Kinetic Gas Theory including Ideal Gas Equation. Temperature, Volume, Applications
Boyle's Law, Charles' Law and Avogadro's Law. Ideal Gas Theory, Dalton's Partial Pressure
Kinetic Gas Theory including Ideal Gas Equation. Temperature, Volume, Applications
Boyle's Law, Charles' Law and Avogadro's Law. Ideal Gas Theory, Dalton's Partial Pressure
In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun, published by Johannes Kepler.
In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun, published by Johannes Kepler.
This series is made up seven lessons and was prepared for group of mixed ability science students. Please forward comments and suggestions to whysciencetutors@yahoo.com or visit www.whysciencetutors.com
A 2000+ slide PowerPoint presentation from www.sciencepowerpoint.com becomes the roadmap for an amazing learning experience. Complete with homework package, built-in activities with directions, built-in quizzes, unit notes, follow along worksheets, answer keys, video links, review games, rubrics, and much more.
Also included are directions on how create a student version of the unit that is much like the teachers but missing the answer keys, quizzes, PowerPoint review games, hidden box challenges, owl, and surprises meant for the classroom. This is a great resource to distribute to your students and support professionals and will only take you a few minutes to create.
This is a great introductory unit that covers science topics associated with Lab Safety, Magnification, Base Units of the Metric System, Scientific Method, Inferences, and Observation Skills (See list below for more topics covered). This unit includes an interactive and engaging PowerPoint Presentation of 2000 slides with built in class notes (Red Slides), lab activities, project ideas, discussion questions, assessments (Quiz Wiz), and challenge questions with answers.
Text is in large print (32 font) and is placed at the top of each slide so it can seen and read from all angles of a classroom. A shade technique, as well as color coded text helps to increase student focus and allows teacher to control pace of the lessons. Also included is a 10 page assessment / bundled homework that chronologically follows the slideshow for nightly homework and end of the unit assessment, as well as a 9 page modified assessment. 14 pages of class notes with images are also included for students who require modifications, as well as answer keys to both of the assessments for support professionals, teachers, and home school parents. Several video links are provided and a slide within the slideshow cues teacher / parent when the videos are most relevant to play. Video shorts usually range from 2-7 minutes. One PowerPoint review game (125+ slides)is included. Answers to the PowerPoint review game are provided in PowerPoint form so students can self-assess. Lastly, several class games such as guess the hidden picture beneath the boxes, and the find the hidden owl somewhere within the slideshow are provided. Difficulty rating of 5 (Ten is most difficult)
Thank you for time and if you have any questions please feel free to contact me at www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com. Best wishes.
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks
Sincerely,
Ryan Murphy M.Ed
Science PowerPoints
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Why is it colder in the
night than in the day?
The sun is the
greatest heat
source.
As the sun
comes up, it
warms earth.
As the sun goes
down, the heat is
taken away and
it cools off.
2
3. What will happen to this cold
snowman throughout the day
as the sun warms it up?
3
4. What would happen to the
temperature of the boiling water
in this kettle if I added ice cubes?
4
5. How is the change in
temperature of the snowman and
the boiling water related?
The temperature of
both the snowman
and the boiling
water changed to a
temperature that
was not really cold
or really hot, but
rather somewhere
in between.
5
6. “Temperature”
How hot or cold an object is.
Measured in degrees Celsius.
Temperature and heat are
NOT THE SAME.
It’s a measure of the average
kinetic energy of an individual
molecule.
6
7. Heat
The amount of thermal energy an
object has. It’s measured in joules or J.
A cup of hot tea has
heat energy , it is due
to the kinetic energy
(internal energy) of its
particles.
7
8. The small beaker of water
boils first
The large beaker
contains more water
molecules so it
needs more thermal
energy (heat) to
reach the same
temperature (100°C)
as the small one.
8
9. A swimming pool at 30 C is
at a lower temperature than
a cup of tea at 100 C.
BUT
the swimming pool
contains more water,
so it stores more
thermal energy or
heat.
9
10. Thermometers
A thermometer (in Greek: thermos
means "hot" and metron “meansure")
It’s a device that measures temperature
using a physical Principle.
The Galilean thermometer:
The first thermometer (1953) was
really a thermoscope. It is not called
a thermometer, because the scale was
arbitrary. The egg-sized globe at the
top is the sensor. The gas within it
expands or contracts, and the liquid
level rises and falls.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_xc-6662f8 10
11. Types of Thermometer
1- Contact thermometers:
(1) Liquid-in-glass thermometers.
