized epidemics exist where prevalence is over 1% in pregnant women, and high-risk groups in India include sex workers, injecting drug users, and men who have sex with men. Diagnosis involves antibody detection tests like ELISA and confirmation with Western blot. Progression is monitored using CD4 counts and viral load levels, with opportunistic infections occurring at different CD4 thresholds.
This document discusses rhabdoviruses like rabies virus and reoviruses like rotavirus. It provides information on their structure, replication cycles, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment/prevention. Rhabdoviruses have a negative-sense RNA genome and cause diseases like rabies through bites. Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants worldwide and have a double-layered capsid enclosing 11 segments of double-stranded RNA.
HIV infects cells by binding to CD4 receptors and either CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors on the cell surface. Early in infection, HIV predominantly uses CCR5 (M-tropic/R5 viruses), while later in disease progression it often switches to using CXCR4 (T-tropic/X4 viruses). This coreceptor switch is associated with faster disease progression. HIV depletes CD4 T-cells, weakening the immune system over time and leading to AIDS if untreated.
AIDS is caused by HIV, a retrovirus that profoundly suppresses immunity. It is characterized by opportunistic infections, cancers, and neurological symptoms as it destroys CD4+ T-cells. The virus can be transmitted sexually or vertically from mother to child. After initial infection, HIV enters a chronic phase where it replicates in lymph tissues while gradually eroding immunity. Without treatment, this progresses to a crisis phase with full AIDS defined by severe opportunistic infections as CD4+ T-cells fall below 200 cells/ul.
1. The document discusses various methods for diagnosing viral infections, including direct fluorescent antibody staining, enzyme immunoassays, viral cell culture, and molecular amplification techniques like PCR.
2. Specific examples of viruses that can be diagnosed using these methods are provided, such as herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and adenovirus.
3. Details are provided on specimen collection and storage, as well as the cytopathic effects and characteristics of each virus in cell culture systems.
This document discusses immunodeficiency and HIV/AIDS. It defines immunodeficiency as a compromised immune system and describes how it is classified as either primary/congenital or secondary/acquired. HIV is described as a retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting CD4 cells and impairing the immune system over time. The document outlines HIV transmission, structure, lifecycle, and global prevalence, with statistics provided on prevalence in Zambia.
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its history, epidemiology in India, transmission, diagnosis, treatment with antiretroviral therapy, classification of antiretroviral drugs, and prevention. It discusses how HIV infects CD4+ cells and replicates. Current first-line and second-line regimens recommended by WHO and NACO are mentioned. Recent drug approvals by the FDA for treatment of HIV are also summarized. References are provided at the end.
All topics required for the BDS students in the chapter "RETROVIRUSES: HIV" is included in this ppt in a short and concise manner for better understanding. Please go through your books and use this ppt for revision purposes.
Novel research aimed at finding a cure for AIDS requires animal models responding to human antiretroviral drugs. However, there have been few antiretrovirals cross-active against the simian viruses. In this study, we expanded the arsenal of drugs active against the simian retrovirus SIVmac251 and showed that this virus is inhibited by the protease inhibitor, darunavir, and the CCR5 blocker, maraviroc. Administration of these two drugs in combination with the reverse transcriptase inhibitors, tenofovir and emtricitabine, and the integrase inhibitor, raltegravir, resulted in prolonged plasma viral loads below assay detection limits, and, surprisingly, restricted the viral reservoir, a marker of which is viral DNA. We then decided to employ this multidrug regimen (termed “highly intensified ART”) in order to increase the potency of a previous strategy based on the gold drug auranofin, which recently proved able to restrict the viral reservoir in vivo. A short course of highly intensified ART following the previous treatment resulted, upon therapy suspension, in a remarkably spontaneous control of the infection, that may pave the way to a persistent suppression of viremia in the absence of ART. These results corroborate the robustness of the macaque AIDS model as a vanguard for potentially future treatments for HIV in humans.
