Non-Specific Immune Response, Innate immunity, inherent immunity, Role in overall immunity of individual, Significance, components involve in Non-Specific Immune Response,
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Non-Specific Immune Response, Innate immunity, inherent immunity, Role in overall immunity of individual, Significance, components involve in Non-Specific Immune Response,
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Diagnostic Medical Microbiology - Traditional and Modern approachChhaya Sawant
Updated version of Diagnostic Microbiology - Traditional and Modern approach. The presentation is an overview of conventional techniques still used in many laboratories and new technologies such as Molecular- and Protein-based testing
This course introduces students to the basics and intricacies of Medical Microbiology. The students will learn about the history, relationship between hosts and microbes, and safety measures in a Clinical Microbiology lab in the first unit. The second unit imparts knowledge about the various types of microscopes, the principles of sterilization, and biomedical waste management. The final unit delves into the characteristics, growth, and nutrition of microbes, the methods of culture, an introduction to Immunology, and the care and handling of laboratory animals. The course is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of these topics, supplemented with practical lab experience to foster a solid foundation for future explorations in the field of Medical Microbiology.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
This course in "Virology and Mycology" (701) is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the medically important fungi and viruses. The content includes an introduction, general characteristics, life cycle, laboratory diagnosis, and the various techniques used in the identification and study of these microbes. This course will also equip students with practical skills, from preparing culture media to processing clinical samples for diagnosis.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
Microbiology Medical Subject Department Development - www.biomed.fitBiomed Fit
Microorganism is the general term for all tiny microorganisms that are invisible or invisible to the naked eye. The structure is relatively simple, the individual is small (generally <0.1mm), and can be divided into prokaryotes, eukaryotes and non-cells according to their evolution level and traits
The process of human understanding of microorganisms
The hard-to-understand microbial world
This presentation include microbiome involve in human health and disease. classification and categorization of microbiota is aslo given.Anatomical area in which these microbes present.
Adenoviral conjunctivitis, also known as "pink eye is a common, self-limiting condition that typically is caused by adenovirus.
Adenoviruses can cause an array of clinical diseases, including conjunctivitis, respiratory disease, hemorrhagic cystitis and gastroenteritis.
Bacteria are unicellular, procaryotic microorganisms which have diverse shape size and structures. Bacteria are found almost everywhere on Earth. Even the human body is full of bacteria, and in fact is estimated to contain more bacterial cells than human cells. Most bacteria in the body are harmless, and some are even helpful. A relatively small number of species cause disease.
A microscope is an instrument used to observe very small organisms i.e. microorganisms. The microscope provides magnification and resolution which makes the image enlarged and fine. There are different types of microscopes ranging from simple to compound microscopes.
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular), known as the power house of the cell that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Mitochondria generates most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by a process called
“oxidative phosphorylation”.
Type II Hypersensitivity-Antibody mediated cytotoxic HypersensitivityAnup Bajracharya
Type II Hypersensitivity is antibody-mediated immune reaction in which antibodies (IgG or IgM) are directed against cellular or extracellular matrix antigens with the resultant cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to tissues.
Dark-field microscopy is used to illuminate unstained samples causing them to appear bright against a dark background. This type of microscope contains a special condenser having a central blacked-out area.
Air pollution Basics for higher level school students - Undesirable and unwanted changes in the characteristics of air that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings is air pollution.
Pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and TCA cycle for oxidation of glucose. It is a shunt of glycolysis. It is also known as hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt or phosphogluconate pathway. It occurs in cytoplasm of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. While it involves oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. It is an important pathway that generates precursors for nucleotide synthesis and is especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes).
It is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA.
Environmental impacts of coronavirus crisis, challenges aheadAnup Bajracharya
The worldwide disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in numerous impacts on the environment and the climate. There is reduction in carbon emissions, visibility clearance in the environment.
Convalescent plasma therapy is the treatment in which plasma that is removed from the blood of a person who has recovered from a disease is transfused into a person with the disease that fight against the causative agents and make patient safe from the diseased condition.
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria.
If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable bacteria is plotted in a graph against time, it gives a characteristic growth curve which is known as growth curve or growth cycle.
Growth of bacteria is affected by many factors such as nutrition concentration and other environmental factors.
