This document discusses antibiotics and their alternatives. It provides information on common antibiotics, their advantages like being effective against many diseases, and disadvantages like developing resistance. Alternatives discussed include vaccines, probiotics, prebiotics, phage therapy, bacteriocins, and predatory bacteria. Vaccines can prevent infections and provide immunological protection. Probiotics and prebiotics support beneficial gut bacteria. Phage therapy uses viruses to target specific bacteria. Lysins and bacteriocins are antimicrobial proteins with targeted effects. Predatory bacteria may help control diseases in complex microbial communities. Overall the document compares antibiotics to various alternative approaches for treating infections.
updated statistics about antimicrobial resistance,causes and mechanism of antimicrobial resistances, national antimicrobial policy, national antimicrobial surveillance, new delhi b metallo-lactamase-1 bacteria
The Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future Capitol Hill Briefing: Antibiot...Johns Hopkins University
On 12/2/09 on Capitol Hill, leading experts in economics, public health and public policy and Rep. Louise Slaughter (D-NY), a leading voice on antibiotic resistance, discussed the impact of resistant infections on the U.S. healthcare system and the need to phase out inappropriate use of antibiotics as growth promoters in the production of food animals. The Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future (CLF) hosted the event with Rep. Slaughter. This is a complication of the panelists' presentations.
Antimicrobial Resistance - AMR
A short presentation on Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on One health day organized in the Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur by the Department of Zoology. It's a short go through of the topic AMR.
updated statistics about antimicrobial resistance,causes and mechanism of antimicrobial resistances, national antimicrobial policy, national antimicrobial surveillance, new delhi b metallo-lactamase-1 bacteria
The Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future Capitol Hill Briefing: Antibiot...Johns Hopkins University
On 12/2/09 on Capitol Hill, leading experts in economics, public health and public policy and Rep. Louise Slaughter (D-NY), a leading voice on antibiotic resistance, discussed the impact of resistant infections on the U.S. healthcare system and the need to phase out inappropriate use of antibiotics as growth promoters in the production of food animals. The Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future (CLF) hosted the event with Rep. Slaughter. This is a complication of the panelists' presentations.
Antimicrobial Resistance - AMR
A short presentation on Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on One health day organized in the Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur by the Department of Zoology. It's a short go through of the topic AMR.
Literature Survey Antibiotic ResistanceTuhin Samanta
Anti-toxin obstruction happens when microscopic organisms change in light of the utilization of these medications. Microscopic organisms, not people or creatures, become anti-toxin safe. These microorganisms may contaminate people and creatures, and the diseases they cause are more diligently to treat than those brought about by non-safe microscopic organisms.
Antivirulence therapy - As an alternative to antibiotics ???ASHISH P M
Antimicrobial resistance constitutes one of the major challenges facing humanity in the Twenty-First
century. The frequent use of antibiotics, which are traditionally the most important line of defence against
bacterial disease, has raised problems related to the development and spread of resistance. Currently, antibiotic
resistance has evolved against virtually every antibiotic deployed. Yet the development of new classes of
antibiotics has lagged far behind our growing need for such drugs. In this respect, scientific progress of the past
years has allowed us to start understanding the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens are causing disease.
This knowledge in its turn opens up novel possibilities to combat infections by interfering with these mechanisms,
a strategy that has been termed antivirulence therapy.
Anti-virulence therapy has been envisioned as a promising alternative for effective control of the
emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. Certain virulence factors have been shown to be potential targets
for drug design and therapeutic intervention, whereas new insights are crucial for exploiting others. Targeting
virulence represents a new paradigm to empower the clinician to prevent and treat infectious diseases.
In this seminar, the current knowledge with respect to pathogenicity mechanisms of bacterial aquaculture
pathogens is discussed, including adhesion mechanisms, production of extracellular polysaccharides and biofilm
formation, production of lytic enzymes (e.g. haemolysins and proteases), mechanisms of iron acquisition,
secretion systems and regulatory mechanisms such as quorum sensing and host–pathogen signalling with
catecholamine stress hormones. Furthermore, an overview is given of the first steps towards antivirulence therapy
for aquaculture, with a focus on quorum sensing disruption as a proof of concept.