The document summarizes the history, epidemiology, virology, immunology, transmission, clinical progression, and global impact of HIV/AIDS. It notes that HIV was first recognized in 1981 but has since been traced to 1959. It is caused by HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses and is transmitted via bodily fluids. Left untreated, it progresses from primary infection to asymptomatic infection to AIDS as it depletes CD4 cells and allows opportunistic infections. Currently over 30 million people are living with HIV globally, with sub-Saharan Africa most severely impacted.
HIV is a virus that causes AIDS by weakening the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can survive for days outside the body. While treatments can slow the virus, there is currently no cure and those infected have it for life. The pandemic originated in Africa and has led to millions of deaths worldwide. Diagnosis involves testing for antibodies and CD4 cell counts, while prevention focuses on avoiding fluid exchange and using protection during sex or needle sharing. Combination drug regimens can suppress the virus but not eliminate it.
The document provides an overview of X-rays and their use in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. It then discusses the basic components and function of an X-ray tube, including the cathode, filament, focusing cup and anode. The document also covers the properties of X-rays, how they are produced, their interactions with matter, and their various uses including in diagnosis and treatment in dentistry and medicine.
This document discusses mixed odontogenic tumors and odontogenic sarcomas according to the 2005 WHO classification. It provides details on ameloblastic fibroma, its clinical features, histopathology, radiographic features and differential diagnosis. It also discusses ameloblastic fibro-odontoma and fibro-dentinoma, calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor, complex and compound odontomas, and odontoameloblastoma. The key information provided includes the definitions, epidemiology, clinical and radiographic presentation, histopathology, and differential diagnosis of these odontogenic lesions.
The document discusses odontogenic tumors arising from odontogenic tissues. It defines key terms and provides an overview of the classification of odontogenic tumors. It then focuses on ameloblastoma, the most common odontogenic tumor, describing its pathogenesis, clinical features, subtypes, histopathology, radiographic appearance and treatment. Differential diagnoses are also reviewed.
This document discusses fungal infections of the oral cavity, specifically those caused by Candida species. It covers topics like the introduction, terminology, morphology and carriage vs infection of Candida. It also discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of Candidal infections, including factors like adherence, invasion, dimorphism and evasion of the host immune system. Predisposing factors to Candidal infections include local changes to the oral mucosa as well as systemic factors that compromise the host's defenses. The document outlines various clinical presentations of oral Candidal infections.
This document discusses carcinogenesis and oral cancer. It covers the epidemiology of oral cancer, identifying tobacco and alcohol as the main risk factors globally. Tobacco can be smoked or smokeless, and includes products like cigarettes, cigars, beedis, paan and gutkha. Betel nut is also carcinogenic on its own. Other risk factors discussed include HPV, diet, radiation and genetic predispositions. The document defines carcinogens and carcinogenesis, explaining how chemical, physical and viral carcinogens can directly or indirectly damage DNA and promote tumor growth. Initiation and promotion stages of carcinogenesis are described.
This document provides an overview of cranial and facial development from prenatal through postnatal periods. It discusses how the cranium develops from both membranous and cartilaginous components, and how growth occurs after birth through processes like sutural growth, cortical drift and synchondrosis elongation. Premature fusion of sutures or synchondroses can lead to craniosynostosis and impact midfacial development and dental alignment. Genetic syndromes associated with abnormal skull growth are also mentioned.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
3. CONTENTS (PART 2)
1. CLINICAL FEATURES (general)
2. CLINICAL FEATURES (oral)
3. STAGES OF INFECTION (cdc and WHO guidelines)
4. Variation of CD4 count with infections
5. Lab Diagnosis
6. Treatment
7. Approach to a new patient with HIV
4. CONTENTS (PART 2)
8. Approach to a patient on ART
9.Universal precautions
10. Safety precautions to be taken in a dental clinic
11. Control …pertaining to the modes of transmission
12. Worldwide AIDS education programmes
13. Worldwide AIDS screening programmes
14. INDIAN AIDS screening programmes
5. INTRODUCTION
• First recognized in US in 1981 with reports of unexplained opportunistic
infections, including Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and Kaposi’s
sarcoma (KS), among homosexual men in New York and San Francisco
• On the basis of the epidemiologic features, association with the loss of
CD4+ lymphocytes and immunosuppression, and likely infectious cause, a
new human retrovirus was postulated as a causal agent.
