Normal MicroFlora
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This document discusses the normal flora or microorganisms that inhabit healthy human skin and mucous membranes. It describes the different sites where normal flora is located, including the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and skin. It distinguishes between resident flora that regularly inhabit a particular area and transient flora that inhabit an area temporarily. The document outlines the beneficial roles of normal flora in preventing pathogen invasion and producing vitamins and antibodies. It also discusses how normal flora can sometimes cause disease when the immune system is weakened or the flora is transferred to non-native sites. Tables provide details on the typical bacteria present at different anatomical sites. The document concludes by discussing probiotics and prebiotics
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Normal MicroFlora
- 1. Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah Associate Professor, Microbiology
- 2. Introduction Normal Flora refers to the population of microorganisms that inhabitat Skin and mucous membranes of normal human body. In humans the normal flora is located in various sites such as Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) Respiratory Tract Genitourinary Tract Skin Typically NMF Resident Flora Transient Flora
- 3. Resident Flora Organisms which are regularly present in a particular area when disturbed it re-establishes itself. (life-long members of body normal flora). Eg. E. coli. normal inhabitant of Intestine.
- 4. Beneficial Role Prevent or suppress the colonization/invasion of the body by pathogens. Bacterial flora of intestinal tract synthesize vitamins vitamin K and several vitamins of B. Antibodies produced in response to commensals cross- react with pathogens having related or shared Ags raise the overall immune status of the host against pathogens. Colicins produce by some organisms of NMF have harmful effect on pathogens. Edotoxins liberated by them may help the defence
- 5. Disease Production Become pathogenic when host immune status is lowered. May act as pathogens in tissues outside their normal inhabitat e.g. NMF of intestine may cause UTI (urinary tract infection). Streptococcus mutans may cause dental carries. Penicillinase producing organisms can aggravate infection by interfering with therapy. Used of broad spectrum Antibiotics affects the NMF by inhibiting sensitive bacteria and thereby allowing overgrowth of resistant bacteria. NMF causes confusion in diagnosis due to ubiquitous
- 6. Diseases produced by Normal Flora Diseases produced by normal flora Anatomical site from which the flora is transferred Urogenital infections including UTI E.coli, Klebsiella, Proteus Endocarditis Oral flora (Streptococcus viridans) Dental caries and periodontal disease Oral flora (Streptococcus mutans) Peritonitis, abdominal infection Intestinal flora Pneumonia Transient respiratory flora
- 7. Transient Flora Consists of both non-pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria that inhabit the body surface or mucous membrane for a limited period. Can be eliminated from the body surface by mechanical means. Pathogens e.g. Penumococcus and meningococcus found in nasopharynx of humans from time to time.
- 8. Anatomical Site Total bacteria/ gm or ml Anaerobic/ Aerobic Ratio Anaerobic Normal flora (common) Aerobic Normal flora (common) Mouth Predomi nant- Less predominant- Saliva 108–109 1:1 Anaerobic cocci Actinomyces Fusobacteriu m Bifidobacteriu m P.melaninoge nica Spirochetes Viridans streptococci --- Tooth surface 1010–1011 1:1 Gingiva 1011–1012 103:1 Nasopharynx Predomi nant- Less predominant- Prevotella species, Anaerobic cocci, Streptococci (α and non- hemolytic) Neisseria (non- pathogenic Haemophilus , Meningococc us, pneumococci , Staphylococc
- 9. Anatomical Site Total bacteria/ gm or ml Anaerobic/ Aerobic Ratio Anaerobic Normal flora (common) Aerobic Normal flora (common) GIT Predomi nant- Less predominant- Stomach 0–105 1:1 Lactobac illus Helicoba cter pylori Jejunum/ile um 104–107 1:1 Anaerobi c cocci Bacteroi des fragilis Fusobac terium Bifidoba cterium Prevotell a Clostridi Enterobacteri aceae and other Gram- negative rods, Enterococci, Streptoc occi (α and non hemolyti c) S. agalactiae Diphtheroids Candida albicans and other yeasts Staphylococc us aureus Common Entamoeba sp. Common Intestinal Flagellates Terminal ileum & colon 1011–1012 103:1
- 10. Anatomical Site Total bacteria/ gm or ml Anaerobic/ Aerobic Ratio Anaerobi c Normal flora (commo n) Aerobic Normal flora (common) Female genital tract Predominant - Less predominant- Vagin a 107 – 109 10:1 Anaerobic cocci Lactobacillu s Prevotella Bifidobacteri um Clostridium Corynebacterium species, Lactobacillus species, Streptococci (α and non hemolytic) Neisseria (non- pathogenic species) Enterococci, Enterobacteria ceae & other Gram-negative rods, S.epidermidis, Candida albicans and other yeasts Skin Predominant- Less predominant- 102 – 103 3:2 Propionibacteriu m Anaerobic cocci Staphylococcus epidermidis Diphtheroids Micrococcus species Neisseria (Non- Staphylococcu s aureus , Candida species, Acinetobacter species
- 11. External Auditory Meatus Being extension of skin, it is profusely colonised by Staph. Epidermidis and diptherioids.
- 12. Probiotics Is defined as the live microorganisms (part of normal flora) when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host. Are extremely useful in conditions where the normal intestinal flora is suppressed. Probiotics are commercially available in the form of capsule or sachet consisting of mixture of some important beneficiary bacteria and yeast of human intestinal flora such as Bifidobacterium Lactobacillus Saccharomyces etc.
- 13. Beneficiary role To treat various forms of GIT conditions like Gastroenteritis due to any cause Antibiotics-associated diarrhoea Lactose intolerance Irritable bowel syndrome and colitis Necrotizing enterocolitis Helicobacter pylori infections. Reducing serum cholesterol level by breaking down bile in the gut, thus inhibiting its reabsorption.
- 14. Reducing blood pressure (by producing ACE inhibitor like peptides during fermentation) Immune function restoration and preventing infections Modulate inflammatory and hypersensitivity responses, hence can be given in allergic disorders, eczema and atopic dermatitis. Bacterial vaginosis (restoring the acid pH of vagina by lactic acid-producing bacteria).
- 15. The live organisms contained in probiotics must remain live to have their action on large intestine. More so, they have to compete with existing flora to get themselves established. So nowadays instead of Probiotics Prebiotics is being increasingly used.
- 16. Prebiotics Prebiotics are the dietary non-digestible fibers which when administered, stimulate the growth and acitivity of commensal microorganisms and thereby exert beneficiary effect to the host indirectly.
- 17. Thank You