Relative or complete lack of effect of antimicrobial agent against a previously susceptible microbe/pathogen.
It is an evolutionary principal that organism adopt genetically to change in their environment.
since the doubling time of bacteria can be as short as 20 mnt, there may be many generations in even a few hours, providing ample opportunity for evolutionary adaptation.
The phenomenon of resistance imposes serious constraints on the options available for the treatment of many bacterial infections.
The resistance to chemotherapeutic agents can also develop in protozoa, in multicellular parasites and in population of malignant cells.
Today there are different strains of S. aureus resistant to almost every form of antibiotic in use.
Antibiotic resistance I Mechanism I Types I Contributing factors.kausarneha
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a global threat of 21st century. Here is a brief discussion of Antimicrobial resistance or Drug resistance disease. If you want to study via video lecture on this visit on my YouTube channel : Microbiology WISDOM:
Here you can find further more such interesting topics.
The perspective of antibiotic resistanceLimon Mirza
Antibiotic, Antibiotic resistance, Causes of antibiotic resistance, History of antibiotic, Bangladesh perspective of antibiotic resistance, Prevention & Control of antibiotic resistance
a research presentation done by Augustine Mwaawaaru Level 400) and Matthew Frimpong Antwi (Level 300) students of( Presbyterian University College-Ghana on Antimicrobial resistance and the way foeward in Ghana. contact 0261825262
Literature Survey Antibiotic ResistanceTuhin Samanta
Anti-toxin obstruction happens when microscopic organisms change in light of the utilization of these medications. Microscopic organisms, not people or creatures, become anti-toxin safe. These microorganisms may contaminate people and creatures, and the diseases they cause are more diligently to treat than those brought about by non-safe microscopic organisms.
Antivirulence therapy - As an alternative to antibiotics ???ASHISH P M
Antimicrobial resistance constitutes one of the major challenges facing humanity in the Twenty-First
century. The frequent use of antibiotics, which are traditionally the most important line of defence against
bacterial disease, has raised problems related to the development and spread of resistance. Currently, antibiotic
resistance has evolved against virtually every antibiotic deployed. Yet the development of new classes of
antibiotics has lagged far behind our growing need for such drugs. In this respect, scientific progress of the past
years has allowed us to start understanding the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens are causing disease.
This knowledge in its turn opens up novel possibilities to combat infections by interfering with these mechanisms,
a strategy that has been termed antivirulence therapy.
Anti-virulence therapy has been envisioned as a promising alternative for effective control of the
emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. Certain virulence factors have been shown to be potential targets
for drug design and therapeutic intervention, whereas new insights are crucial for exploiting others. Targeting
virulence represents a new paradigm to empower the clinician to prevent and treat infectious diseases.
In this seminar, the current knowledge with respect to pathogenicity mechanisms of bacterial aquaculture
pathogens is discussed, including adhesion mechanisms, production of extracellular polysaccharides and biofilm
formation, production of lytic enzymes (e.g. haemolysins and proteases), mechanisms of iron acquisition,
secretion systems and regulatory mechanisms such as quorum sensing and host–pathogen signalling with
catecholamine stress hormones. Furthermore, an overview is given of the first steps towards antivirulence therapy
for aquaculture, with a focus on quorum sensing disruption as a proof of concept.
Relative or complete lack of effect of antimicrobial agent against a previously susceptible microbe/pathogen.
It is an evolutionary principal that organism adopt genetically to change in their environment.
since the doubling time of bacteria can be as short as 20 mnt, there may be many generations in even a few hours, providing ample opportunity for evolutionary adaptation.
The phenomenon of resistance imposes serious constraints on the options available for the treatment of many bacterial infections.
The resistance to chemotherapeutic agents can also develop in protozoa, in multicellular parasites and in population of malignant cells.
Today there are different strains of S. aureus resistant to almost every form of antibiotic in use.
Antibiotic resistance I Mechanism I Types I Contributing factors.kausarneha
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a global threat of 21st century. Here is a brief discussion of Antimicrobial resistance or Drug resistance disease. If you want to study via video lecture on this visit on my YouTube channel : Microbiology WISDOM:
Here you can find further more such interesting topics.