Principles and practices of infectious diseases 7th ed. Mandell , Douglas, Benett
6. TERMINOLOGIES
• VIRUS: small infectious agent that replicates only inside the
living cells of other organisms
• Virion: While not inside an infected cell or in the process of
infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent
particles. These viral particles, also known as virions
• RETROVIRUS: A retrovirus is a single-stranded positive-sense
RNA virus with a DNA intermediate
7. ORIGIN OF INFECTION
• Human infection cross species transmission
• Retroviral infection of humans Zoonoses that originated in primate-to-
human species-jumping event
• HIV-1 ~ Simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees SIVcpz infecting
chimpanzees in Central Africa (probable source of HIV-1)
• HIV-2~ SIVsm Simian immunodeficiency virus of sooty mangabeys in West
and central Africa
8. LENTIVIRUS & RETROVIRUS
• SIMILARITY Capable of establishing prolonged
asymptomatic infection
• DIFFERENCE Molecular structure and lack of oncogenic
capability(lentivirus)
9. CLASSIFICATION
1. LENTIVIRUS HIV-1, HIV-2, EIAV (horse), Visna (sheep),
SIVsm
2. ALPHARETROVIRUS ALV(birds), RSV (mouse)
3. BETARETROVIRUS MMTV(mouse), MPMV(primates),
JSRV(sheep)
4. DELTARETROVIRUS (ONCOVIRUS) BLV(cow), HTLV-1, HTLV-2
5. GAMMARETROVIRUS FLAV(cat), MLV(mouse), GaLV(gibbon)
6. EPSILONRETROVIRUS WDSV, WEHV-1, WEHV-2 (fish)
7.SPUMAVIRUS FFV (cat), MSFV(primates), BFV(cow)
REFERENCE: Medical microbiology: A guide to microbial infections: Pathogensis, immunity,laboratory
investigation and control. David Greenwood, Mike Barer, Richard Slack, Will Irwing.18ed
HUMAN RETROVIRUS
10. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
HIV-2 HIV-1
Group M
(Major)
Group N
(Non M and non O)
Group O
(outlier)
Clades A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K
Circulating recombinant forms (CRF) : combination of above
subtypes
India , China
11. STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION
• Spherical enveloped virus
• Nucleocapsid icosahedral
• Envelope external spikes 2 envelope proteins gp 120, gp41
• Genome 2 identical ss positive sense RNA copies
• Main genes gag, env, pol
13. STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION
Determines core and
shell of virus
p55
P15, p18, p24
Codes for precursor
Cleaves into
Polymerase reverse
transcriptase other
viral proteins
Codes for
Determines synthesis
of envelope
gylcoprotein
gp160
gp120,gp41
Cleaves into
Codes for precursor
HIV 1
14. MAJOR ANTIGENS OF HIV
Gp 120 Spike antigen
Gp 41 Transmembrane pedicle protein
P18 Nucleocapsid protein
P24 Principal core protein
P15,P55 Other core protein
P31,P51,
P66
ENVELOPE ANTIGEN
SHELL ANTIGEN
CORE ANTIGEN
POLYMERASE
ANTIGEN
17. ATTACHMENT OF VIRION TO HOST CELL
Membrane proteins bind to
receptors on the surface of the
target cells
Entry into the host cell
gp120 binds to receptors on CD4
Molecule of T helper cells and
other antigen presenting cells
18. ATTACHMENT OF VIRION TO HOST CELL
Gp 120 undergoes conformational
change
Facilitating binding of chemokine
inducing co-receptors
CCR5 receptor for chemokines
