In this report we basically studied resources of biomass to produce mixed alcohol fuels, how to produce energy and mixed alcohol fuels from this process, PINCH analysis, its economics and environmental considerations.

2. Mixed Alcohol Production from
Biomass

3. Presentors
• Abdul Baseer 2011-CH-50
• M. Awais Yaqoob 2011-CH-32
• Nanad Lal 2011-CH-146
• Tariq Basheer 2011-CH-60
• Rizwan Liaquat 2011-CH-72

4. Contents
• Bioenergy Overview
• Biomass Resources
• Creating Energy from Biomass
• Mixed Alcohol Production
• Pinch Analysis
• Biomass Economics
• Biomass Environmental Issues
• Promise of Bioenergy

5. Biomass in Pakistan
• Biomass/Waste to Energy has been recognized as a
clean, reliable, renewable source of energy.
• Unfortunately in Pakistan this source of energy has not
been utilized. The growing urbanization has given rise to
generation of increasing quantities of wastes and its now
becoming another threat to our environment.
• Biomass and waste to energy plants are used not only to
generate sufficient power but also used to cleanup the
environment as well by conserving non-renewable fossil
fuel resources and reducing the environmental impacts
of trash disposal

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Global Energy Sources 2002
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

7. 7
Renewable Energy Use – 2001
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

8. Tracy Biomass Plant
Truck unloading wood
chips that will fuel
the Tracy Biomass
Plant, Tracy,
California.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/biomass/biomass.html

9. U.S. Energy Consumption by Source, 1998

10. Total primary energy supply mix in India

11. Renewable Energy
• Hydropower
• Wind Energy
• Solar Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Offshore Wind, Wave, and Tidal Energy
• Biomass Energy and Cellulosic Ethanol
Plant materials, such as wood, corn, and soy, account for nearly
half the renewable energy in Pakistan

12. Renewable Energy
• Hydropower
• Wind Energy
• Solar Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Offshore Wind, Wave, and Tidal Energy
• Biomass Energy and Cellulosic Ethanol
Plant materials, such as wood, corn, and soy, account for nearly
half the renewable energy in Pakistan

13. Biomass energy
• Biomass energy is another form of
renewable energy source and it is derived
from living or dead organisms like plants,
animal residue and waste.

14. Why mixed alcohol fuels?
• Limited biomass disposal sights &
environmental regulations
• Sources are rice straw, wheat straw,
cotton waste, agricultural residues,
municipal wastes

15. Cont…
• Pakistan can produce 3,000MW -5,000MW
electricity.
• Boilers in sugar mills operates are not very
efficient and operates at low pressure.

16. Cond…
• Increasing prices and decreasing
available capacity of fossil fuels
• Environmental friendly energy
• Always available in agricultural country
like Pakistan
• To meet current energy crisis in Pakistan

17. • 21.35 million M3
biogas can be produced
through biomass. In addition it will also
produce 450 million tons of bio-fertilizer
per day
• It is estimated that the potential production
of biogas from livestock residue is 8.8 to
17.2 billion cubic meters of gas per year

18. Mixed Alcohol Production-Process
• Feed handling and drying
• Gasification
• Gas cleanup
• Syngas compression
• Alcohol synthesis
• Acid gas removal
• Alcohol separation

19. Feed Handling and Drying
• Biomass goes through a size-reduction step to
I. make it easier to handle
II.make the ethanol production process more efficient
III.minimize the required size of downstream equipment
• NEXT STEP is to dry the biomass feed from
available moisture content to 10 wt % moisture
content at the inlet to the gasifier in order to
maximize the efficiency of the gasifier

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Ethanol Production Plant
http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html

21. Simplified diagram of gasification area

22. Gasification
• Heat is provided indirectly through circulation of
olivine (heat transfer media
• H2:CO ratio of less than 2 is preferred for this
design
• Steam is injected into the gasifier to serve as a
fluidizing medium and reactant at the high gasifier
temperatures

23. Simplified process flow diagram of gas cleanup
area

24. Syngas Compression for Alcohol Synthesis

25. Syngas Compression
• Cooled low-pressure syngas enters a six-stage
centrifugal compressor system
• Pressure is increased to approximately 3,000 psi
(207 bar)

26. Compressed Syngas

27. Alcohol Synthesis
• The compressed fresh syngas is mixed with
recycled syngas and methanol, and pre-heated to
595°F (313°C) before entering the alcohol
synthesis reactor
• The overall stoichiometric reaction for alcohol
synthesis is
• Light hydrocarbons, methyl esters, and aldehydes
are produced in smaller quantities

29. Pinch Analysis
• systematic approach for optimizing energy
integration
• Temperature and heat flow (Q) data were gathered
for the hot process streams (streams cooled in the
process), cold process streams (streams heated in
the process), and utility streams like steam, flue
gas, and cooling waterion in process design

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Biodiesel Bus
http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html

31. Multiple benefits would accrue:
Benefits of Bioenergy
• Farmers producing these
fuel crops would see
increased profits per year.
• Consumers would see
future pump savings of fuel
costs.
• Society would see CO2
emissions transportation-
related CO2 emissions in
2002.

32. Environmental Issues
• Air Quality
– Reduce NOx and SO2 emissions
• Global Climate Change
– Low/no net increase in CO2
• Biodiversity and Habitat
– Positive and negative changes

33. Conclusion
• Reduce wastes
• Cleaner air
• New agricultural markets
• Energy security
• Address global warming
• Address energy shortage
• More flexible international relations
• Benefit for developing nations

34. Future work
• Research and development activities are
being done to improve the performance of
mixed alcoholic fuels
• Bioethanol industry in Pakistan is only
starting to be developed, in future it may
be the replacement of petrol

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