Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. In the 12th century it developed into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches. Examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.
Combining features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local traditions, Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy pillars, barrel vaults, large towers and decorative arcading. Each building has clearly defined forms, frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan; the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow. The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics and different materials.
Many castles were built during this period, but they are greatly outnumbered by churches. The most significant are the great abbey churches, many of which are still standing, more or less complete and frequently in use.[1] The enormous quantity of churches built in the Romanesque period was succeeded by the still busier period of Gothic architecture, which partly or entirely rebuilt most Romanesque churches in prosperous areas like England and Portugal. The largest groups of Romanesque survivors are in areas that were less prosperous in subsequent periods, including parts of southern France, rural Spain and rural Italy. Survivals of unfortified Romanesque secular houses and palaces, and the domestic quarters of monasteries are far rarer, but these used and adapted the features found in church buildings, on a domestic scale.
This is presentation contain wast information about Romanesque Architecture, their characteristics features and special structure.
Romanesque Architecture is the architecture of medieval period and expand to the entire Europe almost.
In this presentation all the important and rare point is covered.
Characteristics Features:
1. Wall
2. Arch
3. Column
4. Piers
5. Arcade
6. Vault
and the special structures that are considered in the following presentation are:
1. Baptistery
2. Cloister
3. Porches
4. Crypts
Rose windows and plate tracery were also used during this period.
Fully carved columns and piers were main characteristics and specialists of Romanesque Architecture.
Module 2- Byzantine Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Gary Gilson
Byzantine Architecture:
Centralized church typology:Spatial planning, construction and other features
Greek cross and Latin cross
Knowledge of placing a dome over a regular polygonal plan with preventives
Example- Hagia Sophia, Constantinople.
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
Module 1- Early Christian Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Archi...Gary Gilson
Early Christian Architecture:
Catacombs, Earliest Christian Churches
Basilica Church Typology : Planning / Construction / Features
Old St. Peter's Church
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
Romanesque Architecture in Europe
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of Medieval Europe, characterized by semi-circular arches, and evolving into the Gothic style, characterized by pointed arches, beginning in the 12th century. Although there is no consensus for the beginning date of the style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th centuries, examples can be found across the continent, making Romanesque architecture the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is more traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. In the 12th century it developed into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches. Examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.
Combining features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local traditions, Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy pillars, barrel vaults, large towers and decorative arcading. Each building has clearly defined forms, frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan; the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow. The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics and different materials.
Many castles were built during this period, but they are greatly outnumbered by churches. The most significant are the great abbey churches, many of which are still standing, more or less complete and frequently in use.[1] The enormous quantity of churches built in the Romanesque period was succeeded by the still busier period of Gothic architecture, which partly or entirely rebuilt most Romanesque churches in prosperous areas like England and Portugal. The largest groups of Romanesque survivors are in areas that were less prosperous in subsequent periods, including parts of southern France, rural Spain and rural Italy. Survivals of unfortified Romanesque secular houses and palaces, and the domestic quarters of monasteries are far rarer, but these used and adapted the features found in church buildings, on a domestic scale.
This is presentation contain wast information about Romanesque Architecture, their characteristics features and special structure.
Romanesque Architecture is the architecture of medieval period and expand to the entire Europe almost.
In this presentation all the important and rare point is covered.
Characteristics Features:
1. Wall
2. Arch
3. Column
4. Piers
5. Arcade
6. Vault
and the special structures that are considered in the following presentation are:
1. Baptistery
2. Cloister
3. Porches
4. Crypts
Rose windows and plate tracery were also used during this period.
Fully carved columns and piers were main characteristics and specialists of Romanesque Architecture.
Module 2- Byzantine Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Gary Gilson
Byzantine Architecture:
Centralized church typology:Spatial planning, construction and other features
Greek cross and Latin cross
Knowledge of placing a dome over a regular polygonal plan with preventives
Example- Hagia Sophia, Constantinople.
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
Module 1- Early Christian Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Archi...Gary Gilson
Early Christian Architecture:
Catacombs, Earliest Christian Churches
Basilica Church Typology : Planning / Construction / Features
Old St. Peter's Church
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
Romanesque Architecture in Europe
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of Medieval Europe, characterized by semi-circular arches, and evolving into the Gothic style, characterized by pointed arches, beginning in the 12th century. Although there is no consensus for the beginning date of the style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th centuries, examples can be found across the continent, making Romanesque architecture the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is more traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architectureNoorul Mushfika
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. While, gothic architecture is an architectural style that was particularly popular in Europe from the late 12th century to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
History of Architecture 2
Report by: Group 1 (Leader: Camille Tecson)
DLS-College of St. Benilde
School of Architecture
2nd Term S.Y. 2015-16
January 2016
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque architecture, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th century. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches. Examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.
Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Gary Gilson
Development Of Stone Vaulting Into Groined Systems Leading To Development Of Church Plan
Example - Detail Study Of The Pisa Cathedral With Baptistery & Campanile.
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
Romanesque architecture appeared in France at the end of the 10th century, with the development of feudal society and the rise and spread of monastic orders, particularly the Dominicans, which built many important abbeys and monasteries in the style. It continued to dominate religious architecture until the appearance of French Gothic architecture in the Ile-de-France between about 1140-1150.
Distinctive features of French romansque architecture include thick walls with small windows, rounded arches; a long nave covered with barrel vaults; and the use of the groin vault at the intersection of two barrel vaults, all supported by massive columns; a level of tribunes above the galleries on the ground floor, and small windows above the tribunes; and rows of exterior buttresses supporting the walls. Churches commonly had a cupola over the transept, supported by four adjoining arches; one or more large square towers, and a semi-circular apse with radiating small chapels. Decoration usually included very ornate sculpted capitals on columns and an elaborate semi-circular sculpted tympanum, usually illustrating the Last Judgement, over the main portal. Interior decoration often included murals covering the walls, colored tiles, and early stained glass windows. Late in the 12th century, the rib vault began to appear, particularly in churches in Normandy and Paris, introducing the transition to the Gothic style.
There are also present the some epic examples of churches of french romanesque architechture.
1. The Church of St. Trophime in Arles
2. The Abbey of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard
3. The Basilica of St. Sernin
4. The Abbey Church of Sainte Foy
5. Le Puy Cathedral
The term Romanesque ("Roman-like") was first used to designate a style of architecture that used Roman arches and had thick, heavy walls, based upon the basilica. The style is pervasive throughout Europe.
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architectureNoorul Mushfika
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. While, gothic architecture is an architectural style that was particularly popular in Europe from the late 12th century to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
History of Architecture 2
Report by: Group 1 (Leader: Camille Tecson)
DLS-College of St. Benilde
School of Architecture
2nd Term S.Y. 2015-16
January 2016
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque architecture, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th century. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches. Examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.
Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Gary Gilson
Development Of Stone Vaulting Into Groined Systems Leading To Development Of Church Plan
Example - Detail Study Of The Pisa Cathedral With Baptistery & Campanile.
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
Romanesque architecture appeared in France at the end of the 10th century, with the development of feudal society and the rise and spread of monastic orders, particularly the Dominicans, which built many important abbeys and monasteries in the style. It continued to dominate religious architecture until the appearance of French Gothic architecture in the Ile-de-France between about 1140-1150.
Distinctive features of French romansque architecture include thick walls with small windows, rounded arches; a long nave covered with barrel vaults; and the use of the groin vault at the intersection of two barrel vaults, all supported by massive columns; a level of tribunes above the galleries on the ground floor, and small windows above the tribunes; and rows of exterior buttresses supporting the walls. Churches commonly had a cupola over the transept, supported by four adjoining arches; one or more large square towers, and a semi-circular apse with radiating small chapels. Decoration usually included very ornate sculpted capitals on columns and an elaborate semi-circular sculpted tympanum, usually illustrating the Last Judgement, over the main portal. Interior decoration often included murals covering the walls, colored tiles, and early stained glass windows. Late in the 12th century, the rib vault began to appear, particularly in churches in Normandy and Paris, introducing the transition to the Gothic style.
There are also present the some epic examples of churches of french romanesque architechture.
1. The Church of St. Trophime in Arles
2. The Abbey of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard
3. The Basilica of St. Sernin
4. The Abbey Church of Sainte Foy
5. Le Puy Cathedral
The term Romanesque ("Roman-like") was first used to designate a style of architecture that used Roman arches and had thick, heavy walls, based upon the basilica. The style is pervasive throughout Europe.
