Introduction to Thermodynamics
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The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1. Thermal energy and temperature, which is a measure of hotness or coldness. 2. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects of different temperatures. 3. There are various instruments for measuring temperature like thermometers, which use thermal sensors and temperature scales. 4. Materials expand when heated as thermal energy increases, and contract when cooled as thermal energy decreases.
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The document discusses the four laws of thermodynamics: (1) the zeroth law which underlies the definition of temperature, (2) the first law which mandates conservation of energy and states that heat is a form of energy, (3) the second law which states that entropy of the universe always increases, and (4) the third law which concerns entropy at absolute zero temperature. It also defines key thermodynamic concepts like internal energy, heat, and work.
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Introduction to Thermodynamics
- 2. TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL ENERGY Thermal energy – a form of kinetic energy characterized by randomness of motion at the atomic and molecular level Temperature – the degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object; the measure of the hotness or coldness of a body
- 3. Heat – the energy transit from a body of higher temperature to one of lower temperature, under the influence of the variation in temperature; quantity of thermal energy absorbed or given off by a body.
- 4. LET’S DO THIS! Materials : 1 beaker half filled with hot water 1 beaker filled with hot water up to the brim 2 ice cubes Stopwatch Procedure : Drop the cubes to the individual beakers See what happens (Observe the rate by which the ice cube melts)
- 5. QUESTIONS… 1. Which of the 2 beakers has thermal energy? 2. Which of the 2 beakers has greater temperature? 3. Which of the 2 beakers contains more heat?
- 6. ANSWERS… 1. Both fluids inside the beaker have thermal energy. 2. Both have the same temperature. 3. The beaker filled with hot water up to the brim contains greater heat.
- 7. MEASURING TEMPERATURE 1. Using the tactile sense 2. Using a thermometer PARTS OF A THERMOMETER a. Thermal sensor b. Calibrations ~ °F, °C, or K
- 8. TYPES OF THERMOMETER 1. Dial thermometer – aka Rotary thermometer 2. Glass thermometer – aka liquid-in-glass ~ Mercury or Colored alcohol 3. Thermocouple – aka electronic thermometer 4. Liquid crystal thermometer
- 10. 3. Kelvin Scale – (named after Brit. physicist William T. Kelvin ) erased the arbitrary assigned reference points, thus called not a relative scale but an Absolute temperature scale . 0 = nothing – Absolute Zero ~ lowest temperature possible, occurring when all random motion of molecules has ceased. In this scale: 273K – freezing pt. of water; 373K – boiling pt.
- 12. THERMAL EXPANSION It is easier to open a tight bottle cap by exposing it to heat! EXPANSION OF MATERIALS “ Materials expand as their thermal energy increases.” -> Thermal expansion
- 13. “ Materials contract as their thermal energy decreases.” EXPANSION OF MATERIALS UNDER 100 °C 3.0 mm Aluminum 2.0 mm Brass 1.0 mm Steel 1.0 mm Concrete 0.9 mm Glass 0.9 mm Platinum alloy 0.3 mm Pyrex 0.1 mm Invar (alloy of Fe and Ni) Length of Expansion Materials (1 m in length)
- 14. “ Modern bridges are usually constructed with: a. One end attached while the other end rests on rollers b. With tooth like seams called, expansion joints
- 15. THERMOSTAT “ The amount of expansion of a material depends on the change in temperature.” The device that regulates the temperature of a material is called, a thermostat. It is usually consists of bimetallic strips e.g. Brass (alloy of Cu and Zn ) and Fe that are welded together. When the Brass side is heated it expands and contracts when cooled -> can help turn on/off a device such as heaters .
- 17. 2. Conduction - heat energy transfer caused by direct contact wherein heat travels from one molecule to another. For example, exposing metal to a flame, allowing an article to rest on a warm or hot object. “ Heat flows from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.” Hot -> Cold Legend:
- 18. 3. Convection - transference of mass or heat within a fluid caused by the tendency of warmer and less dense material to rise producing air or fluid currents. Hot air rises Air cools down, becomes dense Cold air sinks Air heats up and becomes less dense
- 19. SPECIFIC HEAT The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram (1 kg) of a substance by one °C (1°C) or one Kelvin (1 K). It is expressed in terms of Joules per kilogram-Kelvin (J/kg·K) or Joules per kilogram degree Celsius (J/kg·°C) or calorie per gram degree Celcius (cal/g·°C) in which 1 cal = 4.186 J.
- 20. THERMAL CAPACITY The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree (1 °) and is the product of its mass and specific heat. Δ Q = mC Δ T Wherein, Δ Q is change in heat expressed in terms of J m is the mass of the substance in kg C is the specific heat in J/kg·K Δ T is the change in heat in K
- 21. WORD PROBLEMS 1. How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 150 kg of water to 323 K? 2. What is the temperature of the mixture of 0.75 kg of water at 98 °C is added to 0.5kg of water at 25°C in a polystyrene cup?