This document discusses microorganisms that can occur in air, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. It describes how they can exist in air suspended in dust or liquid droplets. The document outlines the health risks of airborne microorganisms, including infectious diseases, allergies, and poisoning from toxins. Various types of airborne diseases caused by viruses and bacteria are also mentioned.
Air microbiology study of microbes suspended in air. Microflora of air depend on the location and environmental condition at particular place. There are different types of air trapping devices like Slit Sampler, Andersons samplers, Impingers etc. Air borne diseases mainly spread by droplet infection, contact with infected things . Air borne diseases are discussed and concluded with control of air borne microbes.
air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Physical & chemical parameters of air do not support the growth and multiplication of microorganisms. Microbes present in the troposphere are actually liberated into air from other sources like soil, water, plant & animal surfaces and human beings. Air acts mainly as a medium for dispersion and transmission of microorganisms. Several infectious diseases are transmitted through air.
Air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Microorganisms present in air are liberated from various other sources. These various sources include soil, water, plant and animal surfaces and human beings.
Air microbiology study of microbes suspended in air. Microflora of air depend on the location and environmental condition at particular place. There are different types of air trapping devices like Slit Sampler, Andersons samplers, Impingers etc. Air borne diseases mainly spread by droplet infection, contact with infected things . Air borne diseases are discussed and concluded with control of air borne microbes.
air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Physical & chemical parameters of air do not support the growth and multiplication of microorganisms. Microbes present in the troposphere are actually liberated into air from other sources like soil, water, plant & animal surfaces and human beings. Air acts mainly as a medium for dispersion and transmission of microorganisms. Several infectious diseases are transmitted through air.
Air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Microorganisms present in air are liberated from various other sources. These various sources include soil, water, plant and animal surfaces and human beings.
Air Microbiology. Aerobiology is defined as the study of life present in the air. Aeromicrobiology relates to the study of environmentally relevant microorganisms. ... In dry whether the microbial load of air is high while in wet weather the rain washes the microorganisms from the air.
Air sanitation is the system of removing the impurities present in air inside buildings to protect people from infections. Sanitation of air is essential in enclosed places like hospitals and operation rooms.
Air Microbiology. Aerobiology is defined as the study of life present in the air. Aeromicrobiology relates to the study of environmentally relevant microorganisms. ... In dry whether the microbial load of air is high while in wet weather the rain washes the microorganisms from the air.
Air sanitation is the system of removing the impurities present in air inside buildings to protect people from infections. Sanitation of air is essential in enclosed places like hospitals and operation rooms.
Indoor Air Quality -- The Basics And MoreMartyRayToo
This presentation covers the basics of Indoor Air Quality -- and much more. From actinomycetes to VOCs, we hope you find this primer on IAQ to be useful and informative. (c) 2002-2011 Michaels Engineering Inc.
Introduction
History
Definition
Aerobiological pathway
Fundamentals of Aerobiology
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Airborne Diseases
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Introduction to Basic Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyChittaranjan Das
Contains basic of pharmaceutical microbiology and major microflora in the cleanroom. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Common microorganisms in the cleanroom and diseases they produce. Biofilm in the pharmaceutical cleanroom.
This presentation give a brief background about infection control, source of infection, what microorganisms need to grow and impact of infection on patients and healthcare system.
Introduction to Microbiology & Microorganisms PPT by DR.C.P.PinceDR.PRINCE C P
Microorganisms are the minute living bodies not visible to the naked eyes.Example: Bacteria, Yeast, Amoeba etc
Microbiology is the specific branch of ‘biology’ that deals with the elaborated investigation of ‘small organisms’ termed as microbes or Microorganisms.
In simple words, Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.
Bacteria Example: Anthrax Bacilli, Esch. Coli
Fungi - .Example: Yeast, Mushrooms, Pencillium
Algae Example: Diatoms
Protozoan Example : Malaria parasite
Viruses - Example:HIV,Chicken pox
Worms – Example: Round worm, Pin worm
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DR.C.P.PRINCE
A SEMINAR REPORT ON AIR MICROFLORA.