RANTES, M1P1α, M1P1β
CXCR chemokines SDF1
19. CCR5 expressed by macrophages
and monocytes R5 virus
CXCR4 expressed by lymphocytes
strains called X4 virus
Both R5X4 virus
Fusion of viral envelope with
cellular membrane
Envelopment of the viral particle
into the host cell (with exposure of
hydrophobic domain in gp41
ENVELOPMENT OF VIRION IN HOST CELL
20. INTEGRATION OF PROVIRAL DNA
Once RNA is released into the cytoplasm
Reverse transcriptase acts to form ds DNA
Transported to the nucleus and spliced into
host cell DNA
Hereby this state is called as provirus
21. Synthesis of complementary DNA occurs on the viral RNA using reverse transcriptase (5’->3’)
RNAase H activity of Reverse Transcriptase digests RNA from DNA-RNA hybrid
Reverse Transcriptase then produces a ds DNA from ss DNA
Viral RNA (12-235 bases repeated at each end) after replication DNA(longer repeat
sequence) containing enhancer and promoter sequences that control
Expression of viral genome and sequence for initiation of transcription
Linear ds DNA circularize and then integrates with host DNA
22. Circular viral DNA integrates with host DNA catalysed by integrase contained by viral
genome
Provirus(Cellular DNA + viral DNA)
Now viral DNA is replicated during cell growth
Replication cycle is completed using normal RNA polymerase II
Synthesis of viral RNA and viral mRNA
Translated to final proteins in virus particle
23. EXPULSION OF VIRIONS
Proteins are synthesized and processed to form virion components
Virions are assembled at the cell membrane where envelope and core proteins have
formed
Virions buds off from the cell
Replicative cycle completes in 24 hrs
These productive cycle host cells get destroyed
24. Interaction of gp120 with CD4+ T
cells
Internalization of virion
Uncoating of the virion
Viral RNA
Viral DNA
Unitegrated/ intergrated
Activated CD4+ T cells Inactivated CD4+ T cells
Budding of virus particles, synctial
formation
Cytopathic effect
Quantitative Qualitative
25. Major abnormalities in immune system in AIDS
1. T cell defect:-
1. Lymphopenia
2. Susceptibility to opportunistic infection
3. Susceptibility to neoplasms
4. Decreased cytotoxicity
5. Decreased proliferation in response to mitogens and
soluble antigens
6. Decreased production of interleukin- 2
7. Decreased delayed type of hypersensitivity
27. EPIDEMIOLOGY(worldwide)
• HIV disease continues to be a serious health issue for parts of
the world
• Worldwide 2 million new cases of HIV in 2014
• About 36.9 million people are living with HIV around the
world, and as of March 2015, around 15 million people living
with HIV were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART)
• An estimated 1.2 million people died from AIDS-related
illnesses in 2014
28. EPIDEMIOLOGY(worldwide)
• 39 million people worldwide have died of AIDS-related causes
since the epidemic began
• 70% of all people living with HIV in 2014 were living in Sub-
Saharan Africa (heaviest burden of HIV/AIDS worldwide)
• Other regions significantly affected by HIV/AIDS include Asia
and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Eastern
Europe and Central Asia.