Vastupurusa
For the basis of Hindú architecture often reference is made to Vastupurusa or “the spirit of the site”. One legend explains this as follows. There was an evil demigod (bhuta) who was born during Siva’s fight with the Asur Andhaka. This bhuta possessed a terrifying countenance and an insatiable hunger. The legend goes that having done great penance, the bhuta won a boon from Siva that allowed him to swallow the three worlds that constitute the Hindu cosmos. As this being stretched himself and began to occupy the heavens, he fell flat on the earth. The various gods and demigods seized this opportunity and pinned various parts of his body to the ground, rendering him helpless. This being came to be called Vast (or Vastupurusa) because the gods and demigods managed to lodge themselves on his body. Legends hold that the deities, in pinning him down, occupied different parts of his body and continued to reside there (Figure1). In order to satisfy his hunger, Brahma ordained that he receive offerings from people on building sites before construction. The body of the Vastupurusa is supposed to be sensitive at a number of points called marmas. The well-being of the Vastupurusa assures the well-being of the building and, by implication, its owner. An important criterion for any building, therefore, is to avoid injury to the marmas located on the body of the Vastupurusa. To ensure that this is achieved, texts prohibit any direct construction upon the marmas themselves. The marmas are specifically said to lie at the intersection of major diagonals, seen as the veins (siras or nadis) of the purusa.
CERAMIC AND SCULPTURE WORKSHOPSite Visit ReportAbhishek Mewada
CLAY: Natural rock or soil which is fine grained and contain silica , alumina , organic matter.
Types : Earthenware , Stoneware, Porcelain.
CLAYBODY : Consist of different materials like silica , clay , fluxes , grog.
Types : Earthenware , Stoneware , Porcelain.
MINBAR
Platform in a mosque, placed next to the mihrab. The minbar is used with the khutba, the Friday sermon, and the khatib (the person performing the Friday sermon) ascends it.
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
Decline of Roman Empire lead to building of large churches called cathedrals in a big way with the spread of organized monasteries called order.
Monastic orders include orders such as the Benedictine order (teachers), Augustinian order (preachers), the Cistercian order (farmers), the Clunaic order (artists), and Carthusian order (Ascetics).
The monks used a simplified Roman style with thick load bearing walls stout columns, small window openings and semi circular arches that came to be known as the “Romanesque” style.
Expansion of Romanesque architecture was linked with pilgrimage to Santiago, expansion of orders, crusades and development of feudal system.
The style can be discovered throughout Europe with its regional variations.
CHARACTERISTICS
Harmonious proportions
Thick and heavy walls and pillars
Small windows
Round arches supporting the roof.
Round blind arches for decoration
Sculptured decorations on portals, capitals and other surfaces.
Painted decorations
Plan: Retains basic plan of Early Christian Basilica ( Long three aisled nave intercepted by a transept and terminating in a semicircular apse crowned by a half dome ).
Support arches are the combination of half segments of large hollow columns or a clustered group of small shafts.
Cruciform in shape masonry and square or rectangle in section.
Barrel Vault:
The simplest type of vaulted roof
Single arched surfaces extend from wall to wall, the length of the space to be vaulted.
Barrel Vault requires strong support from solid walls.
Groin Vault: Intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles.
Ribbed Vault: In a ribbed vault, not only are the ribs spanning the vaulted area transversely but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.
Pointed arch Vault:
In Late Romanesque period, another solution came into use from regulating the height of diagonal and traverse ribs.
Salvaged Columns
In Italy, during this period, a great number of antique Roman columns were salvaged and reused in the interiors and on the porticos of churches.
The marble columns are most durable and have stone horizontally bedded.
Majority are vertically bedded and are sometimes of a variety of colors.
They have retained the original roman capitals, of the Corinthian or Roman Composite style.
Salvaged columns
Drum Columns
Hollow core columns
Alteration of piers and columns.
Building materials
Brick – Italy, Poland , much Germany and parts of the Netherland.
Limestone, granite – other areas
Building stone – small and irregular pieces, bedded in thick mortar.
Architectonical Typology - Church, Monastery, Castle.
Italian Romanesque - Pisa complex
French Romanesque -Abbey aux Hommes
English Romanesque - White tower
EVOLUTION OF ROMANESQUE TO GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Bytheendofthe5th centuryAD,Romehadcompletelydeclined.Ithad beensackedtwiceandwasthenunderoccupation.
ItsinfluencewassignificantlyreducedandtheImpetusfor architecturalinnovationshiftedtotheByzantineEmpire.
This shift also marks the movement from early Christian civilizationtothe Byzantinecivilization.
UndertheByzantineEmperorJustinian,theByzantinestyleof architectureevolved.
Hisinterestinchurchbuildingledtothediscoveryofthegroinvault. .andtheevolutionof theByzantinestyle.
