This document discusses stunted seed production in aquaculture. It defines stunted seed as aged fish that have not yet reached their full growth potential due to being reared at high densities with limited food. Rearing fish this way is common practice to meet the high demand for seed. Though the fish experience slowed growth initially, they are believed to exhibit compensatory growth when conditions improve, growing rapidly to market size. The document outlines the history, causes, procedures, advantages and applicability of producing stunted seed.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
22-24 November 2017. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AU Conference Centre. Regional Meeting on Agricultural Biotechnologies in Sustainable Food Systems and Nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Presentation by Emmanuel Kaunda, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi A review of the use of biotechnology in aquaculture and fisheries (PAEPARD supported consortium)
Blue Economy means sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and ocean environment health. More specifically, it basically refers to any economic activity in the marine sector, whether sustainable or not”.In Bangladesh , Coastal and Marine based aquaculture has been developed day by day .There are many prawn and shrimp farm in Bangladesh among the different districts.These farm play a dominant role for rising blue economic development of Bangladesh .Besides sea weed is also a prominent aquaculture in Bangladesh .There are about 133 species of sea weeds that commercially produce in different kinds of farm in Bangladesh .Although there has so many bar to management theses types of farm ,but day by day the efficiency of producing these product are increasing very rapidly. A very great role has kept by the marine and coastal aquaculture for developing blue economy of Bangladesh
This slide is about a pearl spot fish which includes about its habit, habitat ,morphology, food and feeding, breeding behaviour, hatching, larval rearing, embryonic development, nutritive values, farming practices, seed production and pond preparation...
CAGE CULTURE OF FISH THEIR TREND,STATUS AND PRODUCTION Ashish sahu
Cage culture is an aquaculture production system where fish are held in Cage. Cage culture of fish utilizes existing water resources but encloses the fish in a cage which allows water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body. Cages are used to culture several types of shell fish and finfish species in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Cages in freshwaters are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing.
In 1950s modern cage culture began with the initiation of production of synthetic materials for cage construction. Fish production in cages became highly popular among the small or limited resource farmers who are looking for alternatives to traditional agricultural crops. The mesh size of the cage is kept smaller than the fish body. In India cage culture have been attempted first for Air breathing fish. Cage mesh netting made from synthetic material that can resist decomposition in water for a long period of time. Cage are used to culture several type of shell fish and fin fishes in fresh , brackish and marine water. Cage in fresh water are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing. Cages are generally small, ranging in freshwater reservoirs from 1 square meter (m2) to 500 m2.
Definition –
Cage culture is a system in which the cultured Fish 0r animal are enclosed from all side allowing water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body.
HISTORY-
Cage culture seem to have developed around 200 year ago in Cambodia where fisherman used to keep clarias spp. And some other fishes in bamboo made cage. Cage culture is traditional in part of Indonesia also attempted for the first time in air breathing fishes in swamp for raising major carp in running water in the river, Yamuna and Ganga at Allahabad and for raising Common carp , Catla , Silver carp, Rohu , Snakehead and Tilapia in still water body of Karnataka. In India sea cage start in 2007 for culture sea bass at Vishakhapatnam by CMFRI. anchored in streams which are practically open sewers. Common carp , where cage are in the southern USA. Around 80 species are being culture in cage. In India cage culture was initially culture in bamboo cage is practice in west java, since early 1940. Modern cage culture in open water bodies probably originated in Japan in early 1950. According to FAO cage culture is being practiced in more than 62 countries and has a become high tech business in developed countries such as floating and submerged cage culture of Salmonids in Norway, Canada and Scotland, Tuna and Yellowtails in Japan , Chinese carp in China, and catfish.
Shrimp farming in India, till 2009, was synonymous with the mono culture of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. About 1,90,000 ha brackishwater area have been developed for shrimp culture in the country spread over all the coastal states. Since 1995 culture of P monodon is affected by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and the development of shrimp farming has become stagnant.
Most of the Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia were also culturing P. monodon and since 2001-02 onwards most of them have shifted to culture of exotic Whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei because of the availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) and Specific Pathogen Resistant (SPR) broodstock. In India, Pilot-scale introduction of L.vannamei was initiated in 2003 and after a risk analysis study large-scale introduction has been permitted in 2009.