In addition to gases, dust particles and water vapour, air also contains microorganisms. There are vegetative cells and spores of bacteria, fungi and algae, viruses and protozoan cysts (Rintala et al., 2018).
Since air is often exposed to sunlight, it has a higher temperature and less moisture. So, if not protected from desiccation, most of these microbial forms will die. Air is mainly it transport or dispersal medium for microorganisms (Rintala et al., 2018).
They occur in relatively small numbers in air when compared with soil or water. The microflora of air can be studied under two headings outdoor and indoor microflora (Rintala et al., 2018).
The use of high efficient particulate air filters and immunization should be employed to control the spread of these airborne diseases. Obviously, the presence of a good ventilation system inside buildings eliminates to some extent the influence of indoor and outdoor sources. Proper ventilation helps to dilute the negative effects of indoor and outdoor air.
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Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
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2.
There are 3 main groups of microorganisms that occur in air:
● viruses
● bacteria
● fungi
The atmosphere can be occupied for the longest time by those
forms which, due to their chemical composition or structure, are
resistant to desiccation and solar radiation. They can be
subdivided into the following groups:
● bacterial resting forms (Endospores),
● bacterial vegetative forms which produce carotenoidal dyes or
special protective layers (capsules, special structure of cell wall),
● spores of fungi,
● viruses with envelopes (those with enveloped nucleocapsids,
such as influenza viruses.)
TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS OCCUR IN AIR
4.
Microorganisms in air occur in a form of colloidal system or the so-called
bioaerosol. In the case of biological aerosols, it's the air (or other gases) that has
the function of the dispersion medium, whereas microorganisms are its
dispersed phase. However, it is quite rare to have microbes independently
occurring in air. Usually, they are bound with dust particles or liquid droplets
(water, saliva etc.), thus the particles of the bioaerosol often exceed
microorganisms in size and may occur in two phases:
● dust phase (e.g. bacterial dust) or
● droplet phase (e.g. formed as the result of water-vapour condensation or
during sneezing).
The dust particles are usually larger than the droplets and they settle faster.
The difference in their ability to penetrate the respiratory tract is dependent on
the size of the particles; particles of the droplet phase can reach the alveoli, but
dust particles are usually retained in the upper respiratory tract. The number
of microorganisms associated with one dust particle is greater than in the
droplet phase.
Microorganisms suspended in air as a
colloidal system
5.
Pollutants in air, especially hydrocarbons, ozone and
nitric oxides, which are activated by solar radiation
(especially UV) create various, highly reactive secondary
pollutants, commonly described as photochemical
oxidizers (among others peroxiacetyl nitrate - PAN and
organic peroxides). They are toxic to all living forms
including air-suspended microorganisms.
In contrast, the non-toxic and non-biological aerosols
(dust, fog), disperse and absorb the solar radiation which
consequently increases the survival of bioaerosols.
AIR POLLUTION
6.
What types of dangers are connected to the presence of
microorganisms in air?
● Infectious diseases (viral, bacterial, fungal and
protozoan),
● Allergic diseases,
● Poisoning (exotoxins, endotoxins, mycotoxins).
Biological aerosols as a
human hazard source
7.
Bioaerosols may, among other things, carry microbes
that penetrate organs via the respiratory system.
After settling, microbes from the air, may find their
way onto the skin or, carried by hands, get into the
digestive system (from there, carried by blood, to
other systems, e.g. the nervous system). Fungi that
cause skin infections, intestinal bacteria that cause
digestive system diseases or nervous system
attacking enteroviruses are all examples of the
above.
Infectious airborne diseases
8.
