Hyperthyroidism is a condition characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland, causing a hypermetabolic state in the body. Common symptoms include rapid or irregular heartbeat, sweating, nervousness, weight loss despite increased appetite, and eye bulging. Treatment options include antithyroid medications to reduce hormone production, radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid tissue, or surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. Nursing care focuses on managing symptoms, maintaining nutrition and fluid balance given increased metabolic rate, promoting rest, and addressing anxiety related to the condition and its treatment.
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Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. Hyperthyroidism can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is a condition in which your thyroid gland doesn't produce enough of certain crucial hormones.
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Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. Hyperthyroidism can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is a condition in which your thyroid gland doesn't produce enough of certain crucial hormones.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. INTRODUCTION OF
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Excessive secretion or synthesis of thyroid hormone by thyroid
gland is known as hyperthyroidism, grave disease and
thyrotoxicosis.
Temperature, Pulse, Respiration and increases in this case.
It increase body’s metabolism casuing sudden weight and rapid or
irregular heartbeat, sweating and nervousness or irritability.
4. INCIDENCE
•In women , 4-40 times more than men.
•More common in women than in men; occurs in
about 2% of the female population.
5. Etiological Factors/ Causes
• Acute Infection
• Worry
• Anxiety
• Overwork
• Emotional Upset
• Over treatment of myxedema
• Over functioning of entire gland
• Plummber’s Disease (Multinodular Goitre)
• Graves' disease (most prevalent): diffuse hyperfunction of the thyroid
gland with autoimmune etiology and associated with ophthalmopathy.
• Hyperthyroidism is characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the
thyroid gland, which is accompanied by increased vascularity and blood
flow and enlargement of the gland.
6. Pathophysiology
Due to increased activity of SNS ( adrenergic)
Excessive amount of TH release
In response to this inc metabolic rate and alter fats, protein and CHO
metabolism
And due to Increase the beta adrenergic activity
Leading to tachy and increase CO, stroke vol.
7. Clinical Manifestations /
Signs & Symptoms
• Difficulty in sitting quietly.
• Muscle fatigability and weakness; amenorrhea.
• Nervousness, emotional lability, irritability, apprehension.
• Rapid pulse at rest and on exertion (ranges between 90 and 160); palpitations.
• Heat intolerance; profuse perspiration; flushed skin (e.g, hands may be warm,
soft, moist).
• Fine tremor of hands; change in bowel habits; constipation or diarrhea.
• Increased appetite and progressive weight loss; frequent stools.
• Atrial fibrillation possible (cardiac decompensation common in older patients).
• Bulging eyes (exophthalmos): seen only in Graves' disease.
• Thyroid gland may be palpable and a bruit may be auscultated over gland.
• Course may be mild, characterized by remissions and exacerbations.
• It may progress to emaciation, extreme nervousness, delirium, disorientation,
thyroid storm or crisis, and death.
8. SIGNS/ SYMPTOMS
CVS
• Hypertension
• Tachycardia
• Bound And Rapid Pulse
• Palpitation
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Dysponea
• Increase Respiratory Rate
G.I.T
• Appetiteincrease but weight loss due to improper metabolism
• Diarrhea
• Spleenomegaly
• Hepatomegaly
MUSCULO- SKELETAL SYSTEM
• fatigue
• muscle weakness
10. Diagnostic Evaluation
• Physical Apperance
• Enlarged Neck
• History collection
• Protuding eyes
• ECG
• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Assay
• Elevated T3 and T4.
• 131I uptake scan may be elevated or below normal depending on the
underlying cause of the hyperthyroidism.
• Thyroid autoantibodies
• Elevated Tri-iodothyronine(T3)and radio immune assay (normal value
0.5ml-1.5ml U/L)
• Agitating expression due to basal metabolic rate (BMR).
11. Management
• Drugs that inhibit hormone formation:
• Thioamides: propylthiouracil (PTU)
• Act by depressing the synthesis of thyroid hormone
• May be given in divided daily doses (PTU) or in a single daily
dose.
• Duration of treatment is determined by clinical criteria.
• Thyroid gland becomes smaller.
• Uptakes of T4 and T3 are measured to determine
adequacy of dose.