22-24 November 2017. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AU Conference Centre. Regional Meeting on Agricultural Biotechnologies in Sustainable Food Systems and Nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Presentation by Emmanuel Kaunda, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi A review of the use of biotechnology in aquaculture and fisheries (PAEPARD supported consortium)
Blue Economy means sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and ocean environment health. More specifically, it basically refers to any economic activity in the marine sector, whether sustainable or not”.In Bangladesh , Coastal and Marine based aquaculture has been developed day by day .There are many prawn and shrimp farm in Bangladesh among the different districts.These farm play a dominant role for rising blue economic development of Bangladesh .Besides sea weed is also a prominent aquaculture in Bangladesh .There are about 133 species of sea weeds that commercially produce in different kinds of farm in Bangladesh .Although there has so many bar to management theses types of farm ,but day by day the efficiency of producing these product are increasing very rapidly. A very great role has kept by the marine and coastal aquaculture for developing blue economy of Bangladesh
This slide is about a pearl spot fish which includes about its habit, habitat ,morphology, food and feeding, breeding behaviour, hatching, larval rearing, embryonic development, nutritive values, farming practices, seed production and pond preparation...
CAGE CULTURE OF FISH THEIR TREND,STATUS AND PRODUCTION Ashish sahu
Cage culture is an aquaculture production system where fish are held in Cage. Cage culture of fish utilizes existing water resources but encloses the fish in a cage which allows water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body. Cages are used to culture several types of shell fish and finfish species in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Cages in freshwaters are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing.
In 1950s modern cage culture began with the initiation of production of synthetic materials for cage construction. Fish production in cages became highly popular among the small or limited resource farmers who are looking for alternatives to traditional agricultural crops. The mesh size of the cage is kept smaller than the fish body. In India cage culture have been attempted first for Air breathing fish. Cage mesh netting made from synthetic material that can resist decomposition in water for a long period of time. Cage are used to culture several type of shell fish and fin fishes in fresh , brackish and marine water. Cage in fresh water are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing. Cages are generally small, ranging in freshwater reservoirs from 1 square meter (m2) to 500 m2.
Definition –
Cage culture is a system in which the cultured Fish 0r animal are enclosed from all side allowing water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body.
HISTORY-
Cage culture seem to have developed around 200 year ago in Cambodia where fisherman used to keep clarias spp. And some other fishes in bamboo made cage. Cage culture is traditional in part of Indonesia also attempted for the first time in air breathing fishes in swamp for raising major carp in running water in the river, Yamuna and Ganga at Allahabad and for raising Common carp , Catla , Silver carp, Rohu , Snakehead and Tilapia in still water body of Karnataka. In India sea cage start in 2007 for culture sea bass at Vishakhapatnam by CMFRI. anchored in streams which are practically open sewers. Common carp , where cage are in the southern USA. Around 80 species are being culture in cage. In India cage culture was initially culture in bamboo cage is practice in west java, since early 1940. Modern cage culture in open water bodies probably originated in Japan in early 1950. According to FAO cage culture is being practiced in more than 62 countries and has a become high tech business in developed countries such as floating and submerged cage culture of Salmonids in Norway, Canada and Scotland, Tuna and Yellowtails in Japan , Chinese carp in China, and catfish.
Shrimp farming in India, till 2009, was synonymous with the mono culture of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. About 1,90,000 ha brackishwater area have been developed for shrimp culture in the country spread over all the coastal states. Since 1995 culture of P monodon is affected by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and the development of shrimp farming has become stagnant.
Most of the Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia were also culturing P. monodon and since 2001-02 onwards most of them have shifted to culture of exotic Whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei because of the availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) and Specific Pathogen Resistant (SPR) broodstock. In India, Pilot-scale introduction of L.vannamei was initiated in 2003 and after a risk analysis study large-scale introduction has been permitted in 2009.
Fish biodiversity and food supply: Species numbers in the wild and exploited;...WorldFish
This presentation by Nicolas Bailly, Douglas Beare and John A.H Benzie was delivered as part of a workshop for the "Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Network".
