Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that results in destruction of myelin and oligodendrocytes. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to MS, which most commonly affects women aged 15-50. There are four clinical forms - relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, primary progressive, and progressive-relapsing. Symptoms vary depending on location of lesions but may include fatigue, weakness, sensory disturbances, vision problems, and impaired coordination. Diagnosis involves MRI and lumbar puncture. While there is no cure, treatments aim to reduce relapses and slow progression through immunomodulators, corticosteroids, and rehabilitation. Nursing focuses on
Multiple sclerosis: Introduction, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and TreatmentEnriqueAlvarez93
Introduction about Multiple Sclerosis.
Risk factors affect to Multiple Sclerosis.
When to Suspect Multiple Sclerosis.
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis.
How to treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Monoclonal Antibody.
MYOPATHIES A SPECIAL AND SEPERATE ENTITY WITH SPECIFIC FEATURES IN EACH DISORDER MAKING US EASY FOR DIAGNOSIS,CONFIRMATION BY MUSCLE BIOPSY.THE SEMINAR WAS PRSENTED ON 06/07/2011...AT 09.00AM
HAVE A LOOK ..AND COMMENT..WITHOUT BIAS..
Multiple sclerosis: Introduction, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and TreatmentEnriqueAlvarez93
Introduction about Multiple Sclerosis.
Risk factors affect to Multiple Sclerosis.
When to Suspect Multiple Sclerosis.
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis.
How to treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Monoclonal Antibody.
MYOPATHIES A SPECIAL AND SEPERATE ENTITY WITH SPECIFIC FEATURES IN EACH DISORDER MAKING US EASY FOR DIAGNOSIS,CONFIRMATION BY MUSCLE BIOPSY.THE SEMINAR WAS PRSENTED ON 06/07/2011...AT 09.00AM
HAVE A LOOK ..AND COMMENT..WITHOUT BIAS..
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-
mediated progressive demyelinating disease
of the CNS.
• Demyelination refers to the destruction of
myelin, the fatty and protein material that
surrounds certain nerve fibers in the brain and
spinal cord; it results in impaired transmission
of nerve impulses
3.
4. Pathophysiology
In MS, the sensitized T cells remain in the CNS and promote the
infiltration of other agents that damage the immune system( or due to
autoimmune dysfunction, genetic susceptibility, or an infectious
process).
Leads to inflammation that destroys myelin (which normally insulates
the axon and speeds the conduction of impulses along the axon) and
oligodendroglial cells that produce myelin in the CNS.
Plaques of sclerotic tissue appear on demyelinated axons
Interrupting the transmission of impulses
Progressive muscle weakness.
5. Etiology Factors / Causes
• Genetic predisposition is indicated by the
presence of a specific cluster (haplotype) of
human leukocyte antigens (HLA) on the cell
wall.
• Viruses
6. Incidence
• 15 to 50 yrs of age
• women>men
• 30 per 100,000 occurs in northern European,
northern UN, southern Canada and southern
Australia and New Zealand and very low cases
seen in india.
7. Classification
The National Multiple Sclerosis Advisory Committee recognizes four
clinical forms of MS:
• Relapsing remitting (RR): clearly defined acute attacks evolve over
days to weeks. Partial recovery of function occurs over weeks to
months. Average frequency of attacks is once every 2 years and
neurologic stability remains between attacks without disease
progression. (At the time of onset, 90% of cases of MS are diagnosed
as RR.)
• Secondary progressive (SP): always begins as RR but clinical course
changes with declining attack rate, with a steady deterioration in
neurologic function unrelated to the original attack. (Fifty percent of
those with RR will progress to SP within 10 years; 90% will progress
within 25 years.)
• Primary progressive (PP): characterized by steady progression of
disability from onset without exacerbations and remissions. More
prevalent among males and older individuals. Worst prognosis for
neurologic disability. (Ten percent of cases of MS are diagnosed as PP.)
• Progressive relapsing (PR): the same as PP except that patients
experience acute exacerbations along with a steadily progressive
course. (Rarest form)
8.
9. Clinical Manifestations
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Abnormal reflexes: absent or exaggerated.
• Vision disturbances: impaired and double vision,
nystagmus.
• Motor dysfunction:weakness, tremor,
incoordination.
• Sensory disturbances: paresthesias, impaired
deep sensation, impaired vibratory and position
sense.
• Impaired speech:slurring, scanning (dysarthria).