(2) Electric thermometers:
a) Thermistors.
b) Thermocouples.
(3) Liquid crystal thermometers.
*2- Non-contact thermometers:
Infrared (IR) thermometers.
11
12. 1. Liquid-in-glass thermometer
Liquid thermometers have been around
for almost 300 years.
These rely on the expansion of a liquid
(Mercury or Alcohol) with temperature.
12
13. Liquid-in-glass thermometer
The liquid is contained in a sealed
glass bulb and it expands into the
fine bore in the thermometer stem.
Temperature is read using a scale etched
along the stem.
The relationship between the temperature
and the column's height is linear over the
small temperature range for which the
thermometer is used.
13
17. Thermistors, invented by Samuel Ruben
1930, are very temperature sensitive.
Their resistance decreases
as the temperature
increases, so the
Electric current
increases,
(and vice versa).
2. Electrical thermometers
a) Thermistors = THERMal resISTORS
17
19. Thermistors
Example Applications:
1. Temperature measurement.
2. Time delay (self heating from large current „opens‟ the
thermistor so it can be used as a slow switch). Heating = I2 R,
where R is the resistance and I is the current.
3. Surge suppression when a circuit is first energized. Current
needs to flow through the thermistor for awhile to heat it so
that it „opens‟, and acts again as a switch.
19
20. Thermistors can be classified into two types
depending on the sign of k.
a) If k is negative, the resistance decreases with
increasing temperature, and the device is called a
negative temperature coefficient (NTC)
thermistor.
b) If k is positive, the resistance increases with
increasing temperature, and the device is called a
positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor,
Posistor.
20
22. b) Thermocouples
A thermocouple is a pair of junctions formed
from two dissimilar metals. One at a reference
temperature (e.g. 20⁰C) and the other junction
at the temperature to be measured.
A temperature
difference will
produce an
electric voltage
that depends
on this temp.
difference.
22
23. Why use thermocouples to
measure temperature?
◦ They are inexpensive.
◦ They are rugged and reliable.
◦ They can be used over a wide
temperature range.
23
24. 3. Liquid crystal thermometers
A liquid crystal thermometer (or plastic strip
thermometer) is a type of thermometer that contains
heat-sensitive liquid crystals in a plastic strip that
change color to indicate different temperatures.
In medical applications, liquid crystal
thermometers may be used to read body
temperature by placing against the forehead, usually
called “forehead thermometers”.
When it’s cold
When it’s used to
measure temp.
24
25. Temperature scales
Celsius Scale:
Celsius is the metric scale for
measuring temperature.
Water freezes at 0ºC and boils at
100ºC.
Fahrenheit Scale: water freezes
at 32 °F, and boils at 212 °F
[F = 1.8C + 32]
25
26. Kelvin scale
In the Kelvin scale temperature is
measured in Kelvin units (K)
Formula (273+ºC)= Kelvin
Absolute zero (0 K) :
The temperature in which all
molecular motion stops
26
27. Units for measuring heat
Like any type of energy, the SI unit for heat is the
Joule.
Calorie: the name calorie is used for two units of
energy:
a) The small calorie or gram calorie (symbol: cal) is
the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature
of one gram of water 1⁰C.
b) the large Calorie, or ”Kg calorie”, “nutritionist's
calorie”, (symbol: Cal) is the amount of energy needed
to raise the temperature of 1 Kg of water by 1⁰C.
The large calorie is thus equal to 1000 small calories
or one kilocalorie (Cal = 1000 cal =1 Kcal ).
1 Cal is about 4.2 kilojoules (4.186 KJ), and
1 cal = 4.2 J
27
28. Specific Heat Capacity
S.H.C. is defined as the amount of thermal energy needed to
raise a unit mass of substance a unit of temperature. Its symbol
is C (or s.h.c.).
For example, the specific heat of water is : C = 1 cal /(g·ºC),
or 4.186 J/(g·ºC), or 4186 J/Kg ºC ≈ 4200 J/Kg ºC)
Water has a very high specific heat, so it takes more energy to
heat up water than it would to heat up most other substances, of
the same mass, by the same amount of temp. Oceans and lakes
act like “heat sinks” storing thermal energy absorbed in the
summer and slowly releasing it during the winter. Large bodies
of water thereby help to make local climates less extreme in
temperature from season to season.
