The document discusses the health benefits of probiotic foods. It begins with a brief history of probiotics and defines them as live microorganisms that benefit the host. Probiotics can establish a healthy gut flora, produce antimicrobial substances, and boost immunity. They help treat conditions like antibiotic-associated diarrhea, hepatic encephalopathy, and H. pylori infections. The document examines the selection of probiotic strains and establishes their role in supporting digestive and overall health.
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics
Introduction: PROBIOTICS are living microorganisms, when taken by mouth, benefit your health by improving the balance of bacteria in the intestines.
Often bacteria, but also include some kinds of yeast.
PROBIOTICS are “good” bacteria or non-pathogenic in healthy people.
Gut contains over 500 different types of beneficial bacteria.
Beneficial functions such as inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, aiding in digestion, and vitamin-B synthesis.
To consider Bacterium as Probiotics, must meet the following criteria:
It is a microbial organism which is not harmful
It remains alive during processing and the shelf life of the food
It must survive digestion and remain alive in the gut
It is able to bring about a response in the gut
It is associated with health benefits
Common Probiotic Bacteria
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Bifidobacterium animalis
Bifidobacterium infantis
Bifidobacterium lactis
Bifidobacterium longum
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics
Absorbing and/or destroying toxins released by certain “bad” bacteria that can make you sick.
Producing substances that prevent infection.
Preventing harmful bacteria from attaching to the gut wall and growing there.
Boosting your immune system
Sending signals to your cells to strengthen the mucus in your intestine, which helps it act as a barrier against infection.
Production of B vitamins. Vitamin B is important in maintaining healthy skin, a healthy nervous system and preventing anemia
Decrease gas production and bloating
This is the unedited version of the "Probiotics" presentation given at the University of Arizona's College of Medicine. Its intent was to demonstrate that even in the "hard sciences" base emotional biases can interfere with good scientific data and interpretation. To fully appreciate this presentation, you must be eating yogurt prior to beginning to view it, and proceed through the slides one at a time without skipping ahead. This is the actual slide show that was shown at the seminar and is not for the squeamish. I'll post a more benign version for those not wishing to test their boundaries and "good taste."
This is a presentation on probiotic foods, where I have described what probiotic food is, their mechanism of action, adequacy, and some popular forms of probiotic foods present in the market.
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics
Introduction: PROBIOTICS are living microorganisms, when taken by mouth, benefit your health by improving the balance of bacteria in the intestines.
Often bacteria, but also include some kinds of yeast.
PROBIOTICS are “good” bacteria or non-pathogenic in healthy people.
Gut contains over 500 different types of beneficial bacteria.
Beneficial functions such as inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, aiding in digestion, and vitamin-B synthesis.
To consider Bacterium as Probiotics, must meet the following criteria:
It is a microbial organism which is not harmful
It remains alive during processing and the shelf life of the food
It must survive digestion and remain alive in the gut
It is able to bring about a response in the gut
It is associated with health benefits
Common Probiotic Bacteria
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Bifidobacterium animalis
Bifidobacterium infantis
Bifidobacterium lactis
Bifidobacterium longum
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics
Absorbing and/or destroying toxins released by certain “bad” bacteria that can make you sick.
Producing substances that prevent infection.
Preventing harmful bacteria from attaching to the gut wall and growing there.
Boosting your immune system
Sending signals to your cells to strengthen the mucus in your intestine, which helps it act as a barrier against infection.
Production of B vitamins. Vitamin B is important in maintaining healthy skin, a healthy nervous system and preventing anemia
Decrease gas production and bloating
This is the unedited version of the "Probiotics" presentation given at the University of Arizona's College of Medicine. Its intent was to demonstrate that even in the "hard sciences" base emotional biases can interfere with good scientific data and interpretation. To fully appreciate this presentation, you must be eating yogurt prior to beginning to view it, and proceed through the slides one at a time without skipping ahead. This is the actual slide show that was shown at the seminar and is not for the squeamish. I'll post a more benign version for those not wishing to test their boundaries and "good taste."
This is a presentation on probiotic foods, where I have described what probiotic food is, their mechanism of action, adequacy, and some popular forms of probiotic foods present in the market.
covers Introduction.
History of probiotics.
General characteristics of probiotics.
Why are probiotics important to human health?
Some probiotics strains.
Mechanism of action
Advantages of host and type of advantages.
Classification of probiotics and examples.
Probiotics but not antibiotics, explanation with AAD.
Some probiotic food.
Probiotics and cancer.
Disadvantages of probiotics
Status of probiotics in india
India and global probiotics manufactures.