The principle of integrated fish farming involves farming of fish along with livestock or/and agricultural crops.. This type of farming offers great efficiency in resource utilization, as waste or by product from one system is
effectively recycled. It also enables effective utilization of available farming space for maximizing production.
•The rising cost of protein-rich fish food and chemical fertilizers
as well as the general concern for energy conservation have created awareness in the utilization of rice and other crop fields and livestock wastes for fish culture. Fish culture in combination with agriculture or livestock is a unique and lucrative venture and provides a higher farm income, makes available a cheap source of protein for the
rural population, increases productivity on small land-holdings
and increases the supply of feeds for the farm livestock.
Scope of Integrated Fish Farming
The scope of integrated farming is considerably
wide. Ducks and geese are raised in pond, and pond- dykes are used for horticultural and agricultural
crop products and animal rearing.
The system provides meat, milk, eggs, fruits,
vegetables, mushroom, fodder and grains, in
addition to fish.
Hence this system provides better production, provides more employment, and improves socio- economic status of farmers and betterment of rural economy.
Classification of Integrated Fish Farming
Integrated fish farming can be broadly classified into two, namely Agriculture-fish and Livestock-fish systems
Agriculture-fish systems- Agri-based systems include rice-fish integration,
horticulture-fish system, mushroom- fish system, seri-fish system.
Livestock-fish systems- Livestock-fish system includes cattle-fish system, system, pig-fish system, poultry-fish system, duck-fish system, goat-fish system, rabbit-fish system.
Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Worldwide, the most important fish species used in fish farming are carp, salmon, tilapia and catfish.
There is an increasing demand for fish and fish protein, which has resulted in widespread overfishing in wild fisheries. Fish farming offers fish marketers another source. However, farming carnivorous fish, such as salmon, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries, since carnivorous farmed fish are usually fed fishmeal and fish oil extracted from wild forage fish. The global returns for fish farming recorded by the FAO in 2008 totalled 33.8 million tonnes worth about $US 60 billion.
Specific types of fish farms[edit source | editbeta]
Within intensive and extensive aquaculture methods, there are numerous specific types of fish farms; each has benefits and applications unique to its design.
Cage system[edit source | editbeta]
Giant gourami is often raised in cages in central Thailand
Fish cages are placed in lakes, bayous, ponds, rivers or oceans to contain and protect fish until they can be harvested. The method is also called "off-shore cultivation[7] " when the cages are placed in the sea. They can be constructed of a wide variety of components. Fish are stocked in cages, artificially fed, and harvested when they reach market size. A few advantages of fish farming with cages are that many types of waters can be used (rivers, lakes, filled quarries, etc.), many types of fish can be raised, and fish farming can co-exist with sport fishing and other water uses. Cage farming of fishes in open seas is also gaining popularity. Concerns of disease, poaching, poor water quality, etc., lead some to believe that in general, pond systems are easier to manage and simpler to start. Also, past occurrences of cage-failures leading to escapes, have raised concern regarding the culture of non-native fish species in open-water cages. Even though the cage-industry has made numerous technological advances in cage construction in recent years, the concern for escapes remains valid.
Main article: Copper alloys in aquaculture
Recently, copper alloys have become important netting materials in aquaculture. Copper alloys are antimicrobial, that is, they destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and other microbes. In the marine environment, the antimicrobial/algaecidal properties of copper alloys prevent biofouling, which can briefly be described as the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, algae, tube worms, barnacles, mollusks, and other organisms.
S.S. Presents
Made By Siddhartha Satyakama.
A rice-fish system is an integrated rice field or rice field/pond complex, where fish are grown concurrently or alternately with rice. Fish may be deliberately stocked (fish culture), or may enter fields naturally from surrounding water ways when flooding occurs (rice field fisheries), or a bit of both. Fish yields can range widely from of 1.5 to 174 kg/ha/season depending on the type of rice fish system, the species present, and the management employed.