The perspective of antibiotic resistanceLimon Mirza
Antibiotic, Antibiotic resistance, Causes of antibiotic resistance, History of antibiotic, Bangladesh perspective of antibiotic resistance, Prevention & Control of antibiotic resistance
a research presentation done by Augustine Mwaawaaru Level 400) and Matthew Frimpong Antwi (Level 300) students of( Presbyterian University College-Ghana on Antimicrobial resistance and the way foeward in Ghana. contact 0261825262
In India, bacteria that cause common infections, such as urinary tract and bloodstream infections, are becoming resistant to nearly all antibiotics. This resistance is due to a combination of factors: uncontrolled access to antibiotics, gaps in infection prevention and control (IPC) practices, and high rates of communicable diseases. Antibiotic resistance, or AR, is a serious problem throughout the country, and threatens to reduce the usefulness of antibiotics both in India and around the world.
Because of this emerging threat, India is committed to slowing the spread of AR. Two institutions within India’s Ministry of Health – the Indian Council of Medical Research and National Centre for Disease Control – each developed national networks of public and private hospitals to measure AR trends, prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), and enhance appropriate use of antibiotics. The All India Institute of Medical Sciences is coordinating HAI measurement and prevention efforts in both networks. In addition, efforts in the state of Tamil Nadu focus on building district-level IPC capacity to prevent HAIs, focusing on maternal and neonatal patients.
The Indian Governamnet is is working closely with partners at the national and state level to:
Detect AR pathogens, including novel strains, by developing lab networks and lab expertise.
Use standardized surveillance to monitor and track AR infections in healthcare to learn how often these infections occur and to help develop strategies to prevent them.
Implement focused IPC activities and training.
Optimize use and reduce misuse of critical antibiotics through antibiotic stewardship programs.
The world health organization (WHO) defines Probiotics are living microorganisms, principally bacteria, that are safe for human consumption and, when ingested in sufficient quantities, have beneficial effects on human health, beyond basic nutrition.
The term probiotic comes from the Latin or Greek pro, “before, forward”, and bios, or “life” - thus probiotics are life-promoting. In this case, we use the term probiotics to refer to beneficial bacteria.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Antibiotics and their alternatives
1. P R E S E N T E D B Y : - N A V E E N D A G A R
( B . P H A R M A C Y )
Antibiotics and their
Alternatives
2. Antibiotics
• Antibiotics are drugs that treats microbial infections
by killing microorganism.
• Example :
a. Amoxicillin
b. ciprofloxacin
c. clindamycin
d. azithromycin etc.
3. Some common infections treated with
antibiotics
a. Acne
b. Bronchitis
c. Conjunctivitis
d. Respiratory track infection
e. Urinary track infection
4. Advantages
Effective against many forms of diseases.
Can kill the bacteria within the body.
Can be used broadly by all age groups.
Selectively toxic to the microorganisms.
Narrow and Broad spectrum.
5. Disadvantages
Prolonged use causes development of antibiotic –
resistance pathogens.
Cross resistance to the drug of same class.
Can kill the healthy bacteria in the body.
Our body may lose some of the beneficial mutualistic
bacteria.
Side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, digestion
issues, sensitivity to the light etc.
Some antibiotics induce the hyper-sensitivity.
6. Alternatives for the Antibiotics
Disease Prevention
Vaccines
Probiotics, prebiotics,
synbiotics
Disease Treatment
Phage therapy
Endolysins or Exolysins
Bacteriocins
Predatory bacteria
7. Vaccines
A vaccine typically
contains an agent that
resembles a disease-
causing microorganism
and is often made from
weakened or killed
forms of the microbe,
its toxins, or one of its
surface proteins.
8. Vaccines
Advantages :
Prevent infections of viruses and bacteria
Promote specific immunological protection
Limitations :
Can be costly to administer to human or animal population
Limited cross-protection with some pathogens
9. Prebiotics
Prebiotic : Prebiotics are mostly fibers that are non-digestible food
ingredients and beneficially affect the host’s health by selectively
stimulating the growth and/or activity of some genera of
microorganisms in the colon.