• Urinary dysfunction:hesitancy, frequency, urgency,
retention, incontinence; upper UTI
• Neurobehavioral syndromes:depression, cognitive
impairment, emotional distrubances.
10. Diagnostic Evaluation
• Serial brain MRI studies have proved to be
useful for diagnosing and monitoring patients
with MS show small plaques scattered
throughout white matter of CNS.
• Electrophoresis study of CSF shows abnormal
IgG antibody.
12. PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY
• Three medications, referred to as the “ABC
drugs” are
• currently the main pharmacologic therapy for
MS. It inclides interferons beta-1a (Avonex)
and beta-1b (Betaseron) and Glatiramer
acetate (Copaxone) also reduces the number
of lesions on MRI and the relapse rate.
13. • Corticosteroids(prednisolone) hormone are used to
decrease inflammation, shorten duration of relapse or
exacerbation.
• Immunosuppressive agents may stabilize the course.
• Treatment of spasticity with agents, such as baclofen,
dantrolene diazepam; physical therapy; nerve blocks and
surgical intervention
• Control of fatigue with amantadine (Symmetrel) and
lifestyle changes
• Treatment of depression with antidepressant drugs.
• Bladder management with anticholinergics, intermittent
catheterization for drainage, prophylactic antibiotics
• Bowel management with stool softeners, bulk laxative,
suppositories
• Rehabilitation management with physical therapy,
occupational therapy, speech therapy, cognitive therapy,
vocational rehabilitation, and complementary and
alternative medicine
14. Complications
• Respiratory dysfunction
• Infections: bladder, respiratory, sepsis
• Complications from immobility
• Speech, voice, and language disorders such as
dysarthria
15. Nursing Diagnoses
1. Impaired Physical Mobility related to muscle weakness, spasticity,
and incoordination.
• Promoting Motor Function
• Perform muscle stretching and strengthening exercises daily, or
teach patient or family to perform, using a stretch-hold-relax
routine to minimize spasticity and prevent contractures.
• Apply ice packs before stretching to reduce spasticity.
• Tell patient to avoid muscle fatigue by stopping activity just short of
fatigue and taking frequent rest periods.
• Encourage ambulation and activity, and teach patient how to use
such devices as braces, canes, and walkers when necessary.
• Inform the patient to avoid sudden changes in position, which may
cause falls due to loss of position sense, and to walk with a wide-
based gait.
• Encourage frequent change in position while immobilized to
prevent contractures; sleeping prone will minimize flexor spasm of
hips and knees
16. 2. Fatigue related to disease process and stress of
coping
• Minimizing Fatigue
• Help patient and family understand that fatigue is
an integral part of multiple sclerosis.
• Plan ahead, and prioritize activities. Take brief
rest periods throughout the day.
• Avoid overheating, overexertion, and infection.
• Encourage energy conservation techniques, such
as sitting to perform activity, limiting trips up and
down stairs, pulling, or pushing rather than
lifting.
• Help patient develop healthy lifestyle with
balanced diet, rest, exercise, and relaxation.
17. 3. Disturbed Sensory Perception (tactile, kinesthetic, visual)
related to disease process
• Optimizing Sensory Function
• Suggest use of an eye patch or frosted lens (alternate eyes)
for patients with double vision.
• Encourage ophthalmologic consultation to maximize vision.
• Provide a safe environment for patient with any sensory
alteration.
– Orient patient to the environment, and keep arrangement of
furniture and personal articles constant.
– Make sure floor is free from obstacles, loose rugs, or slippery
areas.
– Teach the use of all senses to maintain awareness of
environment
18. 4. Impaired Urinary Elimination related to the disease process
• Interrupted Family Processes related to inability to fulfill
expected roles
• Normalizing Family Processes
• Encourage verbalization of feelings of each family member.
• Encourage counseling and use of church or community
resources.
• Suggest dividing up household duties and child-care
responsibilities to prevent strain on one person.
• Explore adaptation of some roles so patient can still function
in family unit.
• Expand treatment efforts to include the whole family.
• Support mothers with MS who often face fatigue and episodic
exacerbations during their child-rearing years.
19. 5. Sexual Dysfunction related to disease process
• Suggest sexual activity when patient is most
rested.
• Promoting Sexual Functions by certain exercises
• Encourage open communication between
partners.
• Discuss birth control options, if appropriate.
• Suggest consultation with sexual therapist to help
obtain greater sexual satisfaction.
20. THANKYOU FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION &
ACTIVE LISTENING…
IF ANY QUERY REGARDING THE TOPIC
KINDLY ASK…
THE END.