Our probiotic products mainly include Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, etc., covering food science, nutrition, microbiology, bioengineering, fermentation engineering, and other fields. Based on the different requirements of clients, we can also provide customized probiotic products and services. https://probiotic.creative-enzymes.com/
Probiotics are useful microorganisms to fight against pathogenic bacteria in human gut . Commercially bacteria and fungus are being used as probiotic organisms
prebiotic and probiotic....., diffrent between prebiotic and probiotic , in food chemistry , and also food processing tecnology, A.D patel institute of tecnology, v.v nagar, gujrat,india,
covers Introduction.
History of probiotics.
General characteristics of probiotics.
Why are probiotics important to human health?
Some probiotics strains.
Mechanism of action
Advantages of host and type of advantages.
Classification of probiotics and examples.
Probiotics but not antibiotics, explanation with AAD.
Some probiotic food.
Probiotics and cancer.
Disadvantages of probiotics
Status of probiotics in india
India and global probiotics manufactures.
Our probiotic products mainly include Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, etc., covering food science, nutrition, microbiology, bioengineering, fermentation engineering, and other fields. Based on the different requirements of clients, we can also provide customized probiotic products and services. https://probiotic.creative-enzymes.com/
Probiotics are useful microorganisms to fight against pathogenic bacteria in human gut . Commercially bacteria and fungus are being used as probiotic organisms
prebiotic and probiotic....., diffrent between prebiotic and probiotic , in food chemistry , and also food processing tecnology, A.D patel institute of tecnology, v.v nagar, gujrat,india,
Probiotics- unfolding their potential in boosting poultry industryX S
Definition:
“Living microorganisms when conferred in sufficient amount on the host, will render beneficial effects on health.”(FAO/WHO)
Lactobacillus, Candida, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Aspergillus, and Saccharomyces spp.
History
Élie Metchnikoff (20th century)
Werner Kolath(1953)
Probiotics for poultry
Need of Probiotics?
Selection criteria
Probiotics in poultry industry
First decisive incident
Commercial vs. wild chicken
Selection criteria
Probiotic requirement in poultry (concept)
How probiotics act?
Maintain normal intestinal microflora
competitive exclusion and resistance
Change metabolism
speeding digestive enzyme activity
Perk up feed intake and digestion
Diminish bacterial enzyme activity and ammonia production
Stimulate the immune system
Evaluation of probiotics on poultry
Growth performance
Intestinal microbiota and morphology
Immune response
Meat quality/chicken caracass
Side effects(toxicity of ingredients)
Growth performance
broilers fed with two probiotic species put on more weight(Lan et al.,2003 )
weight gain significantly higher in probiotic fed birds(Kabir et al.,2004) .
inactivated probiotics have constructive actions on the production achievement (Huang et al.,2004).
Cont’d
values of giblets and dressing percentage elevated for probiotic fed broilers (Mahanjan et al.,1999)
Intestinal microbiota and morphology
Probiotics inhibited pathogens by dwelling on intestinal wall space(Kabir et al.,2005 )
Birds fed dietary B. subtilis for 28 days displayed better growth and prominent intestinal histologies. (Samanya and Yamauchi.,2002)
Chicks given Lactobacillus strains had less amount of coliforms in cecal grindings(Watkins and Kratzer.,1983 ).
Cont’d
L. salivarius 3d strain decreased the number of Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella enteritidis (Kizerwetter-Swida and Binek., 2009).
Probiotic species have an implicit action on regulation of intestinal microflora and pathogen occlusion (Higgins et al., 2007)
Immune response
Higher amount of antibody production(Kabir et al.,2005 )
Improved serum and intestinal antibodies to a foreign antigens in chickens (Haghighi et al.,2005)
Probiotics protected broilers against Eimeria acervulina infection even with a moderate dose (Dalloul et al.,2003)
Cont’d
Better local immune defenses against coccidiosis.
Splenocytes and cecal tonsil cells, STAT2 and STAT4 genes were greatly stimulated and the expression of STAT2, STAT4, IL-18, IFN-alpha, and IFN-gamma genes in cecal tonsil cells were up-regulated after treating with L. acidophilus DNA.
Additive probiotic supplements were ineffective on systemic IgG (Midilli et al.,2008 ).
Probiotics – PrebioticsNovel Strategies That May Prevent Neonatal Disease
by
Richard J. Schanler, M.D.
