Bytheendofthe5th centuryAD,Romehadcompletelydeclined.Ithad beensackedtwiceandwasthenunderoccupation.
ItsinfluencewassignificantlyreducedandtheImpetusfor architecturalinnovationshiftedtotheByzantineEmpire.
This shift also marks the movement from early Christian civilizationtothe Byzantinecivilization.
UndertheByzantineEmperorJustinian,theByzantinestyleof architectureevolved.
Hisinterestinchurchbuildingledtothediscoveryofthegroinvault. .andtheevolutionof theByzantinestyle.
History of Architecture 2
Report by: Group 1 (Leader: Camille Tecson)
DLS-College of St. Benilde
School of Architecture
2nd Term S.Y. 2015-16
January 2016
History of Architecture 2 class
Report by: Group 1 (Leader: Quinto)
Central Colleges of the Philippines
College of Architecture
2nd Semester S.Y. 2015-16
December 2015
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architectureNoorul Mushfika
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. While, gothic architecture is an architectural style that was particularly popular in Europe from the late 12th century to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 CE, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard line between the Byzantine and Roman empires, and early Byzantine architecture is stylistically and structurally indistinguishable from earlier Roman architecture. This terminology was introduced by modern historians to designate the medieval Roman Empire as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) rather than the city of Rome and its environs.
Its architecture dramatically influenced the later medieval architecture throughout Europe and the Near East, and became the primary progenitor of the Renaissance and Ottoman architectural traditions that followed its collapse.
Introduction of dome, and classification of dome.
Types of dome mainly used during byzantine architecture. Example of some epic architecture of byzantine period.
1. Cloister Vault
2. Geodesic Dome
3. Onion Dome
4. Oval Dome
5. Saucer Dome.
History of Architecture 2
Report by: Group 1 (Leader: Camille Tecson)
DLS-College of St. Benilde
School of Architecture
2nd Term S.Y. 2015-16
January 2016
History of Architecture 2 class
Report by: Group 1 (Leader: Quinto)
Central Colleges of the Philippines
College of Architecture
2nd Semester S.Y. 2015-16
December 2015
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architectureNoorul Mushfika
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. While, gothic architecture is an architectural style that was particularly popular in Europe from the late 12th century to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 CE, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard line between the Byzantine and Roman empires, and early Byzantine architecture is stylistically and structurally indistinguishable from earlier Roman architecture. This terminology was introduced by modern historians to designate the medieval Roman Empire as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) rather than the city of Rome and its environs.
Its architecture dramatically influenced the later medieval architecture throughout Europe and the Near East, and became the primary progenitor of the Renaissance and Ottoman architectural traditions that followed its collapse.
Introduction of dome, and classification of dome.
Types of dome mainly used during byzantine architecture. Example of some epic architecture of byzantine period.
1. Cloister Vault
2. Geodesic Dome
3. Onion Dome
4. Oval Dome
5. Saucer Dome.
Simple explanation of History of architecture ll ( early Christianity , Byzantine Architecture, Islamic, Romanesque,Gothic, Renaissance,
Baroque and Rococo ).
Done by : AUM students .
Module 2- Byzantine Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Gary Gilson
Byzantine Architecture:
Centralized church typology:Spatial planning, construction and other features
Greek cross and Latin cross
Knowledge of placing a dome over a regular polygonal plan with preventives
Example- Hagia Sophia, Constantinople.
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
hagia Sophia has evolved over may architecture style.it has been used according to the timeline and even changed according to the ruling power. this has been the best example for adaptive reuse..
AN INTELLIGENT BUILDING IS THE ONE WHICH PROVIDES A PRODUCTIVE AND
COST-EFFECTIVE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH OPTIMIZATION OF FOUR BASIC
ELEMENTS: STRUCTURE, SYSTEMS, SERVICES AND MANAGEMENT, AND THE
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEM.
IT IS A TYPE OF BUILDING THAT USES BOTH TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS TO
CREATE AN ENVIRONMENT THAT IS SAFE, HEALTHY, AND COMFORTABLE TO
EVERYONE.