After penetrating the respiratory system with inhaled air, particles of viruses
reproduce inside the cuticle cells of both the upper and lower respiratory
system. After reproduction some of the viruses stay inside the respiratory
system causing various ailments (runny nose, colds, bronchitis, pneumonia),
whereas others leave the respiratory system to attack other organs (e.g.
chickenpox viruses attack the skin). The most noteworthy viruses are:
● influenza (orthomyxoviruses)
● influenza, measles, bronchitis, mumps and pneumonia among newborns
(paramyxoviruses)
● German measles (similar to paramyxoviruses)
● colds (rhinoviruses and koronaviruses)
● cowpox and true pox (pox type viruses)
● chickenpox (cold sore group of viruses)
● foot-and-mouth disease (picorna type viruses)
● meningitis, pleurodynia (enteroviruses)
● sore throat, pneumonia (adenoviruses)
Viral diseases
9.
Bacterial airborne diseases include:
● tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis),
● pneumonia (staphylococcus, pneumococci, Streptococcus
pneumoniae, less frequently chromatobars of Klebsiella
pneumoniae),
● angina, scarlet fever, laryngitis (streptococcus),
● inflammation of upper and lower respiratory system and
meningitis (Haemophilus influenzae),
● whooping cough (chromatobars of Bordetella pertussis),
● diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae),
● legionnaires disease (chromatobars of Legionella genus,
among others L. pneumophila),
● nocardiosis (oxygen actinomycetes of Nocardia genus).
Bacterial Diseases
10.
Many microbes exist as allergens. Besides these,
there are other allergenic factors such as
anemophilous pollens (e.g. grass, nettle, comose),
small arachnids (mites) as well as biological dust
(e.g. particles of feathers, hair or droppings).
Microorganisms differ in their allergenic influences.
The strongest allergens are mold fungi, thermophilus
actinomycetes, as well as Gram-negative
chromatobars. The strength of allergenic bioaerosols
depends not only on the type of microorganisms but
also on their concentration.
Allergic diseases
11.
Poisoning / intoxication is caused by toxins that are produced by some
microorganisms. Endotoxins and mycotoxins are the most significant types of
toxins in polluted air.
Endotoxins are the components of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls (A lipid
fragment of lipopolysaccharides LPS outer membrane). They demonstrate
toxic (and allergenic) effects on mammals. After being inhaled into the lungs,
they cause acute inflammation of the lungs.
Mycotoxins are produced by various mold fungi. The most common ones are
aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. These compounds (there are several
types of them) demonstrate strong toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic
(cause malformation in a fetus) actions. Most often they lead to food
poisonings, however it has also been indicated, that inhaling dusts which
contain aflatoxins may bring about tumours of the liver and the respiratory
system.
Poisoning
12. MICROSCOPIC METHODS:
They consist of:
● letting air through a membrane filter or placing a glass coated with a sticky substance
(e.g. vaseline), in the air's path
● staining of the trapped microorganisms and ● microscopic testing consisting of cell
counting.
Staining with acridine orange and examination under a fluorescence microscope is often
applied. The final result is given as a total number of microbes in 1 m3 of air.
The advantage of the above methods is that it allows the detection of live and dead
microbes in air, as well as those, which do not abundantly flourish in culture media. Due
to this, the number of microbes determined is usually higher by one order of magnitude
than in culture methods. In addition, it is possible to detect and identify other biological
objects, e.g.: plant pollen, allergenic mites, abiotic organic dust (fragments of skin,
feathers, plants, etc.).
However the methods have a serious drawback: inability to determine the species of
microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses).
INVESTIGATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL
AIR POLLUTIONS
13.
CULTURE METHODS:
These methods consist of transferring microbes from
air onto the surface of the appropriate culture
medium. After a period of incubation at optimal
temperature, the formed colonies are counted and
the result is given as cfu/m3 of air (colony forming
units). Because a colony can form not only from a
single cell, but also from a cluster of cells, the air may
contain more microbes than suggested by the CFU
result. Besides, the method allows the detection of
only the cells that are viable and those which are able
to grow upon the medium used.