This document discusses various types of conventional and renewable energy technologies. It covers the following: 1. It discusses the process of biogas production through anaerobic digestion of biomass. This involves four stages - hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. 2. It explains integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants which convert coal into synthesis gas through gasification before combustion. 3. It provides an overview of the types and working principles of biogas digesters, as well as the economic, agronomic, and environmental advantages of anaerobic digestion.

1. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
BIOGAS AND INTEGRATED GASIFICATION
&
REVISION UNIT 2-CONVENTIONAL
ENERGY

2. • Biomass origin - Resources – Biomass
estimation.
• Thermo chemical conversion – Biological
conversion, Chemical conversion
• Hydrolysis & hydrogenation, solvolysis,
biocrude, biodiesel power generation gasifier,
biogas, integrated gasification.
UNIT 4-BIOMASS ENERGY

5. BIOGAS

7. DIGESTION
• Biomass digestion works by the action of anaerobic
bacteria.
• These microorganisms usually live at the bottom of
swamps or in other places where there is no air,
consuming dead organic matter to produce, among
other things, methane and hydrogen.
• We can put these bacteria to work for us.
• By feeding organic matter such as animal dung or
human sewage into tanks – called digesters - and
adding bacteria
• we can collect the emitted gas to use as an energy
source.

8. DIGESTION
• This can be a very efficient means of extracting usable energy
from such biomass – up to two-thirds of the fuel energy of the
animal dung is recovered
• A large proportion of household biomass waste, such as kitchen
scraps, lawn clippings and pruning, ends up at the local tip.
• Over a period of several decades, anaerobic bacteria are at work
at the bottom of such tips, steadily decomposing the organic
matter and emitting methane.
• The gas can be extracted and used by 'capping' a landfill site
with an impervious layer of clay and then inserting perforated
pipes that collect the gas and bring it to the surface.

9. PROCESS STAGES
• The four key stages of anaerobic digestion
involve HYDROLYSIS, ACIDOGENESIS,
ACETOGENESIS and METHANOGENESIS.
• The overall process can be described by the
chemical reaction, where organic material such
as glucose is biochemically digested into
carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) by
the anaerobic microorganisms.
C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4

10. HYDROLYSIS
• Biomass is made up of large organic polymers.
• For the bacteria in anaerobic digesters to access
the energy potential of the material, these chains
must first be broken down into their smaller
constituent parts.
• The process of breaking these chains and
dissolving the smaller molecules into solution is
called hydrolysis.
• Therefore, through hydrolysis the complex
organic molecules are broken down into simple
sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.

11. ACIDOGENESIS
• The biological process of acidogenesis results
in further breakdown of the remaining
components by acidogenic bacteria.
• Here, volatile fatty acids are created, along
with ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen
sulfide, as well as other byproducts.
• The process of acidogenesis is similar to the
way milk sours.

12. ACETOGENESIS
• The third stage of anaerobic digestion
is acetogenesis.
• Here, simple molecules created through the
acidogenesis phase are further digested by
acetogens to produce largely acetic acid, as
well as carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

13. METHANOGENESIS
• The terminal stage of anaerobic digestion is
the biological process of methanogenesis.
• Here, methanogens use the intermediate
products of the preceding stages and convert
them into methane, carbon dioxide, and water.
• These components make up the majority of the
biogas emitted from the system.
Methanogenesis is sensitive to both high and
low pHs and occurs between pH 6.5 and pH 8.

14. Types
• Biogas is comprised of about 60% methane,
40% carbon dioxide, and 0.2 to 0.4% of
hydrogen sulfide.
• There are two major types of biogas designs
promoted in India
a) Floating Drum
b) Fixed Dome

15. Types

17. BIOMASS DIGESTION- FIXED

18. Fixed Dome

19. ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES:
• Additional income
• Autonomy in heat in a context of increase in
the cost of fossil energies
• Diversification of outlets for crops
• Reduction of manure purchase thanks to
valorization of digested sludge

20. Agronomic advantages
• Transformation of the liquid manure and the
manure into a fertilizer, more easily
assimilated by the plants, with reduction in the
odours and the disease-causing agents
• Organic waste processing for competitive
prices
• Insect elimination at the storage pit

21. ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES
• Biogas resulting by anaerobic digestion is a
source of renewable energy because it replaces
fossil energy
• Reduction of pollution due to nitrogen
stripping
• Sustainable management of organic waste

22. Disadvantages of Anaerobic Digestion
• When carried out at a commercial scale on
farms and at wastewater treatment works it
requires a high level of investment in large
tanks and other process vessels.
• If run inefficiently of Anaerobic Digestion can
cause an odour nuisance.
• Does not convert as large a proportion of the
carbon in the biomass to biogas as can be
achieved using gasification.