WHAT IS AN INTELLIGENT BUILDING?
A BUILDING…
•
WHO’S SYSTEMS ARE SELF RELIANT
WITH SENSORS RELAYING DATA
THAT USES THE LATEST TECHNOLOGY
THAT IS THE FUTURE OF BUILDINGS
INTELLIGENT BUILDING
: INTELLIGENT BUILDING ADJUSTS THE INSIDE
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS SUCH AS LIGHTING, VENTILATION, FIRE FIGHTING, AIR
CONDITIONING, ETC. AUTOMATICALLY WITH THE CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS CONTROLLED BY COMPUTER.
THE SECURITY SYSTEM, COMMUNICATION SYSTEM, ETC. ARE COORDINATED AND
AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED BY COMPUTER WORK STATION.
ORDINARY BUILDING
: ORDINARY BUILDING THERE WILL BE DIFFERENT ROOM
CONDITIONS DEPENDING ON THE CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS.
THE SECURITY SYSTEM, COMMUNICATION SYSTEM, ETC. ARE NOT
COORDINATED AND AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED BY COMPUTER WORK
STATION.
ALL INFORMATION ABOUT ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL, ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL (ACP)
ALSO ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE MATERIAL,
(ACM) IS A TYPE OF FLAT PANEL THAT
CONSISTS OF TWO THIN ALUMINIUM
SHEETS BONDED TO A NON ALUMINIUM
CORE. ACPS ARE FREQUENTLY USED FOR
EXTERNAL CLADDING OR FACADES OF
BUILDINGS, INSULATION, AND SIGNAGE.
ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL CLADDING
IS DONE WITH THE HELP OF 2" X 1" PLAIN
RECTANGULAR TUBE, ADHESIVE TAPE, ACP
SHEET, WEATHERING SEALANT AND TOP
QUALITY HARDWARE.
CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL BUILDING CODE,
Introduction to various building codes in professional practice emphasizing the importance of codes and regulations to protect public health, safety and welfare and to ensure compliance with the local authority.
Philip johnson- history of architectureSelf employed
ACCORDING TO PHILIP JOHNSON ‘CRUTCHES’ BY WHICH ARCHITECTS EVADE THEIR REAL RESPONSIBILITIES ARE:
HISTORY - JUSTIFYING ELEMENTS WHICH ARE EARLIER USED.
UTILITY - IF UTILITY OF A BUILDING OVERCOMES ARTISTIC INVENTIONS ,THEN IT IS MERELY AN ASSEMBLAGE OF USEFUL PARTS.
DESIGN ACCORDING TO HIS BELIEF – “ TO GO AGAINST THE GRAIN”
DECONSTRUCTIVIST ARCHITECTURE – “ HE PRESENTED DESIGN ISSUE IN STRICTLY STYLISTIC TERMS.”
RISE OF ISLAM IN INDIA STARTED WHEN QUTUB-UD-DIN AIBUK THE SLAVE OF MUHAMMAD GHORI WHO CAME TO POWER AFTER HIS MASTERS’ DEATH IN 1206.BEFORE THIS HE WAS JUST THE MIILITARY COMMANDER OF HIS BOSS.HIS EMPIRE EXTENDED FROM LAHORE(PAKISTAN) TO THE YAMUNA AND GANGES PLAINS IN NORTH INDIA. HE RULED FOR FOUR YEARS WHEN HE DIED IN AN ACCIDENT IN 1210.
COMMON INTERPRETATIONS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
D
OME OF ROCK , JERUSALAM
•
G
REAT MOSQUE OF SAMARA AND CORODB DB A
•
UMMAYAD MOSQUE (GRAND MOSQUE OF DAMASCUS)
•
MADRASSA
•
MADRASSA OF SULTAN
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. ByzantineEmpire-EarlyPeriodTimeline:
330: Emperor Constantine founds a new capital of the Roman Empire
at the Greek town of Byzantium, renaming the city Constantinople after
himself.
395: Death of Emperor Theodosius – Empire permanently split in
two halves. Constantinopleis capitalof the Eastern Roman Empire.