29. EPIDEMIOLOGY(INDIA)
• The adult HIV prevalence at national level has continued its
steady decline from estimated level of 0.41% in 2001 through
0.35% in 2006 to 0.27% in 2011. Consistent declines have
been noted among both men and women at national level
http://naco.gov.in/epidemic /fact sheet
31. EPIDEMIOLOGY(INDIA)
• Total PLHIV in India is estimated at 20.88 lakh(17.20 lakh-25.30 lakh) in
2011, of whom children account for 7% (1.45 lakh) of all infections. Of all
HIV infections, 39% (8.16 lakh) are among women
33. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
1. SEXUAL TRANSMISSION
49% male-tomale sexual contact. Heterosexual contact accounted for another 32%.(US
2005)
Worldwide: Heterosexual > Homosexual contact
34. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
2. MATERNAL TO FETAL TRANSMISSION
• Infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy, during delivery, or by breast-feeding
• As early as the first and second trimester of pregnancy. Most commonly in the perinatal
period
• Mother-to-child transmissions were 23–30% before birth, 50– 65% during birth, and
12–20% via breast-feeding
• Low CD4 cell count, viral RNA in serum, vit A def inc chances of transmission
35. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
3. DRUG USERS (needles, syringes, the water in which drugs are mixed, or the cotton
through which drugs are filtered)
• The risk of acquiring HIV infection from illicit drug use with sharing of needles from an
HIV-infected source is estimated to be 1:150
• The risk of HIV infection increases with the duration of injection drug use; the
frequency of needle sharing; the number of partners with whom it is shared
36. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
4. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
• Small, but definite, occupational risk of HIV transmission to health care workers and
laboratory personnel and potentially others who work with HIV-containing materials,
particularly when sharp objects are used
• Potential risk of HIV infection are percutaneous injuries (e.g., a needle stick or cut with
a sharp object) or contact of mucous membrane or nonintact skin (e.g., exposed skin
that is chapped, abraded, or afflicted with dermatitis) with blood, tissue, or other
potentially infectious body fluids
37. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
5. TRANSFUSION PRODUCTS
• Transfusions of whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelets, leukocytes,
and plasma are all capable of transmitting HIV infection.
• In contrast, hyperimmune γ globulin, hepatitis B immune globulin, plasma-derived
hepatitis B vaccine, and Rho immune globulin have not been associated with transmission
of HIV infection.
• The procedures involved in processing these products either inactivate or remove the
virus
38. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• Semen and vaginal are potentially infectious but have not been implicated in
occupational transmission from patients to health care workers
• The following fluids are also considered potentially infectious:
cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid,
and amniotic fluid
• Feces, nasal secretions, saliva, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, and vomitus are not
considered potentially infectious unless they are visibly bloody
39. HIV TRANSMISSION RISK
Type of Exposure Risk per 10,000 Exposures
Blood Transfusion 9,250
Needle-sharing during injection drug
use
63
Percutaneous (needle-stick) 23
Anal intercourse 138
Penile-vaginal intercourse 8
Oral intercourse LOW
Biting 4 negligible Sharing sex toys
negligible
negligible
Spitting negligible
Throwing body fluids (including semen
or saliva)
Negligible
Estimated Per-Act Probability of Acquiring HIV from an
Infected Source, by Exposure Act*
PARENTRAL
SEXUAL
OTHERS
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/policies_transmission_risk_factsheet.pdf
40. CONCLUSION
• It is essential to know the history, and
pathogenesis of HIV so as to understand the
diagnosis , treatment
41. REFERENCES
• Principles and practices of infectious diseases 7th ed. Mandell ,
Douglas, Benett
• Harisson’s Principles of internal medicine. 17ed. Fauci, Braunwald,
Kasper, Hauser, Longo, Jameson
• Current Medical Diagnostics and Treatment. 52 ed. 2013.Maxine A.
Papadakis, Stephen J. McPhee, Michael W. Rabow
• Textbook of Oral Medicine. Ravikiran Ongole, Praveen BN
• http://www.cdc.gov
• http://naco.gov.in
HIV target cells expressing CD4 molecules:-
CD4+ T lymphocytes
Monocytes
Macrophages
Anc antenatal clinic
Fsw female sex workers
Idu injecting drug users
Single male migrant smm
Ldt long distance trucker
Tg transgnder
sentinel surveillance system is used when high-quality data are needed about a particular disease that cannot be obtained through a passive system. Selected reporting units, with a high probability of seeing cases of the disease in question, good laboratory facilities and experienced well-qualified staff, identify and notify on certain diseases. Whereas most passive surveillance systems receive data from as many health workers or health facilities as possible, a sentinel system deliberately involves only a limited network of carefully selected reporting sites.
HIV has been demonstrated in seminal fluid both within infected
mononuclear cells and in cell-free material. The virus appears to concentrate
in the seminal fluid
Vaginal mucosa thicker than rectal mucosa
Breast feeding low risk otherwise
More during early months of feeding