Schneider Children’s Hospital at North Shore, Manhasset, NY
and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
schanler@nshs.edu
Kenny De Meirleir : ME/CFS, hydrogen sulfide and aberrant prion diseaseguest478151
London, May 28, 2009
Kenny De Meirleir (1), Chris Roelant (2), Marc Fremont (2), Kristin Metzger (2), Henry Butt (3)
(1) Vrije Universiteit Brussel & HIMMUNITAS foundation, Brussels, Belgium
(2) Protea BioPharma, Brussels, Belgium
(3) Bioscreen & Bio 21, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Dr. Shikhman discusses reasons why you still may not feel well even after going gluten free. Covering leaky gut syndrome, yeast overgrowth, food allergies, endocrine abnormalities.
Ankylosing Spondylitis the gut and the bugs: an integrative approach to treat...IFSMED
Rheumatologist Dr. Alex Shikhman makes the connection between ankylosing spondylitis and the gut. Offering natural dietary supplements to help manage many of the side effects associated with the disease
Probiotics are well known and routinely used additives in the main livestock species. They claim to improve gut health by stabilising gut flora being their effect reflected in a better overall health status, welfare and performance of the animals.
Learn more about probiotics!
Probiotics are live micro-organisms and are often referred to as "friendly bacteria" or "good bacteria" as they support gut health, digestion and the immune system. 70% of all antibody-producing cells are located in the gut - working hard to prevent unwanted bacteria from proliferating.
Probiotics may be useful when the balance of "good" and "bad" bacteria in the bowel has been disrupted. This can happen for a number of reasons, including the use of medication, following illness, as a result of stress, travel to a foreign country and also as we get older. An imbalance of bowel flora can lead to unpleasant symptoms such as IBS, bloating, constipation and diarrhoea.
Probiotics are thought to have a positive impact on gut health, digestion and the immune system if we have an imbalance.
Specialist Supplements Ltd is based in the UK and has been supplying health clinics, detox spas, colonic hydrotherapists, surgeries, health stores and the public with high potency, GMP-manufactured health products and organic foods since 1995.
Our product ranges include probiotics, digestive aids, colon cleansers, cleanse and detox, meal replacement shakes, antioxidants and superfoods, organic products, weight management support supplements, sports and muscle mass products, vegetarian and vegan supplements and protein powders and shakes.
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Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when colonize the gastrointestinal tract. The various microbial strains are now found to provide therapeutic effects through the metabolites they produce, digestion of dietary fibers, inhibition of pathogen adhesion, provide missing enzyme, maintaining homeostasis and also controlling brain activities which may lead to autism if disturbed.
The digestive system contains heavy population of microbes. In the m.pdfRubanjews
The digestive system contains heavy population of microbes. In the mouth each ml of saliva
contains millions of bacteria. The stomach and intestines contain a few organisms because the
stomach produces hydrochloric acids and in intestines the food is rapidly moved. The large
intestine harbors several microbial populations and each gram feces contains more than 100
billion bacteria. The large intestines mainly contain anaerobic and facultative anaerobic
organisms. These bacteria are mainly involved in the enzymatic break down of food especially
the polysaccharides and synthesize the vitamins.
The health benefits imparted by Probiotic microorganisms are strain specific. No strain will
provide all proposed benefits, not even strains of the same species will be effective against
defined health conditions. As not all the desirable properties are expressed by all Probiotic micro
organisms, numerous strains with lack of pathogenicity are continuously screened and
characterized to select those with potential. Tolerance to the extreme gastrointestinal conditions
(acid, bile, enzymes, low levels of oxygen), ability to adhere to the gastrointestinal mucosa and
competitive exclusion of pathogens have been some criteria for Probiotic selection.
Mucous membranes of the body are in direct contact with the outside environment and
they are colonized by a large number of different bacteria. Through mucous membranes, the
organism is in permanent contact with different antigens. Mucous surfaces are protected by many
defense mechanisms that ensure a permanent and effective protection. They include the
production of secretory IgA, the production of mucus, cytoprotective peptides; defensins etc
Indigenous micro flora markedly affects the structure of the host mucous, its function, and the
development of the whole immune system. Protective micro flora prevents pathogens from
adhering by competi tion for substrates and places of adhesion, and they simultaneously produce
antibacterial substances and stimulate the production of specific antibodies and mucus. The early
colonization of the gut with living micro-organisms is important for the development of the gut
protection barrier. The number of immune and epithelial cells increases.
Probiotics also used in the prevention of H. pylori infection in animal models. The Probiotic
strains used in yoghurt BB-12 and La5 (AB-yoghurt) eradicate the colonization of H. pylori. The
L. salivarius acts against H. pylori infection in mouse. The gut disorders inflammatory bowel
disease – Pouchitis , Crohns disease caused by gut bacteria was prevented using VSL#3 which
contains four Lactobacillus species, three Bifidobacterium species and Streptococcus salivarius
species, that inhibits colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the gut.