Prebiotics like insulin and pectin exhibit exert several health benefits
like :
Reducing the prevalence and duration of diarrhea
Relief from symptoms associated with intestinal bowel disorder
Protective effects to prevent colon cancer
Enhancing the bioavailability and uptake of minerals
Lowering of some risk factors of cardiovascular disease
10. Prebiotics
Ideal properties of prebiotics :
Resistant to the actions of acids in the stomach
Resistant to bile salts and other hydrolyzing enzymes in the
intestine
Should not be absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract
Easily fermentable by the beneficial intestinal microflora
11. Probiotics
“A product produced by one microorganism stimulating the
growth of another microorganism”
The latest definition put forward by FDA and WHO jointly is
“Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate
amounts confer a health benefit to the host”.
Popularly used probiotic microorganisms are :
Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus reuteri
Certain strains of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus
acidophilus-group, Bacillus coagulans, Escherichia coli strain
Nissle 1917
Certain enterococci, especially Enterococcus faeciumSF68,
and the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii
12. Probiotics
Ideal properties of probiotics :
Ability to control microflora modulation
Acceptable storage and processing stability
Active at low dosage
Lack of side effects
Persistence through the colon
13. Synbiotics
Prebiotics and Probiotics together termed as the
Synbiotics.
Advantages :
Maintain or improve commensal gut bacterial health
Prevent pathogen colonization
• Limitations
Mixed efficacy of single probiotics
FDA regulatory process is complex
14. Phage therapy
Phages are viruses that infect bacteria
Part of the active phage lifestyle involves a lytic phase,
which leads to the physical break down of host bacteria to
allow escape of progeny virus.
The application of lytic phages to kill pathogenic bacteria is
called phage therapy.
Lytic phages of particular pathogens have been cultivated
and administered to treat infections in both humans and
animals.
In the United States, phage therapy has been developed and
used for treatment of foodborne pathogens in animals.
16. Phage therapy
Advantages :
Much more specific to the targeted bacteria than is
antibiotic therapy.
Undesired effects on nontarget bacteria are minimal.
Target specific
Mixtures of multiple phages can be used to reduce
resistance development.
Data show particular efficacy with topical applications.
Can synergize with antibiotics.
17. Phage therapy
Limitations :
Potential for resistance development.
Specificity begets technical limitation of administration
against multiple subspecies.
18. Lysins (endo or exo)
Lysins, also known as endolysins or murein hydrolases.
Are hydrolytic enzyme produced by bacteriophages in order
to cleave the host's cell wall during the final stage of
the lytic cycle.
Lysins are highly evolved enzymes that are able to target
one of the five bonds in peptidoglycan (murein),the main
component of bacterial cell walls, which allows the release
of progeny virions from the lysed cell.
Lysins are being used as antibacterial agents due to their
high effectiveness and specificity in comparison
with antibiotics , which are susceptible to bacterial
resistance.
19. Lysins (endo or exo)
Advantages :
Potential for expanded species specificity over phages
against desired Gram-positive targets.
Can synergize with antibiotics.
Limitations :
Few options against Gram-negative bacteria
20. Bacteriocins
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are increasingly of interest
as alternatives to classic antibiotics.
Many AMPs are toxic to mammalian cells, they are not
good candidates for therapies.
A subcategory of AMPs that lacks this drawback is the
bacteriocins.
22. Bacteriosins
Advantages :
Diverse repertoire
Target specific
Many are already food-grade safe compounds
Can synergize with and reduce cytotoxicity of antibiotics
Limitation :
Potential for resistance development
Large bacteriocins could be sensitive to proteolysis
23. Predatory Bacteria
Predatory bacteria are unconventional compared to the
bacterial viruses and products discussed above, but they
present an interesting possibility for an antibiotic
alternative
Many different types of predatory bacteria have been
identified.
Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs) show particular
promise.
BALOs are uniquely suited for control of diseases caused by
complex microbial communities or structures to which
antibiotic compounds rarely gain access.
24. Predatory Bacteria
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a fascinating predatory
bacterium that attaches specifically to certain other bacteria
in order to invade them.
25. Predatory Bacteria
Advantages :
Effective against biofilms
Can access recalcitrant infections
Limitations :
Interactions with the host and the commensal micro biota
are unknown
Data are as yet limited