Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System (TACACS, usually pronounced like tack-axe) refers to a
family of related protocols handling remote authentication and related services for networked access
control through a centralized server. The original TACACS protocol, which dates back to 1984, was used
for communicating with an authentication server, common in older UNIX networks;
Short overview of AAA and the RADIUS protocol.
The term AAA (say triple A) subsumes the functions used in network access to allow a user or a computer to access a network and use its resources.
AAA stands for Authentication (is the user authentic?), Authorization (what is the user allowed to do?) and Accounting (track resource usage by the user).
AAA is typically employed at network ingress points to control user's access to the network and resources.
The most prominent protocol for AAA is RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) which defines messages for opening and closing a network session and counting network usage (packet and byte count).
RADIUS usually works in conjunction with an LDAP server that stores the policies and user authorizations in a central repository.
Remote Authentication Dial In User Service is a networking protocol that provides centralized Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) management for computers to connect and use a network service.
A
PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
Short overview of AAA and the RADIUS protocol.
The term AAA (say triple A) subsumes the functions used in network access to allow a user or a computer to access a network and use its resources.
AAA stands for Authentication (is the user authentic?), Authorization (what is the user allowed to do?) and Accounting (track resource usage by the user).
AAA is typically employed at network ingress points to control user's access to the network and resources.
The most prominent protocol for AAA is RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) which defines messages for opening and closing a network session and counting network usage (packet and byte count).
RADIUS usually works in conjunction with an LDAP server that stores the policies and user authorizations in a central repository.
Remote Authentication Dial In User Service is a networking protocol that provides centralized Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) management for computers to connect and use a network service.
A
PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
he Associate level of Cisco Certifications can begin directly with CCNA for network installation, operations and troubleshooting or CCDA for network design. Think of the Associate Level as the foundation level of networking certification.
This chapter will cover how to configure, manage, and troubleshoot VLANs and
VLAN trunks. It will also examine security considerations and strategies relating
to VLANs and trunks, and best practices for VLAN design.
We will discuss the following: Classical Security Methods, AAA, Authentication, Authorization, Accounting, AAA Characteristic, Local Based AAA, Server Based AAA, TACACS+ and RADIUS.
RADIUS is a protocol for carrying information related to authentication, authorization, and configuration
between a Network Access Server that desires to authenticate its links and a shared Authentication
Server.
RADIUS stands for Remote Authentication Dial In User Service.
RADIUS is an AAA protocol for applications such as Network Access or IP Mobility
It works in both situations, Local and Mobile.
It uses Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
(CHAP), or Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) protocols to authenticate users.
It look in text file, LDAP Servers, Database for authentication.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) resolves physically redundant topologies into loop-free, tree-like
topologies. The biggest issue with STP is that some hardware failures can cause it to fail. This failure
creates forwarding loops (or STP loops). Major network outages are caused by STP loops.
The loop guard STP feature that is intended to improve the stability of the Layer 2 networks. This
document also describes Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) skew detection. BPDU skew detection is a
diagnostic feature that generates syslog messages when BPDUs are not received in time.
he Associate level of Cisco Certifications can begin directly with CCNA for network installation, operations and troubleshooting or CCDA for network design. Think of the Associate Level as the foundation level of networking certification.
This chapter will cover how to configure, manage, and troubleshoot VLANs and
VLAN trunks. It will also examine security considerations and strategies relating
to VLANs and trunks, and best practices for VLAN design.
We will discuss the following: Classical Security Methods, AAA, Authentication, Authorization, Accounting, AAA Characteristic, Local Based AAA, Server Based AAA, TACACS+ and RADIUS.
RADIUS is a protocol for carrying information related to authentication, authorization, and configuration
between a Network Access Server that desires to authenticate its links and a shared Authentication
Server.
RADIUS stands for Remote Authentication Dial In User Service.
RADIUS is an AAA protocol for applications such as Network Access or IP Mobility
It works in both situations, Local and Mobile.
It uses Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
(CHAP), or Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) protocols to authenticate users.
It look in text file, LDAP Servers, Database for authentication.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) resolves physically redundant topologies into loop-free, tree-like
topologies. The biggest issue with STP is that some hardware failures can cause it to fail. This failure
creates forwarding loops (or STP loops). Major network outages are caused by STP loops.
The loop guard STP feature that is intended to improve the stability of the Layer 2 networks. This
document also describes Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) skew detection. BPDU skew detection is a
diagnostic feature that generates syslog messages when BPDUs are not received in time.
A network consists of a collection of computers, printers and other compatible equipment/ hardware
that is connected together so that they can communicate with each other.