Excellent Jain architecture and sculpture can be seen in their Stupas and rock-cut caves found in Mathura, Bundelkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa cave temples. A number of rock-cut caves have been discovered in Udaigiri and Khandagiri, twin hills in Puri District of Orissa and in Ellora in Maharashtra.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. History of Interior Design
Semester - 3
Content: Christian and Byzantine
Romanesque
Gothic
Renaissance
Baroque and Rococo
2. Christian and Byzantine
1. Early Christian. (around 300-500)
2. Ravenna. (around 495-526)
3. Early Byzantine. (around 527-62)
4. Post-Justinian . (around 562-843)
5. Middle Byzantine. (around 843-1204)
6. Late Byzantine. (around 1216 -1453)
In 313 Christianity was officially recognized by Constantine-I. By 326 it
became official religion of the Roman Empire. Its Capital was based in
Byzantium (renamed Constantinople). The empire stretched from Milan,
Cologne (west to Syria), south to Greece and Egypt. They adopted roman
characteristic: typology – Basilica (a rectangular assembly hall that could
serve as anything from market hall to law court)
3. 1. Early Christian. (around 300-500)
• Christian Funerary Architecture was directly influenced by centralized plans
of Roman Buildings.
• Types of building : Mausoleum and Baptistery (octagonal).
• Contrast to its exterior its interior were splendid with colors, light, precious
materials, on wall marble revetments and frescoes and mosaics. Floors
were covered with marble mosaics. Architraves, entablatures and screens
were of geometric and foliate patterns. Altar were in gold and silvers,
encrusted with jewels.
• Elements : Clerestory – The roof of the aisles were lower than that of the
nave.
Gallery – The aisles were sometimes surmounted by a second storey;or
gallery (designated for women).
Arcade – The nave and aisles were divided by rows of columns or piers,
surmounted either by arches to form an arcade.
Apse – at the end of the arcade, the apse, usually domed and articulated
with a triumphal arch, the shrine or high altar of the church was sheltered by
an elaborate canopy.
4.
5. Windows – The windows of Early Christian basilicas added to their mystique,
providing and ethereal, opaque light, either through stone plaques perforated
with decorative holes, through colored glass.
Ambo – The ambo was a raised platform from which the epistle and the Gospel
were read. Usually made of stone, richly decorated with ornamental panels.
Liturgical Furniture – The sanctuary was sometimes raised on a platform,
reserved for the clergy. This was often separated from the nave by a low
parapet or high screen called an iconostasis.
Opus sectile – The walls and floors of many churches featured an ornate
surface decoration of opus sectile-marble stones cut to form geometric
patterns.
6.
7. 2. Ravenna. (around 495-526)
• In 395 the Roman Empire was again divided. While in the east the emerging
Byzantine Empire flourished,the West was subjected to constant invasion.
As a results Ravenna, on Italy’s east coast, assumed increasing
importance. Thus in 495-526 Court was set in Ravenna.
• It had eastern Characteristic Such as Narthex, two low towers projecting
sideways, an apse that is polygonal rather than hemispherical on the
exterior.
• It had Mosaics of Female Saints rather than scenes from Bible.
• Interior – The marble veneers and capitals in the “wind-blown” style.
• Campanile – It was built with thin bricks, typically used in Constantinople
rather than high bricks for construction.
• The Dome – is made not of brick or stone but of earthenware pots inserted
into each other. This western technique created a structure so light that no
buttresses or arches were required to support the dome. the whole covered
by a timber roof.
8.
9. 3. Early Byzantine. (around 527-62)
• The 6th century was the high point of the Byzantine Empire. Basilica was
predominant in the West while in East increasing tendency towards greater
complexity and, above all, toward centralization with square domed bays
being introduced into rectangular basilical plans.
• Pumpkin Dome – The dome, measuring 52ft in diameter, is a pumpkin
dome, with sixteen sides formed of scooped segments with ridges. Rather
than being hidden in a timber roof.
• Fold Capitals – The Capitals are folded with spiky tendrils that are deeply
undercut so that they stand out in strong relief from the dark ground.
• Pendentive – The introduction of the domed centralized plan was made
possible by the pendentive – a curved triangle spanning between arches.
• Best example of building in this period is “Hagia Sophia”.
10.
11. 4. Post-Justinian . (around 562-843)
• After Justinian’s death in562, the empire lost much of its territory,including
parts of Greece, Syria, Palestine, and north Africa.
• Believing the Byzantine empire’s troubles to be the result of divine wrath at
the worship of icons, LEO III instituted an iconoclastic movement in 726.