Fish- livestock farming systems are recognized as highly assured technology where predetermined quantum of livestock waste obtained by rearing the live stock in the pond area is applied in pond to raise the fish crop without any other additional supply of nutrients. The main potential linkages between livestock and fish production concern use of nutrients, particularly reuse of livestock manures for fish production. The term nutrients mainly refer to elements such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) which function as fertilizers to stimulate natural food webs rather than conventional livestock nutrition usage such as feed ingredients. Both production and processing of livestock generate by-products that can be used for aquaculture. Direct use of livestock production wastes is the most widespread and conventionally recognized type of integrated farming. Production wastes include manure, urine and spilled feed; and they may be used as fresh inputs or be processed in some way before use.
Based on the type of livestock used for integration there are many combinations in livestock-fish systems. Some of the combination are listed and discussed below.
Cattle-Fish Culture
Manuring of fish pond by using cow dung is one of the common practices all-over the world. A healthy cow excretes over 4,000-5,000 kg dung, 3,500-4,000 lt urine on an annual basis. Manuring with cow dung, which is rich in nutrients results in increase of natural food organism and bacteria in fishpond. A unit of 5-6 cows can provide adequate manure for 1 ha of pond. In addition to 9,000 kg of milk, about 3,000-4,000 kg fish/ha/year can also be harvested with such integration.
Cowshed should be built close to fishpond to simplify handling of cow manure. A cow requires about 7,000-8,000 kg of green grass annually. Grass carp utilizes the left over grasses, which are about 2,500 kg. Fish also utilize the fine feed which consists of grains wasted by cows. In place of raw cow dung, biogas slurry could be used with equally good production. Twenty to thirty thousand kg of biogas slurry are recycled in 1 ha water area to get over 4000 kg of fish without feed or any fertilizer application.
Pig-Fish system
The waste produced by 30-40 pigs is equivalent to 1 tonne of ammonium sulphate. Exotic breeds like White Yorkshire, Landrace and Hampshire are reared in pig-sty near the fish pond. Depending on the size of the fishponds and their manure requirements, such a system can either be built on the bund dividing two fishponds or on the dry-side of the bund. Pigsties, however, may also be constructed in a nearby place where the urine and dung of pigs are first allowed to the oxidation tanks (digestion chambers) of biogas plants for the production of methane for household use. The liquid manure (slurry) is then discharged into the fishponds through small ditches running through pond bunds. Alternately, the pig manure may be heaped in localized places of fishponds or may be applied in fishponds.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. Need of the hour- Seed production
632 million fry (1986-87)
18.5 billion fry (2002-03)
20 billion today
2.5 m ha
ponds & Tanks
2.0 m ha
reservoir
31 billion
fingerling
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
3. Need for seed
• Target of 12mmt during 2020 to meet the protein
requirement of huge human population.
• The high stocking density, etc resulting in
detrimental consequences in aquatic organisms
(Reubush and Heath, 1996).
• Production of stunted fingerlings of Indian major
carp (IMC) has become a general practice where
fish are stocked at high density with restricted
ration.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
4. Need for seed
• Rearing of these fingerlings is adopted by the
farmers with an assurance of low mortality and
compensatory growth during the grow-out
phase.
• The subsequent growth of the stunted fingerlings
up to marketable size is believed to be rapid
(Nandeesha et al., 1994).
• No systematic work has been carried out yet to
understand the stress caused due to food
deprivation on fish.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
6. How to produce large sized
fingerlings?
1-Nurturing spawn in high density, followed by thinning of fry which
are then raised to fry and fingerlings.
2-Nursing spawn at low density ,which makes fry grow faster. In 1-
2 months fingerlings are there from fry.
3-Producing spawn through early breeding before onset of
monsoon to maximize time available for growth.
4-Rearing fry at higher densities for 10-12 months to get stunted
fingerlings/ yearlings.
5-Supply of quality food and low density helps to ensure healthy
seed with fast growth and survival of fingerlings.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
8. Reasons behind Stunted seed
Technology
• The gap between demand and supply of
quality seeds, by and large, remains a
daunting task in aquaculture development.
• Carps are known to grow rapidly during the
second year of their age.
