Mitochondrial genome
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The human mitochondrial genome is much smaller than the nuclear genome, consisting of 16,569 base pairs. It contains 37 genes, 13 of which code for proteins involved in cellular respiration. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited solely from the mother and encodes for transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA and proteins that are critical subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. The human mitochondrial genome has a highly condensed structure with minimal non-coding regions and some overlapping genes. It also differs slightly from the standard genetic code.
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The trp operon contains a cluster of genes involved in tryptophan biosynthesis that are under the control of a single promoter. It was the first repressible operon discovered in E. coli in 1953. The trp operon contains structural genes that encode enzymes for tryptophan synthesis, as well as a promoter, operator, and regulatory genes. Tryptophan acts as an effector molecule that binds to the repressor protein, increasing its affinity for the operator sequence and repressing transcription when tryptophan is present. The trp operon is also regulated by transcriptional attenuation, where tryptophan levels affect the formation of termination or anti-termination hairpin loops in the mRNA.
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This ppts is based upon the recent adavancement and methodology about mitochondrial transformation. What is organellar transformation and what is the importance in contemporary time.
An overview of mitochondrial biology
Mitochondria generate most of a cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. They contain their own genome separate from the nuclear genome. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure with the inner membrane forming folds called cristae. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA present in multiple copies that encodes proteins, rRNAs and tRNAs. Mitochondrial DNA is replicated, transcribed and the RNAs processed independently of the nuclear genome. Key processes involve the RNA polymerase, transcription factors and the DNA polymerase for replication. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can cause human diseases.
Genome organization and Gene Expression
The document provides an overview of genome organization and gene expression. It discusses the basic components of DNA, including chromosomes, genes, nucleotides, and the structure of DNA. It describes DNA replication, including the initiation, elongation and termination steps. It also summarizes transcription and translation, the two processes by which the information in genes is used to direct protein synthesis and express cellular phenotypes.
CELL PHYSIO 202.ppt
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Cell physio 202
The document discusses genetic control of protein synthesis, cell function, and cell reproduction. It begins by outlining the central dogma of gene expression, including the structures of DNA and RNA and the processes of transcription and translation. It then describes the stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and the four phases of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. It explains the key events that occur during each phase, such as chromosome condensation, alignment at the metaphase plate, and separation of sister chromatids.
Mitrochondrial t RNA
1) Mitochondrial tRNAs (mt-tRNAs) are central to mitochondrial translation and play a key role in converting genetic information into proteins. They interact with nuclear-encoded and mitochondrial-encoded translation partners.
2) Mt-tRNAs have characteristic cloverleaf secondary structures and L-shaped tertiary structures, though some deviate from the classical structure. Their precise structures are important for their functions.
3) The 22 human mt-tRNAs are involved in translating the 13 mitochondrial-encoded proteins that make up the electron transport chain complexes. Mutations in mt-tRNA genes have been linked to various neuromuscular and neurodegenerative disorders.
Protein Synthesis
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology and the processes of protein synthesis - transcription and translation. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, and mRNA is then translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the DNA code into mRNA. Translation involves tRNAs matching their anticodons to the mRNA codons and adding the corresponding amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code is universal and degenerate, with multiple codons coding for each amino acid.
protein-synthesis.ppt
This document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology and the processes of protein synthesis. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, and mRNA is then translated into protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the DNA code into mRNA. Translation involves tRNAs matching their anticodons to mRNA codons and adding the corresponding amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code is universal and degenerate, with most amino acids corresponding to multiple codons.
concept of gene and protein synthesis
The document provides an overview of concepts related to genes and protein synthesis. It discusses the classical and modern concepts of genes, how genes are expressed through transcription and translation, and the central dogma of molecular biology whereby DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. Key aspects covered include DNA and RNA structure, the genetic code, transcription initiation and elongation, translation via ribosomes, and termination of protein synthesis.
RNA structure
This document discusses RNA structure and types. It begins by describing the basic components and functions of RNA, including its role in transcription and as an intermediate molecule in protein synthesis. It then discusses the different forms and structures of RNA, including primary, secondary and tertiary structures. The main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and others like miRNA and siRNA - are then summarized in terms of their roles and characteristics. Applications of RNA interference are also briefly outlined.
Extra nuclear genome- mitchondrial dna
This document summarizes key information about mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It notes that mtDNA is located in mitochondria and contains genes that encode proteins for oxidative phosphorylation to produce cellular energy. MtDNA is maternally inherited. The human mtDNA genome is small, circular, and encodes 37 genes. MtDNA replication involves DNA polymerase gamma and is essential for mitochondrial function. Larger mtDNA genomes exist in some plants and protists. MtDNA can be used for ancestry tracing and forensic identification but has limitations compared to nuclear DNA.
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Organization and Regulation of Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis
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assignment on inheritance and expressio of organeller dna 1
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Mitochondrial genome
- 2. INTRODUCTION The Human genome, which is typical of the genomes of all multicellular animals, consist of two distinct parts, Nuclear genome Mitochondrial genome
- 3. CONTINUE… Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA)[2] is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is not transmitted through nuclear DNA (nDNA). In humans, as in most multicellular organisms, mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the mother's ovum.
- 5. human mitochondrial genome consist of 16 569 bp, it is much smaller than the nuclear genome, and it contains just 37 genes,encoding 13 polypeptide Thirteen of these genes code for proteins involved in the respiratory complex,the main biochemical component of the energy-generating mitochondria; the other 24 genes specify non-coding RNA molecules that are required for expression of the mitochondrial genome. The genes in this genome are much more closely packed than in the nuclear genome and they do not contain introns. In many respects, the human mitochondrial genome is typical of the mitochondrial genomes of other animals
- 6. All mtDNA-encoded polypeptides are members of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes (OXPHOS) These include seven subunits of complex I, one subunit of complex III, three subunits of complex IV, and two of complex V. Besides protein coding genes, mtDNA also codes for 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNAs (12S and 16S rRNAs).
- 7. The expression and maintenance of mtDNA depends on a large number of nuclear-coded factors that are synthesized in the cytosolic ribosomes as precursor polypeptides and imported into the mitochondria via specialized import pores. Although the catalytic subunits of the OXPHOS system are encoded by the mtDNA, these enzyme complexes also contain a large number of nuclear-coded subunit that are necessary for their function.
- 10. In contrast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae mtDNA, vertebrate mtDNA are devoid of introns There are very few noncoding intergenic regions, with the exception of the regulatory region containing the promoters and origin of heavy-strand replication The genetic information is so condensed that there is an overlap in some coding sequences, and termination codons can be generated by the addition of adenines to the transcript during polyadenylation of mRNAs
- 11. The genetic code of mtDNA differs from the nuclear- cytoplasmic code. Instead of being a termination codon, TGA codes for tryptophan in vertebrate's mitochondria. ATA codes for methionine in mitochondria but isoleucinein the cytosol. Finally, AGA or AGG in mitochondria code for a stop codon instead of arginine
- 13. BIBLIOGRAPHY GENOME 3 WIKIPEDIA