DMA is an important functionality of any computing system involving transfer of data from/to an I/O device. In this presentation, a brief description has been provided regarding how the DMA functionality is implemented on a normal PC as well as on an Intel Quark SoC based small Embedded System.Different implementations of the DMA functionality depend on the Controller Hub present on the SouthBridge of the MotherBoard of the respective platform.For example->DMA implementation in Intel ICH7 is different from those in Intel ICH to Intel ICH6. In the slides, "Galileo" refers to the Intel Galileo Board containing Intel Quark SoC. Intel Galileo Board contains Designware DMA controllers." dmatest.c " is a memory-to-memory data transfer test driver implementing DMA. This module is loaded and then memcpy is checked using dmesg. Do take a look at the "External Links and References" given at the end of the PPT.
In many I/O interfacing applications and certainly in data acquisation system. it is often necessary to transfer data to or from an interface at data rates higher than those possible using simple programmed I/O loops
found this one in one of my abandoned folders. AC(students from JUCSE need no introduction but for others you should never want to know him :-O) assigned this task to me and 3 of my fellow classmates to create a presentation on this uninteresting and weird topic. We pulled it off however :P
Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
Al Mansour University College
Software Engineering department
2nd stage
Microprocessors
Lec: Wael Esam Matti
by :
Tuqa Aqeel, Mayada Hazem , Zahraa Abdulkadem, Dyar Ahmed .
In many I/O interfacing applications and certainly in data acquisation system. it is often necessary to transfer data to or from an interface at data rates higher than those possible using simple programmed I/O loops
found this one in one of my abandoned folders. AC(students from JUCSE need no introduction but for others you should never want to know him :-O) assigned this task to me and 3 of my fellow classmates to create a presentation on this uninteresting and weird topic. We pulled it off however :P
Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
Al Mansour University College
Software Engineering department
2nd stage
Microprocessors
Lec: Wael Esam Matti
by :
Tuqa Aqeel, Mayada Hazem , Zahraa Abdulkadem, Dyar Ahmed .
Are you ready to get started with social media? Do you know what to be ready for? Do you want to engage with folks beyond hello? Why should you care?
Most photographs shot by the brilliant Jeff Finkelstein http://www.customerparadigm.com
I am working as a Assistant Professor in ITS, Ghaziabad. This is very useful to U.P.Technical University,Uttrakhand Technical University students. Give feedback to friendly_rakesh2003@yahoo.co.in
Hi this presentation is made originally by Gherm6 however I found out that it isn't that comprehensive so I added examples to elaborate the types of conflict.
DMA stands for Direct memory access and is a method of transferring data from the computers RAM to another part of the computer without processing it using the CPU.
discuss the drawbacks of programmed and interrupt driven io and des.pdfinfo998421
discuss the drawbacks of programmed and interrupt driven i/o and describe in general the
functionality of the DNA
Solution
Programmed I/O
Programmed I/O (PIO) refers to data transfers initiated by a CPU under driver software control
to access registers or memory on a device.
The CPU issues a command then waits for I/O operations to be complete. As the CPU is faster
than the I/O module, the problem with programmed I/O is that the CPU has to wait a long time
for the I/O module of concern to be ready for either reception or transmission of data. The CPU,
while waiting, must repeatedly check the status of the I/O module, and this process is known as
Polling. As a result, the level of the performance of the entire system is severely degraded.
Programmed I/O basically works in these ways:
Interrupt
The CPU issues commands to the I/O module then proceeds with its normal work until
interrupted by I/O device on completion of its work.
For input, the device interrupts the CPU when new data has arrived and is ready to be retrieved
by the system processor. The actual actions to perform depend on whether the device uses I/O
ports, memory mapping.
For output, the device delivers an interrupt either when it is ready to accept new data or to
acknowledge a successful data transfer. Memory-mapped and DMA-capable devices usually
generate interrupts to tell the system they are done with the buffer.
Although Interrupt relieves the CPU of having to wait for the devices, but it is still inefficient in
data transfer of large amount because the CPU has to transfer the data word by word between I/O
module and memory.
The main limitation of programmed I/O and interrupt driven I/O is given below:
Programmed I/O
Each instructions selects one I/O device (by number) and transfers a single character (byte)
Example: microprocessor controlled video terminal.
Four registers: input status and character, output status and character.
Interrupt-driven I/O
Primary disadvantage of programmed I/O is that CPU spends most of its time in a tight loop
waiting for the device to become ready. This is called busy waiting.
With interrupt-driven I/O, the CPU starts the device and tells it to generate an interrupt when it is
finished.
Done by setting interrupt-enable bit in status register.
Still requires an interrupt for every character read or written.