• To address the problems related to fish growth
and yield.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
9. History
• Yearlings are produced traditionally in village
ponds. When farmers fail to sale their
fingerlings and they continue to rear them up
to May-June. Before monsoon, when ponds
are prepared for next fry rearing crops,
farmers harvest stunted fish for consumption
as they are grown with reduced nutrient
uptake.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
10. History
• Nikolsky (1963), reported that partial or
complete starvation of tropical fish species is
followed by a voracious feeding period and
subsequent restoration of growth during the
ensuing more favourable conditions.
• Stunted populations are frequently observed
in fishes (Roff, 1992).
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
12. • stunted fish seed = aged, but have not yet
attained full growth potential.
• A stunted population as consisting of
individuals that grow slowly and mature early
and at a small size, in which growth is
restricted by density-dependent mechanisms,
and the diminished maximum size is not
genetically determined.
What is stunted seed????
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
13. Causes
1. Resource limitation (arising from intraspecific
density dependence)
2. size- or age-dependent survival probabilities
• Fish whose growth was arrested as juveniles
under controlled conditions can subsequently
compensate growth when suitable conditions
return.
• Level of this compensation is mediated by the
quality of the grow-out
environment.(Ylikarjula etal 1999)
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
14. Causes
• Several ecological factors, including increased
survival from reduced predation and decreased
food availability, may influence the development
of individuals in stunted populations (Roff, 1992;
Ylikarjula et al., 1999; van Kooten et al., 2007).
• Stunting is a phenotypic change resulting from
unfavourable environmental conditions, such as
overcrowding and limited food availability
(Noakes & Balon 1982; Björnsson etal. 1988).
• Overwintering
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
15. Procedure
Rearing pond of 0.4-3.0 ha
Fry stocking @ 50,000-70,000 seed/ha.
Manuring @5000-10,000 kg/ha
6-12 months fry will become fingerling of 100-
200g
Feeding@ 0.5-1.0%
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
16. Procedure
• Stocking spawn at shallow water depth (35-45
cm) followed by phased increase of water
level at 3 - 4 days intervals, results higher fry
recovery of 50-70 %.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
17. Orissa
• Some of the village fish farmers produce yearlings
and/or stunted fingerlings with improved
management on commercial scale. In this, the
fingerlings stocked in well prepared ponds at high
density July-August.
• During culture period ponds are fertilised
monthly once.
• Complete harvesting of yearlings is done by
repeated netting from May-June.
• The farmers of Kantapada and Bhatpadagarh are
producing 3-5 tonnes of yearlings every year.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
18. Feeding
• Fingerlings are fed with the mixture of ground
nut oil cake and rice bran in the ratio of 1:1.
• Fortification of micro-nutrients in artificial
feeds is also enhances the growth and survival
of fry. A commercially available multiplex pre-
minerals mixture with vitamins accelerates
plankton production and fry survival in
nursery ponds.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
19. Feeding
• Farmers in Andhra Pradesh incorporate salt
along with feeds to improve the growth of fish
@ 0.5 to 2 percent along with the feed.
• Used in many parts of Asia.
• It is possible to improve the growth of carps
by incorporating the salt at 0.5 to 2 percent
for different species (Gangadhara et al., 2004).
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
20. Changes
• Metabolic depression seems to be an important
strategy developed by fish in response to periods of
food scarcity (Cook et al., 2000; O'Connor et al., 2000;
Rios et al., 2002).
• When the fish is deprived of food, it tries to cope with
the change by reducing the energy expenditure and
this is reflected by lower oxygen consumption.
• A decline in oxygen consumption may be a
consequence of lower activity by the fish in an attempt
to conserve body energy reserves during periods of
food shortage.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
21. Changes
• L. rohita fingerlings can tolerate the stressor
arising out of feed deprivation up to 3 weeks
(Cara et al. 2005).
• He Demonstrated that food-deprived trout larvae
were more tolerant to thermal shock than its fed
counterparts because of the protection conferred
by fasting-induced Hsp.