Probiotics help in assimilating cholesterol levels. Dairy products containing L.
acidophilus reduces cholesterol deposition in the body. Probiotic bacteria can ferment
indigestible carbohydrates and produce.
Concise description on various aspects of Food Microbiology and importance in Medical Microbiolgy and healthcare for Medical PG Students, Medical UG Students, Nursing students.
Paer presentation for rooftop solar solutionJanak Shah
How
is
this
Different
from
Wheeling
Solar
Power?
§ The
solar
plant
is
collocated
at
your
premises
and
therefore
it
is
in
your
control
§ There
is
no
government
policy
risk
associated
with
the
installa8on
throughout
the
life
of
the
installa8on
§ The
8me-‐to-‐installa8on
is
very
short
as
compared
to
wheeling
permissions,
etc.
§ Does
not
involved
any
wheeling
charges
or
cross-‐subsidy
charges
and
therefore
100%
benefit
can
be
availed,
quickly
§ Poten8al
to
get
30%
MNRE
subsidy
as
it
is
up
to
100KWp
commercial
installa8on
which
further
increases
the
returns
§ Wheeling,
etc.
requires
a
minimum
of
1MWp
installa8on
which
increases
the
risk
associated
with
the
investment
due
to
various
external
factors
Cleanest villeage in Asia 2005 - MawlynnongJanak Shah
"Mawlynnong" --- India’s ‘Green and Clean’ village! ‘Mawlynnong’ is a small village in the north-eastern Indian state of Meghalaya -- 90km from the state capital Shillong. The village is a picture perfect painting! Discover India magazine declared Mawlynnong as the "Cleanest Village in Asia" in 2003! “The streets are all dotted with dustbins made of bamboo. Every piece of litter and almost every leaf that has fallen from a tree is immediately discarded. Plastic is completely banned and all waste disposal is environmentally friendly. Rubbish is thrown into a pit dug in a forest near the village where it is left to turn into compost”. “The villagers here say that lessons in hygiene start in school so that children can be taught from an early age how to keep their surroundings clean and green”. The village with cent percent literacy is conscious and they are spreading the message of conservation and protection of the forest. Locals plant trees from May to June to ensure that the virgin forest is kept intact and also replenished.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Probiotic
1. PROBIOTIC FOODS:
HEALTHY WAY TO HEALTHY LIFE
Anmol Kaur1, Sanu Arora2 and Ravinder Nagpal1
1
Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University,
Phagwara (Punjab), India.
2
Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala
(Punjab), India.
2. History of Health Claims
Persian version of the Old Testament (Genesis
18:8) states “ Abraham owed his longevity to the
consumption of sour milk.”
In 76 BC the Roman historian Plinius
recommended the administration of fermented
milk products for treating gastroenteritis .
Metchnikoff claimed that the intake of yogurt
containing lactobacilli results in a reduction of
toxin-producing bacteria in the gut and this
increases the longevity of the host.
3. Probiotic Concept
Probiotic ( Greek Language) “ for life” .
It was first used by Lilly and Stillwell in 1965 to
describe “substances secreted by one microorganism
which stimulates the growth of another”.
Parker was the first to use the term probiotic in the
sense that it is used today “organisms and substances
which contribute to intestinal microbial balance”.
In 1989, Fuller attempted to improve Parker’s
definition of probiotic with the following distinction:
“A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially
affects the host animal by improving its intestinal
microbial balance.”
4. The probiotic concept:
effects exerted by viable microorganisms
applicable independent of the site of action and
route of administration.
include sites such as the oral cavity, the intestine,
the vagina, and the skin.
In the case of probiotic foods, the health effect is
usually based on alteration of the gastrointestinal
micro flora and, therefore, based on survival
during gastrointestinal transit.
5. Probiotics:
An edge over Antibiotics
Antibiotics:
Emergence
of
antibiotic
resistance
organisms.
Unpleasant side effects
Probiotics:
Non- invasive
Preventive
Free from undesirable side effects
micro-
6. Where do Probiotics come from???
The micro biota of a newborn develops rapidly after
the birth .
It is initially dependent mainly on :
the mother’s micro biota,
mode of delivery,
birth environment
and rarely genetic factors .
The maternal vaginal and intestinal flora constitutes
the source of bacteria, which colonizes the intestine of
the newborn.
After infancy probiotics are supplied to us by raw
foods; lactic acid fermented foods such as yogurt and
cheese; and probiotic supplements.
