Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
Ribotyping is a molecular technique for bacterial identification that uses information from rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses. It is rapid and specific method widely used in clinical diagnostics and analysis of microbial communities in food, water, and beverages.
It is a circular DNA molecule 4.6 million base pairs in length, containing 4288 annotated protein-coding genes (organized into 2584 operons), seven ribosomal RNA (rRNA) operons, and 86 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes.
P1 derived Artificial Chromosomes (PAC) is a genome derived from Phage P1. P1 phage utilises PAC sites for efficient breaking and packaging of the genome and its efficient delivery in transfection stage.
Blood Specimen Collection and Processing
VENIPUNCTURE BUTTERFLY NEEDLE METHOD
Sites to draw blood
Order of Draw
Labelling the sample
Areas to Avoid When Choosing a Site for Blood Draw
Techniques to Prevent Hemolysis (which can interfere with many tests)
SAMPLE REJECTION
Blood Sample Handling and Processing
RBC ZINC TEST
HIV 1&2 WESTERN BLOT
Metabolomic Profiling of Spent Biomass Of Marine Microalgae, Chlorella vulgarispriyanka raviraj
OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the presence of any high value added compounds in the spent biomass of C. vulgaris
To identify the biological activity of the extracted compounds
To evaluate the structure and nature of the compounds using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and other analytical techniques.
Development of economically viable methodologies for the simultaneous extraction of by-products from a single set of biomass.
biological activities performed -Total antioxidant capacity, Anti bacterial activity, Anti-tuberculosis activity, Anti proliferative assay
Photochemistry Mediated Synthesis and Characterization of Thyroxine Capped Si...priyanka raviraj
Objective:
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the noble metal nanoparticles studied due to their amenability of synthesis, functionalization and ease of detection. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using thyroxine as a reducing and capping agent through the one step photochemical method
Characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Thy-AgNPs)
1. UV-Spectroscopy Analysis
2. Fourier Transforms-Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
3. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy(HR-TEM)
4. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM)
5. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
6. Zeta potential
Uses:
*AgNPs have unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties
*Exhibit high plasmon efficiency
*More sensitive towards localized surface plasmon resonance
*Less time consuming, economic and more ecofriendly
*It is used in electronics, food industry, cosmetics, photochemical, biomedicine and chemistry.
RNA Polymerase
Introduction
Purification
History
PRODUCTS OF RNAP
Messenger RNA
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Micro RNA
Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme)
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Transcription by RNA Polymerase
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASE
Type I
Type II
Type III
Prokaryotic Transcription Unit
EXPRESSION OF A PROKARYOTIC GENE
Prokaryotic Polycistronic Message Codes for Several Different Proteins
Eukaryotic Transcription Unit
ENHANCERS AND SILENCERS
RESULT OF THE TRANSCRIPTION CYCLE
RNAP III TRANSCRIBES HUMAN MICRORNAS
RNAP I–specific subunits promotepolymerase clustering to enhance the rRNA genetranscription cycle
RNAP II–TFIIB STRUCTURE ANDMECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION
FIVE CHECKPOINTS MAINTAINING THE FIDELITY OFTRANSCRIPTION BY RNAP IN STRUCTURAL ANDENERGETIC DETAILS
DNA
history
structure
X-Ray diffraction image of DNA
base pairing principle
base pairs
bonding patterns of DNA
base stacking different conformations of DNA
different forms of DNA
function of DNA
replication
encoding information
mutation/recombination
gene expression
Application of DNA
whole genome analysis
history
needs
steps involved
human genome data
NGS
pyrosequencing
illumina
SOLiD
Ion torrent
PacBio
applications
problems
benefits
Introduction
Sericulture, or silk farming, is the rearing of silkworms for the production of silk.
Species of silkworm
Mulberry silkworm
Tasar silkworm
Muga silkworm
Eri silkworm
Oak silkworm
Giant silkworm
History
Types of silk
Tasar
Eri
Mulberry
Muga
Life cycle
Advantages
Uses
Diseases
Pebrene
Grasserie
Flacherie
Muscardine
Production of silk India
Research Institutes
Artificial production
In vitro culture of embryo
Tissue culture media- Grace’s medium
Cell line production
Nutrition production
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. BACTERIOPHAGE
Virus that infect bacteria is known as
bacteriophage.
It was discovered by Frederick.W.Twort in
Great Britian (1915) and Felix d’ Herelle in
France(1917).
D’ Herelle coined the term bacteriophage
meaning ‘bacterial eater’ to describe the
agent’s bacteriocidal activity.
3. Phages are very simple in structure,
consisting merely of a DNA (or occasionally
ribonucleic acid (RNA)) molecule carrying a
number of genes,surrounded by a protective
coat or capsid made up of protein
molecules.