527-565: reign of Emperor Justinian Is Greatest expansion of
Byzantine Empire
1453: Fall of Byzantine Empire.
3. Introduction
By the end of the 5th centuryAD, Rome had completelydeclined. It had been
sacked twice and was then under occupation.
Its influence was significantly reducedand the Impetus for architectural
innovationshifted to the ByzantineEmpire.
This shift also marks the movement from early Christian civilizationto the
Byzantinecivilization.
Under the ByzantineEmperor Justinian, the Byzantine style of architecture
evolved.
His interest in church buildingled to the discovery of the groin vault. .and the
evolutionof the Byzantinestyle.
Constantinople(Istanbul)
4. Althoughit is impossible to identifytwo similar Byzantine churches,
it is still possible to identify the basic characteristics ofan ideal
Byzantinechurch.
The attributes of the ideal churchincluded:
The use of a centralized churchplan.
The use of surroundingisles.
The use of pendantives and dome onpendentives.
And the use of a complex program ofinterior.
structure,lighting and decorationto create fascinatinginteriors.
5. Church Elements
• Apse :- An apse is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault.
• Commonly, the apse of a church is the semicircular or polygonal termination to the
choir or sanctuary, or sometimes at the end of an aisle.
• Aisle :- An aisle is, in general (common), a space for walking with rows of seats on
both sides or with rows of seats on one side and a wall on the other.
• Nave :- The nave is the central aisle of a church , or the main body of a church.
• Sacristy :- A sacristy is a room for keeping vestments and other church furnishings,
sacred vessels, and parish records. In some countries, it is known as the vestry.
6. Domes and Domes onPedentives
Byzantine architecture gave us the pendentive domes and the dome
on pendentives.
The pendentive dome and the dome on pendentives provided the
Byzantine architects with a unique way of adjusting the circular form
of a dome roof to a square or polygonalplan.
7. This type of dome was invented by the Romans but it
was rarely used by them.
It was the Byzantine builders who used it to create dramatic
interiors.
In the Pantheon in Rome, the Dome roof had to be supportedby a
circular plan.
8. The pendentive dome is derived by trimming the sides of a regular
dome over a square plan as shown in A.
The pendentive dome enables the transfer the total load of the
dome to the four corners of a building, meaning that onlythe four
corners need to be reinforced.
This allows the dome roof to be adapted for a squarebuilding as
shown in B
9. Additionally, the top of the pendentive dome can be trim to
introduce another dome ontop of it as shown in C.
The additional dome can further be raised to introduce a cylinder
between the pendentive dome and the additional dome as in D.
Windows can then be introduced in the cylinder enabling architects
to creating dazzling light effects.
10. Early Prototypes (St Vitale Ravenna)
Byzantine architecture has its early
prototypes in two churches, San
Vitale (526-47), Ravenna and in Saint
Sergius and Saint Bacchus in
Constantinople Ravenna once served
as the seat of the RomanEmpire.
The church is among important
monument of bayzantine
architecture.
It was also the prototype for the
Hagia Sophia which was built 10
years later.
The exterior is very plain – no
interest in impressing from the
outside, but want to impress
through the interior design and its
meaning.
11. ( st vitale Ravenna AD 526-547)
The church is octagonal in plan.
It has a domed octagonal core
surrounded by ground level
ambulatory with a gallery above it.
The outer wall of the ambulatory is
also octagon.
12. • ( st vitale Ravenna AD 526-547)
• The domed roof of the church is
raised on a drum allowing it.
• Greater height and lighting.
• The dome has a diameter of 17
meters and height of 30 meters.
• The byzantine characteristics of the
church include:
• Its central planning.
• The structural arrangements of its
central dome.
• The use of surrounding isles.
• And the way structure, lighting and
decoration have been integrated in
the interior of the church.
13. Early Prototypes (St Vitale Ravenna)
• Series of smaller arches supporting centrally domed space. At
one and of the plan there is an area that protrudes outward
for the altar space filled with decorative, colorful and vibrant
mosaics.