7. Gut Microflora
Microbiologically, the gut has three principal regions: the
stomach, small intestine, and colon.
The stomach has very low bacterial numbers
Facultative anaerobes such as lactobacilli, streptococci, and
yeast are present at ;100 colony forming units (CFU) per
millilitre due to the low environmental pH .
The small intestine has a larger bacterial load that consists
of facultative anaerobes such as lactobacilli, streptococci,
and enterobacteria as well as anaerobes such as
Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., and clostridia at
levels of ;104–108 CFU/ml.
However, the colon, has a total population of 1011–1012
CFU/ml of contents
9. Factors affecting the intestinal
micro ecosystem
Any action taken to kill ‘bad’ bacteria
essentially kills ‘good’ bacteria as well.
Antibiotics and other drugs intake
Microbial infections
Diet (highly processed, low-fiber foods)
Chronic diarrhea
Stress
10. Imbalance of intestinal
micro flora results in:
Poor nutritional response
Reduced efficacy of medications
Physiological dysfunction
Accelerated aging
Cancer
Deficient immune response
Susceptibility to infection
Physical discomfort
11. Therapeutic Modulation of
Gut Microflora
The gut microflora is an important constituent in
the intestine's defence barrier.
Specific aberrancies in the intestinal microbiota
may predispose the host to disease.
The normal gut microbiota can prevent the
overgrowth of potential pathogens in the GI tract.
The protective and immune barrier of the human
gastrointestinal (GI) tract is diverse.
Contd….
12. It includes :
the epithelial layer
the mucous layer
the mechanics of peristalsis
desquamation
actions of secretory IgA
All of which impact bacterial attachment
After attachment, colonic bacteria are prevented
from mixing with the host’s eukaryotic cells by
the epithelial layer, which acts as a vital barrier to
invasion.
14. Major pre-requisite properties for
a microbe to be accepted as a
probiotic are:
It should be non-pathogenic, non-toxic and non-
allergic.
It should be capable of surviving and metabolizing in
upper G.I. tract secretion in the gut environment e.g.
Resistant to low pH, organic acids, bile juice, saliva
and gastric acid.
It should be human in origin, genetically stable and
capable of remaining viable for long periods in field
condition.
It should be able to modulate immune response and
provide resistance to disease through improved
immunity or by the production of antimicrobial
substance in the guts.
Contd….
15. It should have a good adhesion/ colonization to human
intestinal tract and influence on gut mucosal
permeability.
It should be antagonistic against carcinogenic/
pathogenic organism.
It should posses clinically proven health benefit, e.g.
gastrointestinal disorders, persistant diarrhoea,
clostridium difficle colitis, antibiotics associated
diarrhoea, acute infantile gastroenteritis.
It should have technologic properties for commercial
viability such as stability of desired characteristics
during processing, storage and transportation.
16. Established effects of
probiotics
Aid in lactose digestion
Resistance to enteric pathogens
Anti-colon cancer effect
Anti-hypertensive effect
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth
Immune system modulation
Blood lipids, Heart disease
Urogenital infections
Hepatic encephalopathy
(Roberfroid, 2000)
17. Mechanism for the benefit
of Probiotics:
Adherence and colonization of the gut
Suppression of growth or epithelial binding/invasion by
pathogenic bacteria and production of antimicrobial
substances
Improvement of intestinal barrier function
Controlled transfer of dietary antigens
Stimulation of mucosal and systemic host immunity
(Harish and Varghese, 2006)
18. Advantages of Probiotics
Produce lactic acid- lowers the pH of intestines and
inhibiting bacterial villains such as Clostridium,
Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, etc.
Decreases the production of a variety of toxic or
carcinogenic metabolites.
Aid absorption of minerals, especially calcium, due to
increased intestinal acidity.
Production of β- D- galactosidase enzymes that break
down lactose .
Contd….
19.
Produce a wide range of antimicrobial substances
-acidophilin and bacteriocin etc. help to control
pathogenic bacteria .
Produce vitamins (especially Vitamin B and vitamin K)
Act as barriers to prevent harmful bacteria from
colonizing the intestines
(Roberfroid, 2000)
20. Effects of probiotics on
pathogenic bacteria
Probiotics reduce plasma levels of bacterial endotoxin
concentrations, by inhibiting translocation of bacteria
across the GI lumen into the bloodstream.
Decreases in translocation of bacteria may occur as a result
of the ability of probiotics to tighten the mucosal barrier.
There are several ways probiotic microflora can prevent
pathogenic bacteria from adhering and colonizing gut
mucosa.