28
29. Specific Heat Equation
Q = m C T
Q = thermal energy (J, or KJ, or cal, or Cal …)
m = mass (g, or Kg …)
T = change in temp. (ºC, or ºF, or Kelvin)
C = specific heat capacity
Example1: The specific heat of silicon is 703 J / (kg · ºC).
How much energy is needed to raise the temperature
of a 7 kg chunk of silicon by 10ºC ?
Solution:
703 J
kg · ºCQ = 7 kg * [ ]*10 ºC = 49 210 J
☺ Visual experiments: Measure Specific Heat Capacity of Ethanol:
http://www.chm.davidson.edu/vce/calorimetry/SpecificHeatCapacityofEthanol.html
29
30. Example2:
How much energy does it take to raise the temperature
of 50 g of copper by 10 ºC?
Example 3:
If we add 30 J of heat to 10 g of aluminum, by how
much will its temperature increase?
Example 4:
216 J of energy is required to raise the temperature of
aluminum from 15o to 35oC. Calculate the mass of
aluminum.(S.H.C. of aluminum is 0.90 JoC-1g-1).
Example 5:
The initial temperature of 150g of ethanol was 22oC.
What will be the final temperature of the ethanol if 3240 J
was needed to raise the temperature of the ethanol?
(Specific heat capacity of ethanol is 2.44 JoC-1g-1).
Answers: 192.5 J, 3 ºC, 12 g, 30.9 ºC. 30
31. Some Materials’ Specific Heat Capacity (J/g ºC)
Water 4.18 6 Air 1.01
Ice 2.03 Glass 0.84
Al 0.385C Aluminum 0.902
Graphite 0.720 NaCl 0.864
Mercury 0.14 Granite 0.79
Fe 0.451 Concrete 0.88
Cu 0.385 Wood 1.76
Au 0.128
C2H5OH (ethanol) 2.46
(CH2OH)2 (antifreeze) 2.42
31
32. H.C. of an object is the energy required to change
the temperature of this object by 1 degree.
Equation: or
Thermal capacity Q, Thermal capacity 1/ T
The SI unit for heat capacity is J/K
It can also be expressed in KJ/K, J/ºC, Cal/ºC …
E.g. Night storage heaters (page 106 in your Course book).
Exercise: Solve the previous examples (1-5) to calculate the
thermal capacity for each object.
Answers: 4921 J/ºC, 19.25 J/ºC, 10 J/ ºC, 10.8 ºC, 364 J/ ºC .
Homework: make a comparison table for the thermal (heat) capacity
and the s.h.c. (C).
Heat capacity = Q / T Heat capacity = m * C
☺ Visual experiment: T vs. Q to calculate heat capacity:
http://www.chm.davidson.edu/vce/calorimetry/heatcapacity.html
32
33. Latent Heat
The word “latent” comes from a Latin word that means
“Hidden.” When a substance changes phases (liquid solid
or gas liquid) energy is transferred without a change in
temperature. For example, to turn water ice into liquid water,
energy must be added to bring the water to its melting point,
0ºC. This is not enough, additional energy is required to
change 0 ºC ice into 0 ºC water. The energy supplied to water
increases its internal energy but does not raise its temp., it
breaks down the bonds between, the particles. This energy is
called latent heat of fusion.
33
34. Latent Heat (L)
Latent heat of fusion: the energy needed to
convert a solid into a liquid at the melting
temperature.
Specific Latent heat of fusion: the energy needed
to convert 1Kg of a solid into liquid at the melting
temperature.
Latent heat of vaporization: the energy needed to
change a liquid into vapor (gas) at the boiling
temperature.
Specific Latent heat of vaporization: the energy
needed to change 1Kg of a liquid into vapor (gas)
at the boiling temperature.
34
35. Latent Heat Formula
S.L.H. = energy supplied / mass
i.e. Lf = Q/m & Lv = Q/m, or Q = m Lf & Q = m Lv
Q = thermal energy Units examples: J, KJ, Cal., Kcal.
m = mass Kg, g
Lf = Specific Latent heat of fusion J/Kg, KJ/Kg, J/g, Cal/Kg
Lv = Specific Latent heat of vaporization J/Kg, KJ/Kg, Cal./Kg
Example: Gold melts at 1063 ºC, what is the amount of heat
needed to melt 5 grams of solid gold at this temp. given that Lf
(the latent heat of fusion) for gold is 6440 J / kg. ?
Answer: Q = 32 J.
Homework: make a comparison table for the thermal (heat)
capacity, the s.h.c. (C), the latent heat & the specific latent heat.