14. Early Prototypes (St Vitale Ravenna)
• Central image of Christ. Emphasis on
natural landscape, with greenery and
flowers. But, behind him is a heavenly
realm characterized by a gold
background. Shows Christ as the ruler of
the world, and he wears purple garments.
• Panels that show the donors themselves.
The Emperor Justinian, wearing the same
kind of clothes that Christ is depicted as
wearing, shown presenting a liturgical
vessel to the bishop of the church. He is
flanked by the imperial troops that
contain the chi ro symbol – first developed
throughConstantine.
15. Early Prototypes (St Vitale Ravenna)
• The second panel shows Justinian’s wife wearing purple garments,
standing outside the church, showing a fountain. She is with her entourage
of elaborately dressed women. The walls are shown with jewel encrusted
stone.
• These images are placed in theapse area of thedome.
• This became a major politicalconditioningof architectureand art. There is an
extremely close connection betweenthe purpose of the emperor and his role
as leader of the church himself – connection between church andstate.
Emperor Justinian and his wife, Empress Theodora
16. Hagia Sophia, ( Constantinople)
• Hagia Sophia or the church of
the holy wisdom is the most
accomplished master piece in
the history ofarchitecture.
• The church was constructed in
532 A.D. by Emperor Justinian
in Constantinople now
Istanbul.
• Hagia Sophia was the
greatest vaulted space without
intermediate supports that has
ever been built and it remained
so throughout the history of the
byzantine empire.
17. Hagia Sophia, ( Constantinople)
• “Its architects were lsidore
of miletus and authemius of
tralles”. professors of
geometry at the university
of Constantinople .
• The church provides an
expert solution to the
problem of how to place a
dome on a square base.
• The solution was to use
pandantives.
18. Hagia Sophia, ( Constantinople)
• Hagia sophia is covered by a central
dome 102 feet(31m) across, slightly
smaller then the pantheon’s.
• The dome is carried on pendentives.
• The weight of the dome passes
through the pendentives to four
massive piers at the corners.
• Between them the dome seems to
float upon four great arches.
• These four concave triangular
section of masonry solved the
problem of setting the circular base
of a dome on a rectangular base.
19. Hagia Sophia, ( Constantinople)
• The dome seems rendered weightless by the unbroken arcade of
arched windows under it, which help floor the colorful interior with
light.
The Dome, interior view
21. (Hagia Sophia, Constantinople)
• Between them the dome seems
to float upon four great arches
• These four concave triangular
sections of masonry solved the
problem of setting the circular
base of a dome on a rectangular
base.
• The church form is a
combination of centralized and
longitudinal structure
• Longitudinal direction is defined
by domes to the east andwest.
22. • At Hagia Sophia, two opposing
arches on the central square
open into semi domes, each
pierced by 3 smaller radial semi
domes.
• At the west (entrance) andeast
(liturgical)ends, the arched
openings are extended andby
great half domes carriedon
smaller semi-domed exedras.
• Thus a hierarchy of dome
headed elements build up to
create a vast oblong interior
crowned by the main
dome, a sequence never seen
before inantiquity.
23. • Of great artistic importance was its decorated interior with mosaics
and marble pillars and covering.
• The combination of interior decoration with light flooding from its
dome creates a glittering internal environment.
• The church form is a combination of centralized and longitudinal
structure.
• Longitudinal direction is defined by domes to the east and west.
24. • Hagia sophia dominated church after the 6th century AD.
• For over 900 years it was a seat of the orthodox patriarch of
Constantinople and a principal setting for imperial
ceremonies.
• Hagia sophia was onverted to a mosque at the fall of
Constantinople to the ottoman trunks under sultan
Mohammad in 1453.
• Its rich figurative mosaics were covered with plaster and
replaced by Islamic motifs.
• It was for almost 500 years the principal mosque of Istanbul.
25. • Hagia Sophia served as model for many of the great Ottoman mosques of
Constantinople such as the Shehzade Mosque, the Suleiman Mosque, and
the Rustem PashaMosque.