Probiotics disallow colonization by disease-provoking
bacteria through competition for nutrients, immune system
up-regulation, production of antitoxins, and up-regulation
of intestinal mucin genes.
contd…
21. Probiotics lower colon luminal pH and foster growth
of non-pathogenic commensal bacteria by SCFA
(Short Chain Fatty Acid) production. One SCFA,
acetic acid, has antimicrobial activity against molds,
yeasts, and bacteria.
Probiotics exert protective effects through
production of hydrogen peroxide and benzoic acid,
which inhibit many pathogenic, acid-sensitive
bacteria .
(Sanders, 2003)
24. Probiotics and Cancer
Enzymes (Glycosidase, B- glucuronidase , azoreductase ,
and nitroreductase ) of the intestinal flora convert the
precarcinogens to active carcinogens
Probiotics reduce:
Faecal concentrations of enzymes
Secondary bile salts
Reduce absorption of harmful mutagens that may
contribute to colon carcinogenesis.
Activity of L. acidophilus and L. casei supplementation
in humans helped to decrease levels of these enzymes
25. Several mechanisms have been proposed as to how
lactic acid bacteria may inhibit colon cancer:
Enhancing the host’s immune response
Altering the metabolic activity of the intestinal
microflora
Binding and degrading carcinogens
Producing antimutagenic compounds
Altering the physiochemical conditions in the colon
(Harish and Varghese, 2006)
26. Hepatic
Diseases
Mechanisms by which probiotics may treat Hepatic
Encephalopathy:
Decreased portal blood ammonia by reduced bacterial
urease activity
Decreased pH due to less ammonia absorption
Less intestinal permeability and improved gut epithelium
Decreased inflammation and oxidative stress due to
reduced ammonia toxins
Reduced uptake of other toxins
27. Helicobacter pylori Infections
It the most common chronic bacterial infection in humans and causes :
Chronic gastritis
Peptic ulcers
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Lymphoma and a number of non-gastrointestinal disorders.
In vitro studies have suggested that lactic acid bacteria may inhibit or
kill H. pylori by acting as a bactericide.
Bifidobacteria and B. subtilis may inhibit the growth or attachment of H.
pylori.
Possible mechanisms by which L. salivarius eradicates H. pylori include
the ability of the former to bind to gastric epithelial cells, to produce a
high quantity of lactic acid, and to proliferate rapidly.
28. Use of probiotics beyond
GIT
Allergy: Probiotics have the potential:
To modify the structure of antigens
Reduce their immunogenicity
Reduce intestinal permeability
Generation of proinflammatory cytokines that are
elevated in patients with a variety of allergic
disorders
29. Probiotics in Pregnancy:
Bacterial vaginosis , increases the risk of preterm labour
and infant mortality .
Probiotics decrease the risk of bacterial vaginosis and
maintain normal lactobacilli vaginal flora
Studies using L. rhamnosus GG and B. lactis BB12 have
shown that atopic dermatitis, a condition that causes
severe skin rashes in up to 15% of babies, can be
prevented in 50% of cases if mothers ingest probiotics
during pregnancy and newborns ingest them during the
first 6 months of life
30. Use of probiotics
All probiotics works effectively, if taken after meals, when
stomach acid is lowest.
Stomach acid destroys up to 99.9% of probiotics, if taken
before a meal but only about 90%, if taken after meal.
Thus, after meal intake ensures maximum delivery to the
small intestine, where they reproduce rapidly, populating
the colon.
They do most of their good work in the small and large
intestines, but they also help the mouth and esophagus to
remain uninfected.
31. Probiotic Strains
A total of 169 Lactobacillus strains from 12
species (L. acidophilus, L. brevis, L. buchneri, L.
casei, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L.
delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii, L. delbrueckii subsp.
lactis, L. fermentum, L. helveticus, L. paracasei
subsp. paracasei, L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus)
isolated from raw milk and various milk products.
32. Probiotic strains currently
used
Lactobacillus species
L. acidophilus
L. plantarum
L. casei subspecies rhamnosus
L. brevis
L. delbreuckii subspecies bulgaricus
Bifidobacterium species
B. adolescentis
B. bifidum
B. longum
B. infantis
B. breve
34. Strains of bacteria one should look
for in a probiotic:
It is important to choose a high quality formula that
contains the right strains of bacteria for optimum results .
It is best to choose a probiotic that contains the entire family
of lactobacillus bacteria.
The family members are : L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii, L.
casei, L. bulgaricus, L. caucasicus, L. fermenti, L. plantarum,
L. brevis, L. helveticus, L. leichmannii, L. lactis, L. bifidus,
and L.sporogenes.