23. What is IGCC Power Plant?
• In IGCC power plants, the coal is not burnt in
a conventional steam power plant, but is
initially dried and supplied to a Gasifier, in
which high temperatures prevail. Here, the
dried coal is subjected to pressure and is
converted into combustible or reactive gas
using air or pure oxygen.

24. WORKING PRINCIPLE
• IGCC uses a coal gasification system to convert coal
into a synthesis gas (syngas) and produce steam.
• The hot syngas is processed to remove sulfur
compounds, mercury and particulate matter before it is
used to fuel a combustion turbine generator, which
produces electricity.
• The heat in the exhaust gases from the combustion
turbine is recovered to generate additional steam.
• This steam, along with that from the syngas process,
then drives a steam turbine generator to produce
additional electricity.

25. LAYOUT

27. BLOCK DIAGRAM

28. The plant includes….
• Coal preparation
• Air separation
• Coal gasification
• Ash removal
• Syngas cooling
• Acid gas removal
• Sulphur gas recovery

29. Benefits
• High combined cycle power plant efficiencies.
• Modular IGCC concepts to enable phased
construction.
• Less use of water than conventional coal
based power plant.
• Easy separation of CO2.

30. Drawbacks
• High capital cost
• More components, more heat exchangers
increase maintenance costs and outage times.
• The start up times of IGCC will be more than
Pulverized Coal fired power plant due to the
large number of sub systems. This makes the
IGCC suitable only for base load operation.

31. REVISION
UNIT 2- CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

32. 1 What do you mean conventional energy?( RE,CO2)
2 List out the types of coal? (UN,CO2)
3 What do you mean by alkenes and cycloalkanes? (RE, C01)
4 What is the purpose condenser in thermal power plant? (RE,CO2)
5 What is the purpose boiler in thermal power plant? (RE,CO2)
6 List out the types of conventional energy sources? (RE,CO2)
7 What is the use of surge tank? (RE,CO2)
8 List out the types of water turbine? (UN,CO2)
9 What do you mean by water hammer effort in penstock? (RE, C01)
10
What is the purpose for the reservoir and penstock in hydro power
plant? (RE,CO2)
PART – A QUESTIONS ( FIRST HALF)

33. 1
Explain with suitable sketch working principle of thermal power
plant with suitable sketch (13 Marks) (RE,CO2)
2
Write possible types of conventional energy source. (13 Marks)
(RE,CO2)
3
Write in details energy conversion process equipment in thermal
power plant (13 Marks) (AN,CO2)
4
Explain with suitable sketch working principle of hydro electric
power plant with suitable sketch (13 Marks) (RE,CO2)
5 Write types of hydro electric power plant. (13 Marks) (RE,CO2)
PART – B QUESTIONS ( FIRST HALF)

34. 1
Analyze the possible parameter to construct thermal power
plant? (14 Marks) (AN,CO2)
2
Construct a 30MW hydro power plant with suitable
assumptions with 100 meter height? (14Marks) (AP,CO2)
PART – C QUESTIONS ( FIRST HALF)

35. 11 List out site selection parameters for a hydropower plant. (UN,CO2)
12 What do you mean hydro electric power plant? (RE,CO2)
13
Write the classifications of power plant based on plant capacity.
(RE,CO2)
14 What is the run of river plant? (UN,CO2)
15 Write energy conversion in hydro electric power plant. (RE,CO2)
16 Define nuclear fission. (RE,CO2)
17 Define isotope? (RE,CO2)
18 What is the purpose of moderator in reactor? (UN,CO2)
19 Define nuclear fusion (RE,CO2)
20
List out the most common nuclear fuels used in nuclear reactor. (UN,
CO2)
PART – A QUESTIONS ( SECOND HALF)

36. 6.
Explain with suitable sketch working principle of pressurized water
reactor nuclear power plant with suitable sketch (13 Marks) (RE,CO2)
7.
Explain with suitable sketch working principle of boiling water reactor
nuclear power plant with suitable sketch (13 Marks) (RE,CO2)
8.
Analysis the parameters to be consider to construct hydro electric
power plant (13 Marks) (AN,CO2)
9.
Briefly explain following.
i) Chain reaction (5 Marks) (UN,CO2)
ii) Nuclear fission reaction( 4 Marks) (UN, CO2)
iii)Compare PWR and BWR (4 Marks ) (RE,CO2)
10.
Explain clearly how to energy technology principle of thermal power
plant. (13 Marks) (AP,CO2)
PART – B QUESTIONS ( SECOND HALF)

37. 3
What are the effective methods used to disposal nuclear waste?
(14 Marks) (AN,CO2)
4
Analysis the parameters to be consider to construct nuclear
power plant (14Marks) (AN,CO2)
PART – C QUESTIONS ( SECOND HALF)