Some of the important factors affecting bacterial growth are:
Nutrition concentration
Temperature
Gaseous concentration
pH
Ions and salt concentration
Available water
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Microbiology -T.U. B.Sc. 1st Year General Microbiology Syllabus (Nepal)
1. B.Sc. 1st Year
Anup Muni Bajracharya
TU Syllabus
T.U. B.Sc. 1st Year General Microbiology Syllabus (Nepal)
2. Description of the Course
• Course Title: General Microbiology
• Course No: MB 101 (Major)
• Nature of the Course: Theory
• Full Marks: 100
• Pass Marks: 35
• Year: I
• Total Lecture Hours: 150
3. Course Objectives
• After completion of the course, the students will
be able to:
• a) understand the concept of microorganisms,
history of microbiology, classification schemes
and the nomenclature of microorganisms, scope,
and applications of microbiology
• b) know handling methods, growth, physiology,
metabolism, genetics of microorganisms
• c) understand the basics of bacteriology, virology,
mycology, and parasitology
4. Course Contents
• Unit 1- History and development of microbiology– 4hrs
• Development of microbiology with reference to the modern era, important
discoveries, theories of spontaneous generation and the germ theory of
disease (Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch)
5. • Unit 2- Classification and nomenclature of microorganisms- 15hrs
• Classification schemes of a living organism, differential characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
microorganism. The general principle of nomenclature, three and five-kingdom concepts, a basic
understanding of the classification of bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa, classification, nomenclature
and characterization of bacteria according to Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
6. • Unit 3- Scope and applications of microbiology– 7hrs
• Harmful and beneficial microorganism; applied microbiology (medical, public health,
agricultural, food, microbial biotechnology, environmental, industrial, pharmaceutical
microbiology)
7. • Unit 4- Morphology of bacteria– 10hrs
• Structure of bacteria, morphology and fine structure of cell organelles, differences
between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria
8. • Unit 5- Growth and physiology of bacteria- 8hrs
• Nutritional types of bacteria (photolithotrophic,
chemolithotrophic, photoorganotrophic,
chemoorganotrophic), entry of nutrients, passive and active
transport, bacterial growth, growth curve, factors affecting
the growth
9. • Unit 6- Isolation, enumeration, and culture of
bacteria- 10hrs
• Types of bacteriological culture medium, techniques for
isolation and enumeration of bacteria (streak plate
technique, pour plate technique, spread plate
technique, membrane filtration, most probable number
method, direct microscopic count), biochemical tests of
bacteria, methods of the culture of aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria, culture preservation methods
10. • Unit 7- Metabolism- 15hrs
• Introduction to metabolism, regulation, and energy
involved in glycolysis (Embden Mayerhoff Paranas
pathway), glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, TCA
cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, Entner Doudoroff’s
pathway, phosphoketolase pathway, fermentative
pathways, and electron transport system
11. • Unit 8- Microbial genetics- 15hrs
• Structure and function of prokaryotic DNA, genetic code, plasmids, concepts of bacterial
genetics and role of RNA & DNA; bacterial recombination (transformation, conjugation, and
transduction), types and importance of mutation
12. • Unit 9- Microscopy and different techniques of handling of microorganisms- 8hrs
• Microscopes (light, stereo, darkfield, phase contrast, electron, fluorescence), types of staining and
nature of dyes/stains, different types of staining methods for microorganisms, aseptic techniques
in microbiology
13. • Unit 10- Techniques in control of microorganisms 12hrs
• Principles, procedures and applications of disinfection and sterilization-temperature,
irradiation, ultrasonication, filtration, chemicals, antibiotics, and chemotherapeutic agents
14. • Unit 11- Host-parasite interaction 10hrs
• Normal microbial flora of the human body, the concept of host-parasite
relationship, the concept of immunity
15. • Unit 12- Introduction to virology- 12hrs
• General structure (size, symmetry, and shape) of the virus, classification schemes,
viral genetics, detection, enumeration (plaque assay, haemagglutination
test, quantitative PCR, neutralization test), cultivation of viruses
16. • Unit 13- Introduction to parasitology- 12hrs
• Origin, morphology and classification of parasites (blood, tissue, intestinal parasites,
soil-transmitted helminths, and nematodes), techniques of detection, enumeration
and identification of protozoan and helminthic parasites
A.B
17. • Unit 14- Introduction to mycology- 12hrs
• Origin, morphology, and medical classification of fungi. Techniques of isolation,
morphological identification, culture, and enumeration of yeast and mold.
A.B