35. It is important that the complete family of 13 strains is
present. Most people don’t realize this family works in
harmony only if the complete family is present.
A good probiotic should have most of these strains:
Bifidobacterium bifidum - Protects the body against
invasive pathogens, salmonella and rotavirus. Helps
suppress tumors and reduce inflammation. Helps
protect against diarrhea and intestinal infections and
strengthens immune system.
36. Bifidobacterium breve - Helps prevent rotavirus-induced
diarrhea and activates your immune system. Also helps
IBS.
Bifidobacteria infantis - Inhibitory effect on some strains
of E. coli. Protects against gastroenteritis (inflammation of
the stomach and bowels) and is useful in the prevention
and therapy of solid tumors (breast tumors).
Bifidobacteria lactis - Enhances resistance to oral
salmonella typhimurium. Enhances natural immune
function. Helps alleviate constipation, prevents diarrhea
and decreases chronic inflammation of the colon.
37. Bifidobacterium longum - Able to eliminate harmful
nitrates commonly found in foods. Inhibits the
development and growth of colon, liver and breast
cancers in laboratory animals. Helps prevent diarrhea
caused by antibiotic use, helps constipation and
reduces fecal odor.
Lactococcus lactis - A natural antibiotic that reduces
the ability of pathogenic microbes to grow and cause
infection.
Lactobacillus salivarius - Produces a high amount of
lactic acid, thus completely inhibiting the growth of
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria, which are now
known to be the major cause of peptic ulcers. It is also
effective against Salmonella typhimurium
38. Lactobacillus casei- Provides protective activity against
Listeria bacteria which have been found to cause the
inflammation and infection of the brain and spinal cord
(Spinal Meningitis). Inhibits activity in tumor cells and
stimulates beneficial activity in normal cells.
Lactobacillus reuteri - Controls Cryptosporidium parvum (C.
Parvum), a parasite that survives the chlorination process,
sometimes found in springs or water wells, infection causing
nausea, diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps. Beneficial in
the treatment of diarrhea associated with rotavirus, E. coli
and Salmonella.
Lactobacillus sporogenes – Can reduce LDL (harmful)
cholesterol levels, while increasing HDL (healthy).
Streptococcus thermophilus -Its antioxidant activity scavenges
the body for free radicals. Effective in maintaining vaginal
and intestinal health.
39. Prebiotics
The term prebiotic was introduced by Gibson and
Roberfroid who exchanged “pro” for “pre,”
which means “before” or “for.”
A non-digestible food ingredient
Beneficial effects
• Selective stimulation
• Improved host health
40. Prebiotics acts as cofactors for probiotics.
Complex carbohydrates pass through the small
intestine to the lower gut where they become
available for some colonic bacteria but are not
utilized by the majority of the bacteria present in the
colon.
The main end products of carbohydrate metabolism
are short-chained fatty acids, namely acetate,
butyrate and propionate, which are further used by
the host organism as an energy source.
43. Food grade oligosaccharides in
commercial production
Crittenden (1999) reported 12 food grade oligosaccharides
It includes:
Lactulose
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)
FOS
Isomalto-oligosaccharides
Maltooligosaccharides
Palatinose oligosaccharides
Glucosyl sucrose and Cyclodextrins
Soybean oligosaccharides
Lactosucrose
Gentio-oligosaccharides and Xylo-oligosaccharides.
44. The purely vegetable Fructo-oligosaccharides or
Fructofibres® consist of inulin and oligofructose, which are
inert polysaccharides.
Inulin and oligo-fructose, cannot be split by the enzymes of
the upper digestive tract and pass through the intestine
without being digested or absorbed.
They therefore have no significant calorie value (1–2
kcal/g). Components of food that cannot be broken down
by digestive enzymes pass through the small intestine,
intact, increasing bulk or faecal mass. They may then
undergo fermentation by the intestinal flora in the large
intestine.
45. Fructo-oligosaccharides
alter the intestinal
microflora balance in a positive way.
Fructofibres® stimulate the proliferation of the
health-promoting bacteria in the gastro-intestinal
tract and encourage their metabolic selectivity.
These effects promote a healthy digestive tract
and increased resistance to infection.
46. Characteristics of an ideal
prebiotics
It should not be hydrolyzed or absorbed in the upper part of G.I.
tract.
It should be a selective substrate for one or a limited number of
potentially bacterial commercial to the colon culture protagonist.
It should be able to alter the colonic micro flora towards a
healthier composition or selectively stimulates the growth and/or
activity of intestinal bacteria associated with health and well
being.