35
36. Specific Latent Heat & Specific Heat
Substance Specific Heat (in J/kg·ºC)
Ice 2090
Liquid water 4186
Steam 1970
Example: Superman can vaporize a 1800 kg ice-monster
with his heat ray vision. The ice-monster was at -20 ºC.
After being vaporized the steam was heated to 135 ºC.
How much energy did Superman expend?
For Water: Lf = 3.33 105 J/kg; Lv = 2.26 106 J/kg
Information you will need:
ICE
-20 ºC
ICE
0 ºC
WATER
0 ºC
VAPOR
100 ºC
WATER
100 ºC
VAPOR
135 ºC
Heating Melting Heating Boiling Heating
S.H.C. Lf S.H.C. Lv S.H.C.
36
37. Solution steps
1. The energy needed for heating ice from -20ºC to the melting point:
Q1 = m*C*T = (1800 kg) (2090 J/kg·ºC) (20 ºC) = 75240000 J
2. The energy needed for turning ice into water at 0ºC:
Q2 = m*Lf = (1800 kg) (3.33 105 J / kg) = 5994 105 J
3. The energy needed for heating water from 0ºC to the boiling point:
Q3 = m*C*T = (1800 kg) (4186 J/kg·ºC) (100ºC) = 753480000 J
4. The energy needed for turning water into steam at 100 ºC:
Q4 = m*Lv = (1800 kg) (2.26 106 J/kg) = 4068 106 J
5. The energy needed for heating steam to 135 ºC:
Q5= m*C*T = (1800 kg) (1970 J/kg·ºC) (135 ºC) = 478710000 J
Total energy expended by Superman = 75240000 + 5994 105 +
753480000 + 4068 106 + 478710000 = (75.24 106) + (599.4 106) +
(753.48 106) + (4068 106) + (478.71 106) = 5974.83 106 J
37
38. Thermal Expansion
As a material heats up its particles move or vibrate more
vigorously, and the average separation between them increases.
This results in small increases in lengths and volumes.
Buildings, railroad tracks, bridges, and highways contain
thermal expansion joints to prevent cracking and warping due
to expansion.
Factors which affect the expansion of solids:
Original length & temperature raise (direct), material type.
38
39. What do you see in these pictures?
What is meant be expansion?
It is the difference between the original size of an object and its size
when its heated (or cooled).
39
40. Some real-life problems due to expansion
On a hot day concrete runway sections in airport
expands and this cause cracking. To solve this
problem we leave small gabs between sections.
On a hot day concrete bridges expand. To solve this
problem, we leave small gab at one end and support the
other end with rollers.
Telephone wire contract on cold days. To solve this
problem, we leave wires slack so that they are free
to change length.
On a hot day railway lines expand. To solve this
problem, gaps are left between sections of railway
lines to avoid damage of the rails as the expand in
hot weather.
40
41. Bimetallic Strip
A bimetallic strip is a strip of two different metals — often steel on
one side and brass on the other. When heated the strip curves
because the metals have different coefficients of thermal expansion.
Brass‟s coefficient is higher, so for a given temperature change, it
expands more than steel. This causes the strip to bend toward the
steel side. The bending would be reversed if the strip were made
very cold.
cold strip
hot strip
handle steel (brass on
other side)
Top view
steel side
brass side
Side view
41
42. Thermostats
Bimetallic strips are used in thermostats, at least in some
older ones. When the temperature changes, the strip bends,
making or breaking an electrical circuit, which causes the
furnace to turn on or shut off.
Some applications to thermostat in industry :
electric irons, home heating/cooling systems, ovens,
refrigerators, fire alarms, fish tanks, car thermostat
.
42
43. Expansion of liquids
What do you see in the picture below?
Explain what happen when liquids are heated?
When a liquid is heated, its molecules gain kinetic
energy and vibrate more vigorously. As the vibration
become larger, the molecules are pushed further
apart and the liquid expands slightly in all directions.
43
44. List the factors which affect the
expansion of liquids?
temperature & liquid volume (direct), liquid type.
*The effect of temperature on volume and
density of water:
44
45. Expansion of gases
Compare the expansion of gases to that of solids and liquids?
The expansion of gases is much more larger than that of solids or
liquids under the same rise in temperature.
The effect of temperature on gas volume under constant pressure
The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature under constant pressure (Charlie's Law).
When the temperature of a gas is increased, the molecules move
faster and the collisions become more violent thus they spread away
from each other causing the volume to increase.
inside and outside pressures
are balanced.
45