• The reduced oxygen consumption by L. rohita
fingerlings in the 3rd week of starvation may
suggest reduced metabolic needs for energy so
that the fish can sustain limited nutrient supply
from body reserves.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
22. Changes
• Under normal growing conditions, energy is
available for allocation to somatic growth, which
has the effect of increasing the somatic tissue at a
similar rate to the continuous growth of the bony
structures.
• Alternatively, stunted fish may allocate less
energy to somatic growth because of food
limitation, resulting in a body that remains
undifferentiated compared to the bony structures
in the head.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
23. Compensatory fish growth
• Compensatory growth in fish is a phase of fast
growth, which occurs after the re feeding of fish
following a period of feed deprivation or after
abnormal conditions such as low temperature.
• Compensatory growth is usually accompanied by
hyperphagia (an increase in appetite).
• Compensatory growth in fish is regulated by
many environmental factors such as water
temperature, Water quality , social aggression
and dietary protein and energy contents during
re-alimentation period.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
24. Compensatory fish growth
• The period of feed deprivation that elicits
compensatory growth varies among fish
species (Jobling et al.).
• Carassius auratus gibelio, which showed
improved feed efficiency and preferential
protein growth during compensatory growth.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
25. Advantages
• Overwintering and ‘stunting’ has economic
significance. Brood fish and fry/fingerlings may be
stunted intentionally through manipulation of
feed and stocking density to reduce costs of feed
and space and to service market demand better
for both seed and table fish.
• The culture of stunted Indian major carp has
become established in parts of India because the
subsequent growth of the fish is believed to be
rapid (Nandeesha, Dathathri, Krishnamurthy,
Vargese, Gangadar & Umesh 1994).
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
26. Advantages
• Stunted fingerlings/ yearling are the most
preferred stocking material by grow out farmers
and fetch a higher price than the normal
fingerlings.
• High survivability of stunted fish (95%).
• Farmers are now able to obtain, most commonly
an average yield of 8 tonnes/ha and some of the
progressive farmers obtain a yield of more than
15 tonnes/ha/year.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
27. Applicability
• Used for herbivores fishes.
• High mortality
• Not applicable for prawn.
• Fishes having fast growth not in first year.
• Seed should be in appropriate quantity.
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
28. •Growth of carp fingerlings during prolonged nursing (5 or 12
months) was stunted compared with fish nursed over a
conventional duration of 3 months but showed superior
growth subsequently.
•This trial indicates that fish whose growth was arrested as
juveniles under controlled conditions can subsequently
compensate growth when suitable conditions return, and that
the level of this compensation is mediated by the quality of
the grow-out environment.jitenderanduat@gmail.com
29. Case study
• The economic viability of stunting juvenile fish
has been established for milkfish (Baliao,
Franco & Agbayani 1987) and tilapia (Dan &
Little 2000) for conditions in the Philippines
and northern Vietnam, respectively, but the
viability of stunting carps is likely to be system
and site specific.
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30. Case study
• Stunting or retarding the growth of milkfish
for fingerling production has been practiced in
the Philippines for some time.
• This practice has been necessitated by the
irregularity of fry supply from the wild, which
adversely affects continuous production of the
ponds. Stunting has also been shown to be a
profitable activity in milkfish culture
operation.
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32. Stocking density
6 months 9 months 12 months
Installation of substrates
Stocking
2 months old fingerlings
(At P0.31/each) 892.80 892.80 892.80
Stunting operation
feeding
Trash fish 42.88 64.32 85.76
Rice bran 21.44 32.16 42.88
Harvesting
Labor for
harvesting
12.50 12.50 12.50
Interest charges 71.09 106.64 142.18
Economics
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33. Stocking density
6 months 9 months 12 months
Total cost 1226.25 1306.92 1387.58
No. of fingerling
harvested
2505.00 2274.00 1499.00
Cost/piece 0.49 0.57 0.92
Net
income/piece
P700/thousand
0.21 0.13 (0.22)
Total net income 526.05 295.62 (329.78)
Average rate of
return
33.50 18.87 (21.06)
Economics
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34. Conclusion
• Fisher community sells off as much as they
can to satisfy current year demand and then
go for producing stunted fingerlings.
• No systematic work has been carried out yet
to understand the stress caused due to food
deprivation on fish.
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