• Figural mosaics within churches were replaced by crosses, foliage and
geometric patterns.
• Due to this revolution churches became smaller and less daring.
• However centralization and the domed basilica and cross-domed church
were yet predominate.
• Its interior: if we compare cross-section to 6th century it reveals a greater
simplicity and solidity of form, walls and piers are heavy, the opening of
windows and arcades are small.
• Its exterior: little decoration but its proportions are more squats.above a
plain cube, a low drum pierced with windows conceals the dome.
12.
13. 5. Middle Byzantine. (around 843-1204)
• The period from the end of iconoclasm in843 to the Latin occupation of
Constantinople in 1204 is known as the Middle byzantine period.
• The first 180 year under the rule of Macedonian dynasty it was golden age.
There was emergence of many new typologies in church architecture.
• Around 1025 Macedonian dynasty was decline and the Comnene dynasty
came in power. It established an era of stability, reflected by a process of
consolidation in architecture.
• Its features : Squinch – its small arch or niche placed at the corners of a
square bay to form a base for a dome.
Domed octagon.
Cross-in-square.
Mid-Byzantine exteriors : it saw greater decorations, bricks were arranged
in patterns – herringbone, chevrons, meander. Blind niches, recessed
arched windows, colonnades, and pilasters.
14.
15. 6. Late Byzantine. (around 1216 -1453)
• In 1204 Constantinople was sacked by the Franks and the empire went into
decline, losing territory to surrounding tribes.
• In 1453 Constantinople was captured by the Ottoman Turks and the empire
collapsed. Byzantine culture remained strong.
• No new form emerged, but variations of old typologies featured an even
greater elaboration of exteriors and increasingly steep proportions.
• Demand for separate areas for funeral monuments let to the attachment of
auxiliary spaces to exiting churches to create large, irregular complexes.
• Its features : Colorism – a new emphasis on color, as red brick alternates with
white ashlars. Colored stones were also introduced.
Holy Apostles
Silhouette- the tall, narrow drums of the five domes of the Holy Apostles
create a dramatic silhouette, the various parts of the church seeming to climb
ever higher. The tiled roofs of the domes flow over the arched windows of the
drums to create a rippling eaves line that was particularly popular in Greece.
Onion domes .
16.
17. Romanesque
• The term “Romanessque” originated in the early 19th century in reference to
the architecture of the 11th and 12th centuries because it revived classical
precedents established by the Romans.
• Its basic characteristics :
Barrel Vaults, the round arch, vaults, exuberant surface decoration and
towers,
Organic quality of space, expressed in the clarity of building plans and in
clear-cut structural forms.
Obligatory system- its starting point is the square module of the span, which
is split in half in the lateral naves; this system also governs the proportions of
the body of the church and of the transept, narthexes and atrium. On the
basis of the square module, round arches can be used to connect a complex
system of alternating columns and pies.
• France and England.
• Italy, Spain and Germany.
18. The Romanesque Style in Europe
France and England
• France : Pilgrims journeyed from all over the Continent and aided the
promulgation of the emergent architectural styles. Due to this design of
churches adapted to accommodate both the clergy and large crowds.
• The planning of east end of churches was developed to follow either a
radiating or staggered plan.
• The staggered plan saw the introduction of chapels to the eastern sides of
the transepts. These developments in spatial organization enabled divisions
to be maintained between the worshippers and the clergy; and between the
altars of saints and the high altar of the church.
• England : in England it was known as Norman style and it flourished during
11th and 12th century.
• With the victory of William the Conqueror at Hastings, England welcomed a
new style. They were characterized by their vast scale, which surpassed
anything previously seen in England and vied with contemporary continental
models.
19.
20. Italy, Spain and Germany.
• Italy : Italy as a whole was relatively conservative and did not witness the
scale of activity found in France , England and Spain. Italy’s rich stylistic
inheritance was exploited to the full by Romanesque architects, who
continued to use diverse features, such as cupolas on raised dome, the
basilical plan, separate campaniles and baptisteries, and marble facing of
exterior elevations.
• Spain : it was product of several distinct traditions. Spain’s long history of
occupation by the Moors had produced highly idiosyncratic Christian-Islamic
styles known as Mozarabic and of which were combined . This often
produced a hybrid style, based on French models but continuing earlier
tradition in the use of Islamic decoration.
• Germany : in the 11th and 12th centuries drew on the forms established
under Charlemagne and the Ottonian rule and adapted them to create some
of the first buildings in a truly Romanesque idiom. Germany is also credited
with introducing twin towers to the west façade of churches.