Interrupting a running process is an expensive business (requires saving context).
Requires extra hardware (DMA controller chip).
All these limitation can be overcome by the Introduction of DMA (Direct Memory Access)
To write block of 32 bytes from memory address 100 to device 4
1. CPU writes 32, 100, 4 into the first three DMA registers (memory address, count, device
number)
2. CPU puts code for WRITE (say 1) into fourth (direction) DMA register, which signals DMA
controller to begin operation
3. Controller reads (via bus request as CPU would) byte 100 from memory
4. Controller makes I/O request to write to device 4
5. Controller increments m.
-- Home Appliances have to be SMART in the era of IOT --
This document presents an idea on the design of a Smart Refrigerator .
There are some products available in this category in the market right now , but these products do not seem to have very important features which will actually qualify the refrigerator as SMART -
What's not there-
-weight-based info of items not yet in the market.
-Full smart refrigerator equipped with camera which can sense what all items are there ( without any human intervention )
and then measure the weight of each type of items using load cell sensors ( analyze the weight and quantity using both load cell sensors and camera)
-Auto-ordering of all the below-threshold items from the cheapest supermarket (without any human intervention)
-Intelligent self-setting of threshold vaues of different items based on user's behavior (what was the total weight of the set of items when the user put more to it)
-smartly adjust the temperature based on the contents present inside
-measure the ambient conditions
-number of times door has been opened/closed
-What items were consumed on which days (calory values,cholesterol values,vitamin-rich items,protein-rich items, etc. etc.) and derive the health benefits out of such combination of food consumption.
-Food freshness sensor to track the level of freshness in the food . This combined with no. of days food been kept will provide good measure on the level of freshness.
Texas Instruments' TM4C123G microcontroller based on ARM-CORTEX M4 processor has been made to act as a USB device. With the help of Firmware level coding in Embedded C, different USB classes such as CDC and Bulk have been implemented onto the device. Later a composite USB device incorporating 2 Bulk Interfaces and 1 CDC Interface has implemented using the Firmware level coding. An x-86 based Linux machine is acting as a host, and the USB device is being accessed with the help of a user-space application on the host side.Under this user-space application,different static and dynamic Driver modules have been loaded to make the transfer of data "to and from" the USB device happen.We succeeded in making 3 simultaneous transfers of data at a time independently using 2 Bulk Interfaces and 1 CDC interface in the Composite mode.
User needs to type a password using a QWERTY Keyboard attached to the PS2 port of the development Board equipped with NXP LPC 2148 and an LCD .A motor attached to one of the GPIO Pins of the uC opens the locker and the LCD displays a message whenever the password typed by the user is correct.If the password doesn't match with the correct password,then the alarm coming out as a result of the D/A conversion of the uC will be treated as a warning signal and the LCD displays the respective message.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object Calisthenics
Direct Memory Access (DMA)-Working and Implementation
1. Data Transfer Mechanisms
➢ In computer-based data acquisition applications,
data incoming or outgoing through computer I/O
devices must often be managed at high speeds
or in large quantities. The three primary data
transfer mechanisms:
➢ Polling
➢ Interrupts ( Programmed I/O)
➢ DMA
3. DMA Controller
The PC motherboard has a DMA controller on the South Bridge that can
master
the I/O bus and initiate DMA to or from a peripheral.
This is usually the case for legacy ISA cards.
Can be viewed in /proc/dma on Linux machines
6. Native DMA
The only pieces of legacy hardware that use
ISA DMA and are still fairly common are Super
I/O devices on motherboards that often
integrate a built-in floppy disk controller, an
IrDA infrared controller when FIR (fast infrared)
mode is selected, and a IEEE 1284 parallel port
controller when ECP mode is selected.
11. PCI IDE Bus-mastering
● The PCI bus also allows you to set up
compatible IDE/ATA hard disk drives to be bus
masters. Under the correct conditions this can
increase performance over the use of PIO
modes, which are the default way that IDE/ATA
hard disks transfer data to and from the system.
When PCI bus mastering is used, IDE/ATA
devices use DMA modes to transfer data
instead of PIO.
23. Execution of a DMA-operation (single block transfer)
1)The CPU prepares the DMA-operation by the construction
of a descriptor , containing all necessary information for the
DMAC to independently perform the DMA-operation (off-
load engine for data transfer).
2)It initializes the operation by writing a command to a
register in the DMAC (2a) or to a special assigned memory
area (command area), where the DMAC can poll for the
command and/or the descriptor (2b).
3)Then the DMAC addresses the device data register
4) and reads the data into a temporary data register .
5)In another bus transfer cycle, it addresses the memory
block and
6) writes the data from the temporary data register to the
memory block .