The document discusses various types of peripheral neuropathy, including definitions, mechanisms of damage, classification based on examination findings, associated laboratory and diagnostic testing, and treatment approaches. Peripheral neuropathy can be caused by numerous systemic diseases and conditions and presents with a variety of symptoms depending on the affected nerve fibers and distribution of the neuropathy. A thorough evaluation is required to determine the underlying cause and guide management strategies.
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is damage to or disease affecting nerves, which may impair sensation, movement, gland or organ function, or other aspects of health, depending on the type of nerve affected
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is damage to or disease affecting nerves, which may impair sensation, movement, gland or organ function, or other aspects of health, depending on the type of nerve affected
"Demystifying Common Neurological Disorders: A Primer for Future Healthcare Professionals with Dr. Ganesh"
🌐 Greetings, aspiring healthcare professionals! I'm Dr. Ganesh, and today, we're embarking on an educational journey tailored for undergraduate students in medicine, nursing, and pharmaceutical sciences. We'll be demystifying some of the common neurological disorders, laying the groundwork for your future careers in healthcare.
neuropatia periférica e suas característicasssuser52f17e
essa apresentação sobre a principais características sobre a neuropatia e quais são as principais causas, consequências, tratamentos médicos, epidemiologia e como tratar essa doença que afeta principalmente os diabéticos. O profissional que baixar esse arquivo terá um documento riquíssimo em informações de conhecimento
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. It can lead to various complications affecting multiple organ systems in the body. These complications can be broadly categorized into two types: acute and chronic. I'll provide an overview of both types below, but please note that this description will not be 3000 words long. If you need a more detailed and lengthy explanation, you may need to consult medical textbooks or academic sources.
**Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus:**
1. **Hypoglycemia:** This is a sudden drop in blood sugar levels, which can lead to symptoms like confusion, shakiness, sweating, and, if severe, loss of consciousness.
2. **Hyperglycemia:** High blood sugar levels can result in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), both of which are serious medical emergencies.
**Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus:**
1. **Macrovascular Complications:**
a. **Cardiovascular Disease:** Diabetes increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease due to atherosclerosis.
b. **Hypertension:** High blood pressure is common in individuals with diabetes, further increasing the risk of heart disease.
2. **Microvascular Complications:**
a. **Diabetic Retinopathy:** Affecting the eyes, this condition can lead to vision impairment and blindness.
b. **Diabetic Nephropathy:** This involves kidney damage and can eventually progress to kidney failure, requiring dialysis or transplantation.
c. **Diabetic Neuropathy:** Nerve damage can lead to symptoms like numbness, tingling, and pain in the extremities. It can also affect the digestive system and lead to gastroparesis.
3. **Dermatological Complications:**
a. **Skin Infections:** High blood sugar levels can impair the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to skin infections.
4. **Foot Complications:**
a. **Diabetic Foot Ulcers:** Neuropathy and poor blood circulation can lead to foot ulcers, which can become infected and, in severe cases, require amputation.
5. **Gastrointestinal Complications:**
a. **Gastroparesis:** This condition affects the stomach's ability to empty food properly, leading to digestive issues.
6. **Sexual Dysfunction:**
a. **Erectile Dysfunction (in men) and Sexual Dysfunction (in women):** Diabetes can impact sexual function.
7. **Mental Health Complications:**
a. **Depression and Anxiety:** Managing diabetes can be emotionally challenging, leading to mental health issues.
8. **Pregnancy Complications:**
a. **Gestational Diabetes:** This occurs during pregnancy and can lead to complications for both the mother and baby.
It's important to note that proper management of diabetes through lifestyle modifications, medication, and regular medical check-ups can help reduce the risk of these complications. Additionally, advances in medical research continue to improve ou
2. Peripher al Ner ve
Myelin : Current cannot flow
Axon : Not nerves left
3. Types of nerve fibers
Diameter Conduction Function
microns Velocity m/s
A alpha 1-20 70-110 Motor, Proprioception
beta 5-10 30-60 Touch
gama 3-6 20-30 Fusimotor, spindles
delta 2-5 20-30 Sharp pain
B <3 5-15 Autonomic, pregangl.
C <1.3 0.5-2 Slow pain
Non myelinated
4. T he Peripher al Ner vous
System
Motor: weakness,
atrophy
Sensory loss
Large Fibers (position)
Small fiber (pain)
Reflex loss
Autonomic symptoms
(redness, dizziness, ED)
5.
6. Definitions
Neuropathy
Pathological process affecting a peripheral nerve/s
Mononeuropathy
A single nerve affected
Mononeuritis multiplex
Multiple mononeuropathy or Multifocal neuropathy
15. Labor ator y Screening for
“Treatable” Neuropathy?
B12 Not truly length-dependent
Diabetes This type of neuropathy
generally a late finding
ANA, chronic disease Screen for connective tissue
screen diseases (late finding)
TSH If positive, have you proven
anything?
ESR If onset is recent
HIV Risk Factors
Review medications Big question
18. Mononeuropathy
Focal lesion involving a single nerve
Electro diagnostic studies indispensible
Localize site of injury
Determine severity of lesion
19. Mononeuropathy
Causes
Entrapment
Carpal tunnel syndrome is most common
Foot drop
Focal compression
Trauma
25. Polyneuropathy
Evolution is centripetal
Symptoms spread up legs
Sensory loss
Dysesthesias
Ankles jerks are depressed
Patients have trouble walking on their heels
Foot plantar flexion remains strong
26. Polyneuropathy
Symptoms noticed in fingertips
Numbness
Dysesthesias
Advanced picture is easily recognizable
Stocking-glove sensory loss
Distal muscle wasting and weakness
Absent tendon reflexes
27. Polyneuropathy
Sub classification
Historical features are indispensible
Other medical conditions
Symptoms of systemic disease
Recent viral or other infectious diseases
Recent vaccinations
Institution of new medications
28. Polyneuropathy
Exposure to toxins
Alcohol
Heavy metals
Organic solvents
Family history
Duration and clinical course are
helpful
Acute = days to weeks
Chronic = months to years
32. Treatment
Preventative and palliative
Weight reduction
Assiduous foot care
Good shoes
Ankle-foot orthoses as needed
Several organizations provide
support
33. Chronic Length Dependent
Neuropathy
Begins in toes or feet
Stocking distribution
Progresses rostrally
Tops and bottoms of
feet
Weakness begins in
ankles when
sensation reaches
calves
Sometimes diagnosable, Never treatable?
36. Multifocal Motor
Neur opathy (MMN)
Almost always in
hands and wrists
Pattern of weakness is
in the distribution of
individual peripheral
nerves
i.e. severe involvement in
ulnar distribution sparing
median
Lack of atrophy in
weak muscles
No pathological
reflexes
37. Uncertainty
Many cases are not easily definable
because of multiplicity of patterns
Cases that are not clearly untreatable are
possibly treatable