21.
22. Gothic
• The cradle of Gothic architecture is generally acknowledged to be northern
France. The essential elements of gothic architecture had all been used in
Romanesque buildings, but not together.
• Basic characteristics: Pointed arch, much larger windows, less massive
piers, ribbed vault, flying buttresses, and rampant arch.
• The manner of decoration also changed, with figured and narrative
elements appearing not only on portal and capitals but also on ribbed
vaults, bundled piers, and pinnacles.
• The plan of the hall church- with three or five naves, called “stepped” when
the central nave is elevated –conveys the sense of a single great space lit
directly by light falling from the window in the lateral naves.
• Stylistic definitions : International Gothic- plurality of stylistic diffusion.
Courtly Gothic – underscores its ties to the courts.
Flamboyant Gothic – alludes to the sinuous lines of decoration, evocative of
twisting, darting flames; it also alludes to the abundant decorative motifs
inspired by foliage and flowers.
Rayonnant Gothic – refers specifically to the rays emanating from rose
windows.
• France , England. Spain and Portugal , Germany and Italy.
23.
24. • France – gothic style served as a sort of calling card from the European world to
the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean.
• By the end of 12th century French architects and builders had so thoroughly
grasped the technical possibilities of the pointed arch as to create forms of
striking impact.
• The Flamboyant Gothic of the 15th century was distinguished by an exceptional
proliferation of ornamentation.
• England – influenced by France, England was to formulate a specific national
style with its own terminology.
• As a result around 13-14th century it developed “Decorative style” and
“Perpendicular style” ‘,featuring ribbing carved with grooves and double curves,
typified by daring vertical structures, combined with surprising formal inventions.
• Spain and Portugal – they were relatively slow to embrace the Gothic style,
introduced by the Cistercians in the 13th century. Manueli-no style, named after
king Manuel I
• Germany and Italy – first thirty years of 13th century showed the influence of
French Gothic. Architects during this period were Elisabethkirche, Cologne
Duomo and Parles.
• The most short – lived of all Gothic styles of Europe, Italian Gothic was also the
most hesitant. For secular buildings, the Gothic language was more
enthusiastically embraced, particularly for the numerous balconies and arcades
so suited to the benign Mediterranean climate.
25.
26. Renaissance
• Renaissance architecture in Italy is characterized by harmony, clarity and
strength. The new style was fully bound up with Renaissance interest in
aspects of antiquity, such as Literature, philosophy, and mathematics, rulers
and patrons realized the importance of both architecture and urban planning
as means of promoting notions of an ordered society.
• The Early Renaissance – it was around 15th century and its salient
features are balance and harmony. One of its finest example is The Pazzi
chaple in florence, other Architects – Giuliano da Sangallo, Michelozzo.
• The high Renaissance – the course of Renaissance architecture in the 16th
century was distinguished by a supreme confidence in new means of
expression. The results was a greater dynamism and plasticity, as seen in
Bramante’s building Santa Maria delle Grazie. The ornamental “rowels” and
the great concave panels on the lower part of the apse bear witness to a
new spatial sensitivity.
• Late Renaissance – great attention was focused on a philological revival of
the ancient orders, on the other hand bold, scenographic effects were
increasingly emphasized. Interior decoration included much stucco work
and wood carving.
27.
28. Baroque and Rococo
• Baroque architecture originated in17th century Rome, where it developed as an
expression of the newly triumphant Catholic church.
• Breaking with the somewhat static intellectual formulas of the Renaissance,
baroque architecture was first and foremost an art of persuasion.
• A new dynamic architectural vocabulary emerged, often based on the
repetition, breaking up, and distortion of Renaissance classical motifs. Broken
pediments , giant orders, and convex and concave walls were all used relatively
freely by Baroque architects leading to very personal styles.
• Typical of baroque style is a decorative exuberance that finds expression in bold
inventions and a progressive accentuations of plastic, dynamic masses. Curved
lines and elliptical floor plans were predominate.
• Domes grow increasingly bold and grand monumental structures offer surprising
theatrical effects.
• Rome was the radiating center of the baroque style.
• The Rococo style was essentially a decorative movement that developed in the
early 18th century in the town houses and hotels of the Parisian nobility.
• Nicolas Pineau, and germain Boffrand were among the designers who
succeeded in reflecting the more intimate scale and comfortable arrangement of
room by decorating them with light, frivolous and colorful schemes in which
panels and door frames dissolved and walls merged with the ceiling.