They can undergo two life cycle
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle
4. WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
It can accept very large pieces of foreign DNA.
Genetic engineers have constructed numerous
derivatives of phage vectors that contain only one
or two sites for a variety of restriction enzymes.
Phage that have a stuffer fragment are called
substitution vectors because they are designed
to have a piece removed and substituted with
something else.
Examples are Lambda phage, M13 phage, T4,T7
phage, P1 phage etc.
5. M13 PHAGE
Bacteriophage M13 was first isolated from
wastewater in Munich (Hofschneider, 1963).
Hence named as M13 phage.
It is a filamentous phage which has
6407 nucleotides.
It possess single stranded circular DNA.
It was sequenced by Sanger in 1982.
6. GENOME OF M13 PHAGE
Genes (III, VI, VII, VIII and IX encode structural proteins
Genes (II, V and X) for phage DNA replication
Genes (I, IV andXI) encode products for assembly and secretion
8. CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
1. The first step in construction of an M13 cloning
vector was to introduce the lacZ′ gene into the
intergenic sequence.
2. This gave rise to M13mp1, which forms blue
plaques on X-gal agar.
3. M13mp1 does not possess any unique restriction
sites in the lacZ′ gene.
ori
Lac Z
IV
II
M13MP1 VECTOR
9. M13 MP 2 VECTOR
It contains the hexanucleotide GGATTC near
the start of the gene.
A single nucleotide change would make this
GAATTC, which is an EcoRI site.
This alteration was carried out using in vitro
mutagenesis, resulting in M13mp2.
ori
Lac Z
IV
II
EcoRI
10. M13MP7 VECTOR
A polylinker, which consists of a series of
restriction sites and has EcoRI sticky ends.
This polylinker was inserted into the EcoRI
site of M13mp2, to give M13mp7 a more
complex vector with four possible cloning
sites (EcoRI, BamHI, SalI, and PstI).
The polylinker is designed so that it does not
totally disrupt the lacZ′ gene. Although it is
altered, b-galactosidase enzyme is still
produced.
11. SELECTION OF RECOMBINANTS
The vector is then inserted into a competent
host cell viable for transformation, which are
then grown in the presence of X-gal.
Cells transformed with vectors
containing recombinants will
produce white colonies;
non-recombinant plasmids
(i.e. only the vector) grow
into blue colonies.
12. LAMBDA REPLACEMENT VECTORS
Replacement vectors
A replacement vector has two recognition sites for the restriction endonuclease
used
for cloning. These sites flank a segment of DNA that is replaced by the DNA to be
cloned,.
Often the replaceable fragment (or “stuffer fragment” in cloning
jargon) carries additional restriction sites that can be used to cut it up into small
pieces, so that its own re-insertion during a cloning experiment is very unlikely.
Replacement vectors are generally designed to carry larger pieces of DNA than
insertion vectors can handle.
An example of a replacement vectors is:
LAMBDA EMBL4 can carry up to 20 kb of inserted DNA by replacing a
segment flanked by pairs of EcoRI, BamHI, and SalI sites. Any of these three
restriction endonucleases can be used to remove the stuffer fragment, so DNA
fragments with a variety of sticky ends can be cloned. Recombinant selection with
eEMBL4 can be on the basis of size, or can utilize the Spi phenotype.
14. P1 PHAGE
P1 is a temperate bacteriophage (phage) that
infects Escherichia coli and a some other
bacteria.
When undergoing a lysogenic cycle the phage
genome exists as a plasmid in the
bacterium. Unlike other phages it integrate into
the host DNA.
P1 has an icosahedral "head" containing the
DNA attached to a contractile tail with six tail
fibers.
15. GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
The genome of the P1 phage is moderately large,
around 93Kbp in length. In the viral particle it is in
the form of a linear double stranded DNA molecule.
Once inserted into the host it circularizes and
replicates as a plasmid.
The genome is especially rich in Chi sequences
recognized by the bacterial recombinase RecBCD.
The genome contains two origins of replication,
oriR which replicates it during the lysogenic cycle
and oriL which replicates it during the lytic stage.
16. P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
The development of a bacteriophage P1 cloning
system capable of accepting DNA fragments as
large as 100 kilobase pairs (kbp).
Phage particles has two P1 loxP recombination
sites to cyclize the packaged DNA once it has been
injected into a strain of Escherichia coli containing
the P1 Cre recombinase, a kanamycin resistant gene
to select bacterial clones containing the cyclized
DNA.
P1 plasmid replicon to stably maintain that DNA in
E. coli at one copy per cell chromosome, and a lac
promoter-regulated P1 lytic replicon to amplify the
DNA before it is reisolated.