It should help in increasing the absorption of certain minerals
such as calcium and magnesium.
It should or may have a favorable effect on the immune system
and provide improved resistance against infection.
47. Human could consume nearly 10 g of non-digestible
fermentable carbohydrates without noticeable side
effects and recommended a dose of 5 to 8 g of
oligofructose and 10 g of inulin per person.
(Coussement, 1999)
48. Synbiotics
Synbiotic = Probiotic + Prebiotic
The concept of synbiotics has been proposed to
characterize health-enhancing foods and
supplements used as functional food ingredients
in humans (Gibson, 2004).
Potential synergy between pro- & prebiotics
Improve survival in upper GIT
More efficient implantation
Stimulating effect of Probiotics
49. Some of the major health benefits of
synbiotics:
Improved survival of live bacteria in food products, prolonged
shelf life,
Increased number of ingested bacteria reaching the colon in a
viable form
Stimulation in the colon of the growth and implantation of both
exogenous and endogenous bacteria
Activation of metabolism of beneficial bacteria, antagonistic
toward pathogenic bacteria
Production of antimicrobial substances (bacteriocins , hydrogen
peroxide, organic acids etc)
Immunostimulation
Anti-inflammatory, Anti-mutagenic, Anti-carcinogenic, and
production of bioactive compounds (enzymes, vaccines, peptides
etc)
(Nagpal et al, 2007)
50. Products in the international
market using synbiotic health foods
concept.
Product
Actifit
Probioplus
Symbalance
Proghurt
Fysiq
Vifit
Fyos
“On Guard” (Liquid yoghurt)
Impact
Orafti’s synergy- 1
Synbiotic supplement
Producer
Emmi, Switzerland
Migros, Switzerland
Tonilait, Switzerland
Ja naturlich naturprodukte, Austria
Mona, Netherlands
Sudmilch / Stassano, Belgium,
Germany, UK
Nutricia, Belgium
LBL Foods, US
National Cancer Institute, USA
51. Administration of probiotics
“The specific microorganisms shall be viable, active &
abundant at the level of at least 107 cfu /g in the product to
the date of minimum durability”
Minimum Consumption: 100g of a probiotic food with 107
cfu/ g.
52. Functional Foods
Food is regarded “functional” if consumed as part
of a usual diet, providing benefits to one or more
target functions in body, beyond basic inherent
nutrition.
The first functional food products were launched in
Japan where a food category called FOSHU (Foods
for Specific Health Use) was established in 1991 to
reduce the increasing health-care costs.
53. Use of functional foods for the
improvement of number of targets in
hunam body:
Gastrointestinal function, including the balancing of colonic
microflora and control of nutrient bioavailability, food transit
time, immune activity, endocrine activity, mucosal motility
and epithelial cell proliferation.
Antioxidant and redox systems require certain amounts of
vitamins as well as non-vitamin components like polyphenols.
Antioxidant and redox functions are important for all cells
and tissues; however beneficial effects have not been proven
except when consumed as a component of fresh fruit and
vegetables.
Contd…
54. Xenobiotic metabolic activities and their control by some food
components such as glucosinolates, which are mostly nonnutritive. These functions may be important in controlling
toxicity and carcinogenicity caused by chemical contaminants of
the food and/or the environment.
Moods and behaviour as well as cognitive and physical
performances may be influenced by food components, though
there is a fine line between nutrition and pharmacology in this
category (Roberfroid, 1998; 2000).
Metabolism of macronutrients (carbohydrates amino acids and
fatty acids) and the related hormonal regulation e.g.
insulin/glucagon balance.
55. Probiotic based functional
foods
Cultured Dairy Products
Beneficial Bacteria
Yoghurt
Cheeses
S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus & L.
acidophilus
L. acidophilus, L. brevis, L. casei, L.
caucasicus, L. helveticus, L. lactis, L.
plantarum, S. cremoris, S. faecium
L. acidophilus
L. bulgaricus
L. casei,
B. bifidum, B. longum
L. Lactis, S. cremoris
S. cremoris
L. acidophilus, L. caucasicu
Acidophilus milk
Bulgaricus milk
Yakult
Bifidus milk
Buttermilk
Sour cream
Kefir
57. Conclusion
Consuming Functional Dairy products with
targeted therapeutic benefits can be a tasteful
and pleasurable way of healthy life.
Close network of medical experts, nutritionists
and microbiologists necessary to develop such
foods.
Flow
of information from research to
healthcare professionals to consumers is
necessary to derive maximum benefits.