Networking Devices are units that mediate data in a computer network and are also called network equipment. Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts or data terminal equipment.
IP Address is a unique identification given to Host, network device, server for data communication. IP
Address stand for Internet Protocol address, it is an addressing scheme used to identify a system on a
network. It is a unique address that certain electronic devices currently use to communicate with each
other on a network using internet protocol.
Wireless networks come in many different forms, cover various distances, and provide a range of low to
high bandwidth depending on the type installed. Wireless LAN – Wireless LAN enable Laptop users to
access the Network of a company.
For some very basic VRF configuration follow the steps:
1. Enters VRF configuration mode and assigns a VRF name.
Router(config)#ip vrf vrf-name
2. Creates a VPN route distinguisher (RD) following one of the 16bit-ASN:32bit-number or 32bitIP:16bit-number explained above
Router(config-vrf)#rd route-distinguisher
3. Creates a list of import and/or export route target communities for the specified VRF.
Router(config-vrf)# route-target {import | export | both} route-distinguisher
4. (Optional step) Associates the specified route map with the VRF.
Router(config-vrf)# import map route-map
TCP Intercept was developed to protect servers and other resources from Denial-of-Service (DoS)
attacks, specifically TCP SYN attacks.
Just as the name says, TCP Intercept captures incoming TCP requests. Instead of allowing direct access
to the server, TCP Intercept acts as an intermediary, establishing a connection to the server on behalf of
the requesting client.
TCP Intercept will block a client if too many incoming connections are attempted.
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) extends a private network across a public network, such as the
Internet.
A VPN is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide
remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organization's network. A VPN ensures
privacy through security procedures and tunneling protocols such as the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
(L2TP). Data is encrypted at the sending end and decrypted at the receiving end.
A Proxy Server is computer that functions as an intermediary between a web browser (such as Internet
Explorer) and the Internet. Proxy servers help improve web performance by storing a copy of frequently
used webpages. When a browser requests a webpage stored in the proxy server's collection (its cache),
it is provided by the proxy server, which is faster than going to the web. Proxy servers also help improve
security by filtering out some web content and malicious software.
A Proxy Server is a server (a computer system or an application) that acts as an intermediary for
requests from clients seeking resources from other servers.
Cisco Internetworking Operating System (ios)Netwax Lab
Cisco IOS (originally Internetwork Operating
System) is software used on most Cisco Systems
routers and current Cisco network switches.
(Earlier switches ran CatOS.) IOS is a package of
routing, switching, internetworking and
telecommunications functions integrated into a
multitasking operating system.
In computer networking, a single layer-2 network may be partitioned to create multiple distinct
broadcast domains, which are mutually isolated so that packets can only pass between them via one or
more routers; such a domain is referred to as a virtual local area network, virtual LAN or VLAN.
A virtual local area network (VLAN) is a logical group of workstations, servers and network devices that
appear to be on the same LAN despite their geographical distribution. A VLAN allows a network of
computers and users to communicate in a simulated environment as if they exist in a single LAN and are
sharing a single broadcast and multicast domain.
AAA is a standard based framework used to control who is permitted to use network resources (through authentication), what they are authorised to do (through authorization) and capture the actions performed while accessing the network (through accounting).
Presented at MQ Technical Conference - 24th September 2018
Security features are important in any modern day application and MQ is no exception. In order to ensure user data is protected to the user's requirements applications must supply a variety of configurable security features. In this session we will be providing an introduction to all of IBM MQ's security features and a high level overview of why you would use them.
MQTC 2016 - IBM MQ Security: Overview & recapRobert Parker
Security features are important in any modern day application and MQ is no exception. In order to
ensure user data is protected to the user's requirements applications must supply a variety of
configurable security features. In this session we will be providing an introduction to all of IBM MQ's
security features and a high level overview of why you would use them.
Cohesive Networks Support Docs: Welcome to VNS3 3.5 Cohesive Networks
Welcome to VNS3 version 3.5+
See what's new in the latest public release of VNS3. This guide will walk through the changes to the web-based UI, API, and container plugin system in the new release.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
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After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
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Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
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👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
1. TACACS Protocol
Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System (TACACS, usually pronounced like tack-axe) refers to a
family of related protocols handling remote authentication and related services for networked access
control through a centralized server. The original TACACS protocol, which dates back to 1984, was used
for communicating with an authentication server, common in older UNIX networks; it spawned related
protocols:
Extended TACACS (XTACACS) is a proprietary extension to TACACS introduced by Cisco Systems
in 1990 without backwards compatibility to the original protocol. TACACS and XTACACS both
allow a remote access server to communicate with an authentication server in order to
determine if the user has access to the network.
Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System Plus (TACACS+) is a protocol developed by
Cisco and released as an open standard beginning in 1993. Although derived from TACACS,
TACACS+ is a separate protocol that handles authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)
services. TACACS+ and other flexible AAA protocols have largely replaced their predecessors.
History
TACACS was originally developed in 1984 by BBN Technologies for administering MILNET, which ran
unclassified network traffic for DARPA at the time and would later evolve into the U.S. Department of
Defense's NIPRNet. Originally designed as a means to automate authentication – allowing someone who
was already logged into one host in the network to connect to another on the same network without
needing to re-authenticate – it was first formally described by BBN's Brian Anderson in December 1984
in IETF RFC 927. Cisco Systems began supporting TACACS in its networking products in the late 1980s,
eventually adding several extensions to the protocol. In 1990, Cisco's extensions on the top of TACACS
became a proprietary protocol called Extended TACACS (XTACACS). Although TACACS and XTACACS are
not open standards, Craig Finseth of the University of Minnesota, with Cisco's assistance, published a
description of the protocols in 1993 in IETF RFC 1492 for informational purposes.
TACACS+ Need?
TACACS+ simplifies network administration and increases network security. It does this by centralizing
management of users on your network and enabling you to set granular access policies by users and
Figure 1 TACACS Implementation
2. TACACS Protocol
groups, command, location, time of day, subnet, or device type. The TACACS+ protocol also gives you a
complete log of every user's login and what commands were used. TACACS+ is recommended for
compliance with most network security standards for E-Commerce, Health Care, Finance, and
Government networks.
TACACS/TACACS+ Security
You can use the security protocol Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (TACACS) or
TACACS+ to authenticate the following kinds of access to the ServerIron.
Telnet access
SSH access
Web management access
Access to the Privileged EXEC level and CONFIG levels of the CLI
TACACS+ differs from TACACS
TACACS
TACACS is defined in RFC 1492, and uses (either TCP or UDP) port 49 by default. TACACS allows a
client to accept a username and password and send a query to a TACACS authentication server,
sometimes called a TACACS daemon or simply TACACSD. TACACSD uses TCP and usually runs on
port 49. It would determine whether to accept or deny the authentication request and send a
response back. The TIP (routing node accepting dial-up line connections, which the user would
normally want to log in into) would then allow access or not, based upon the response. In this
way, the process of making the decision is "opened up" and the algorithms and data used to
make the decision are under the complete control of whomever is running the TACACS daemon.
TACACS+
TACACS+ and RADIUS have generally replaced TACACS and XTACACS in more recently built or
updated networks. TACACS+ is an entirely new protocol and is not compatible with its
predecessors, TACACS and XTACACS. TACACS+ uses TCP (while RADIUS operates over UDP). Since
TACACS+ uses the authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) architecture, these
separate components of the protocol can be segregated and handled on separate servers.
Since TCP is connection oriented protocol, TACACS+ does not have to implement transmission
control. RADIUS, however, does have to detect and correct transmission errors like packet loss,
timeout etc. since it rides on UDP which is connectionless. RADIUS encrypts only the users'
password as it travels from the RADIUS client to RADIUS server. All other information such as the
username, authorization, accounting are transmitted in clear text. Therefore it is vulnerable to
3. TACACS Protocol
different types of attacks. TACACS+ encrypts all the information mentioned above and therefore
does not have the vulnerabilities present in the RADIUS protocol.
TACACS is a simple UDP-based access control protocol originally developed by BBN for MILNET.
TACACS+ is an enhancement to TACACS and uses TCP to ensure reliable delivery.
TACACS+ is an enhancement to the TACACS security protocol. TACACS+ improves on TACACS by
separating the functions of authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) and by encrypting all
traffic between the ServerIron and the TACACS+ server. TACACS+ allows for arbitrary length and content
authentication exchanges, which allow any authentication mechanism to be utilized with the ServerIron.
TACACS+ is extensible to provide for site customization and future development features. The protocol
allows the ServerIron to request very precise access control and allows the TACACS+ server to respond
to each component of that request.
(Note: TACACS+ provides for authentication, authorization, and accounting, but an implementation or
configuration is not required to employ all three.)
TACACS/TACACS+ Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
Figure 2 Shows the Interaction b/w a Dial-in User & the TACACS+ Client & Server.
4. TACACS Protocol
TACACS Authentication
When TACACS authentication takes place, the following events occur:
1. A user attempts to gain access to the ServerIron by doing one of the following:
o Logging into the device using Telnet, SSH, or the Web management interface.
o Entering the Privileged EXEC level or CONFIG level of the CLI.