• Treatment continued until patient becomes clinically
euthyroid; this varies from 3 months to 2 years; if
euthyroidism cannot be maintained without therapy, then
radiation or surgery is recommended.
12. PHARMACOLGICAL TREATMENT
Drugs to control peripheral manifestations of hyperthyroidism:
• Propranolol (Inderal).
• Acts as a beta-adrenergic blocking agent.
• Inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.
• Abolishes tachycardia, tremor, excess sweating, nervousness.
• Controls hyperthyroid symptoms until antithyroid drugs or radioiodine
can take effect.
• Glucocorticoids: decrease the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3, a more
potent thyroid hormone severe hyperactivity known as thyrotoxicosis,
thyroid storm or thyroid crisis.(Thyroid storm or crisis, an extreme form of
hyperthyroidism, is characterized by hyperpyrexia, diarrhea, dehydration,
tachycardia, arrhythmias, extreme irritation, delirium, coma, shock, and
death if not adequately treated.
• Thyroid storm may be precipitated by stress (surgery, infection) or
inadequate preparation for surgery in a patient with known
hyperthyroidism).
• Radioactive Iodine
Action: limits secretion of thyroid hormone by destroying thyroid tissue
13. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• Surgery
• SUBTOTAL THROIDECTOMY (REMOVAL OF ONE LOBE ).
• TOTAL THOIDECTOMY (REMOVAL OF GLAND )
• Used for those with large goiters, or for those for whom the use of
radioiodine or thioamides is contraindicated.
• Subtotal thyroidectomy involves removal of most of the thyroid gland
14. Complications
• Thioamide toxicity: agranulocytosis may occur suddenly.
• Hypothyroidism if over treated with ant thyroid medication or if
radiation treatment is used.
• Graves' disease.
• Features include exophthalmos, weakness of extraocular muscles, lid
edema, lid lag.
15. Nursing Diagnoses
• Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body
Requirements related to hypermetabolic state and
fluid loss through diaphoresis.
• Providing Adequate Nutrition
• Determine the patient's food and fluid
preferences.
• Provide high-calorie foods and fluids consistent
with the patient's requirements.
• Provide a quiet, calm environment at meals.
• Restrict stimulants (tea, coffee, alcohol); explain
rationale of requirements and restrictions to
patient.
16. Nursing Management / Nursing Interventions
• Encourage and permit the patient to eat alone if embarrassed or if
otherwise disturbed by voracious appetite.
• Monitor I.V. infusion when prescribed to maintain fluid and
electrolyte balance.
• Monitor fluid and nutritional status by weighing the patient daily and
by keeping accurate intake and output records.
• Monitor vital signs to detect changes in fluid volume status.
17. Disturbed Thought Processes related to insomnia, decreased attention
span, and irritability
• Promoting Normal Thought Processes
• Explain procedures to patient in an unhurried, calm manner.
• Limit visitors; avoid stimulating conversations or television programs.
• Reduce stressors in the environment; reduce noise and lights.
• Promote sleep and relaxation through use of prescribed medications,
massage, and relaxation exercises.
• Minimize disruption of the patient's sleep or rest by clustering nursing
activities.
• Use safety measures to reduce risk of trauma or falls (padded side rails,
bed in low position).
18. Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity related to diaphoresis, hyperpyrexia,
restlessness, and rapid weight loss.
• Maintaining Skin Integrity
• Assess skin turgor, mucous membranes, and neck veins for signs of
increased or decreased fluid volume.
• skin frequently to detect diaphoresis.
• Bathe frequently with cool water; change linens when damp.
• Avoid soap to prevent drying and use lubricant skin lotions to pressure
points.
• Protect and relieve pressure from bony prominences while immobilized
or while hypothermia blanket is used.
19. Anxiety related to condition and concern about upcoming
surgery/radioiodine treatment
• Relieving Anxiety
• Encourage the patient to verbalize concerns and fears about illness and
treatment.
• Support the patient who is undergoing various diagnostic tests.
• Explain the purpose and requirements of each prescribed test.
• Explain results of tests if unclear to the patient or if questions arise.
• Clear up misconceptions about treatment options.
20. THANKYOU FOR YOUR ACTIVE
LISTENING AND ATTENTION..
IF ANY QUERY REGARDING THE TOPIC
KINDLY ASK….
The End.