2. The user is prompted for a username and password.
3. The user enters a username and password.
4. The ServerIron sends a request containing the username and password to the TACACS server.
5. The username and password are validated in the TACACS server’s database.
6. If the password is valid, the user is authenticated.
TACACS+ Authentication
When TACACS+ authentication takes place, the following events occur:
1. A user attempts to gain access to the ServerIron by doing one of the following:
o Logging into the device using Telnet, SSH, or the Web management interface.
o Entering the Privileged EXEC level or CONFIG level of the CLI.
2. The user is prompted for a username.
3. The user enters a username.
4. The ServerIron obtains a password prompt from a TACACS+ server.
5. The user is prompted for a password.
6. The user enters a password.
7. The ServerIron sends the password to the TACACS+ server.
8. The password is validated in the TACACS+ server’s database.
9. 9.If the password is valid, the user is authenticated.
TACACS+ Authorization
ServerIrons support two kinds of TACACS+ authorization:
o Exec authorization determines a user’s privilege level when they are authenticated
o Command authorization consults a TACACS+ server to get authorization for commands entered
by the user
When TACACS+ exec authorization takes place, the following events occur:
1. A user logs into the ServerIron using Telnet, SSH, or the Web management interface
2. The user is authenticated.
3. The ServerIron consults the TACACS+ server to determine the privilege level of the user.
5. TACACS Protocol
4. The TACACS+ server sends back a response containing an A-V (Attribute-Value) pair with the
privilege level of the user.
5. The user is granted the specified privilege level.
When TACACS+ command authorization takes place, the following events occur:
1. A Telnet, SSH, or Web management interface user previously authenticated by a TACACS+ server
enters a command on the ServerIron.
2. The ServerIron looks at its configuration to see if the command is at a privilege level that
requires TACACS+ command authorization.
3. If the command belongs to a privilege level that requires authorization, the ServerIron consults
the TACACS+ server to see if the user is authorized to use the command.
4. If the user is authorized to use the command, the command is executed.
TACACS+ Accounting
TACACS+ accounting works as follows:
1. One of the following events occur on the ServerIron:
o A user logs into the management interface using Telnet or SSH
o A user enters a command for which accounting has been configured
o A system event occurs, such as a reboot or reloading of the configuration file
2. The ServerIron checks its configuration to see if the event is one for which TACACS+ accounting is
required.
3. If the event requires TACACS+ accounting, the ServerIron sends a TACACS+ Accounting Start
packet to the TACACS+ accounting server, containing information about the event.
4. The TACACS+ accounting server acknowledges the Accounting Start packet.
5. The TACACS+ accounting server records information about the event.
6. When the event is concluded, the ServerIron sends an Accounting Stop packet to the TACACS+
accounting server.
7. The TACACS+ accounting server acknowledges the Accounting Stop packet.
TACACS+ Configuration Task List
To configure your router to support TACACS+, you must perform the following tasks:
Use the aaa new-model global configuration command to enable AAA. AAA must be configured if
you plan to use TACACS+. For more information about using the aaa new-model command, refer
to the chapter "AAA Overview".
Use the tacacs-server host command to specify the IP address of one or more TACACS+
daemons. Use the tacacs-server key command to specify an encryption key that will be used to
6. TACACS Protocol
encrypt all exchanges between the network access server and the TACACS+ daemon. This same
key must also be configured on the TACACS+ daemon.
Use the aaa authentication global configuration command to define method lists that use
TACACS+ for authentication. For more information about using the aaa authentication
command, refer to the chapter "Configuring Authentication".
Use line and interface commands to apply the defined method lists to various interfaces. For
more information, refer to the chapter "Configuring Authentication".
If needed, use the aaa authorization global command to configure authorization for the network
access server. Unlike authentication, which can be configured per line or per interface,
authorization is configured globally for the entire network access server. For more information
about using the aaa authorization command, refer to the "Configuring Authorization" chapter.
If needed, use the aaa accounting command to enable accounting for TACACS+ connections. For
more information about using the aaa accounting command, refer to the "Configuring
Accounting" chapter.
To configure TACACS+, perform the tasks in the following sections:
Identifying the TACACS+ Server Host (Required)
Setting the TACACS+ Authentication Key (Optional)
Configuring AAA Server Groups (Optional)
Configuring AAA Server Group Selection Based on DNIS (Optional)
Specifying TACACS+ Authentication (Required)
Specifying TACACS+ Authorization (Optional)
Specifying TACACS+ Accounting (Optional)