• After continuing as a mosque for many years, it was in 1934 turned
by Turkish authorities into the Hagia SophiaMuseum
Shehzade Mosque Suleiman Mosque
26. IN OTHER PLACES –
• Byzantine churches, each with a central dome opening into surrounding semi
domes and other vault forms and accompanied by the characteristic
iconography proliferatedthroughout the Byzantine Empire Greece, Balkans,
Asia manor, part of north Africa andItaly.
• It also influenced the design ofchurchesin westernChristendom.
• The later churcheshowever lacked the power and vigor of the Hagia
Sophia and were of a smaller scale compared toit.
• As Byzantinearchitecturespread, it also developed with a regional
flavor.
• Many cities built Byzantinechurches thatwere reflectiveof regional
practices.
• Some of the most prominent ones are Santa Sophia Kiev, SaintBasils
Moscow,Monastry of Hosios Loukas, and Church ofGraenica
Yugoslavia.
27. • Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev was named
after the Hagia Sophia cathedral in
Constantinople
• The first foundations were laid in 1037 by
princeYaroslav
• The church measures 37 X 55meters
• The cathedral has 5 naves, 5 apses, and 13
cupolas (domes)
• It is surrounded by two-tier galleries from
threesides
• In 1934 the cathedral was confiscated By
the Soviets and turned it into an
architectural and historicalmuseum.
St Sophia, KievIN OTHER PLACES-
28. • The ground plan is an eight pointed star at
the center of which is a rectangular chamber
and an apse
• Eight domed tower chapels are
distributedaround the central chamber
St Basils, Moscow AD1551-
1536
IN OTHER PLACES - St Basils, Moscow
• Commission by Ivan the Terrible of Russia
and built as the capitals main parish church
29. IN OTHER PLACES -St Basils, Moscow
• In Saint Basil
Moscow, the
Byzantine dome
finally became
onion shaped tops
of towers,
• The Byzantine
program of
interior lighting
and decoration
was also lost
instead, it was
replaced by the
use of brilliant
exterior colors.
30. IN OTHERPLACES -Monastry of Hosios Loukas
• Built around 1020 A.D.
• It has a complex plan with 8 piers
carrying its large centraldome
• The church plan integrates a cross in
square with an octogan dome scheme which
resulted in effect of interpenetrating space
• Combined with lights from its dome and its
decoration it give a clear expressing of its
Byzantinecharacter
• On the outside, its construction materials
reflect localpractices
31. IN OTHER PLACES- St Mark Venice
• St Mark is also a notable example of
Byzantine architecture
• It lies on St Mark's Square, one of the most
famous squares in theworld
• The church has five domes each toping a
square
• The church is based on a Greek cross floor plan,
based on part on the Hagia Sophia and the Basilica
of the Apostles, both inConstantinople
32. IN OTHER PLACES - St Mark Venice
• Each arm of the cross is of the same length and is covered by a dome
• A dome also coversthe square space at thecenter
• While the basic structure of the building has been little altered,its
decorationchangedgreatly over time
• The front façadeis Gothic and was added muchlater
33. Building and Other Architectural Material
• Early Christian and Byzantine architecture was a continuation of the Roman
Empire
• Buildings and building practices continued from the Roman period to
the Early Christian and Byzantineperiod
• All Roman civic and Residential buildings were used during the Early Christian
and Byzantineperiod
• The only new element Early Christian and Byzantine Arch.
is the Christianchurch
• The spread of Christianity in Rome led to the evolution of the Christian place
of worship
• The form of the early church was an adaptationof the Roman Basilica
• This form later evolved into an alternative church plan that was either
round orlobed
• The Byzantine church form evolved much later than the
Early Christian churchforms
34. Material Construction and Technology
• The system of construction in concrete and brickwork introducedby
the Romans was adopted by the Byzantines.
• Where materials were not available, they were imported
from colonies of theempire
• The carcase (skeleton) of concrete and brickwork was first completed and
allowed to settle before the surface sheathing of unyielding marble slabs was
added, and this independence of the component parts is characteristic of
Byzantine construction.
• Brickwork, moreover lent itself externally to decorative patterns and
banding, and internally it was suitable for covering with marble, mosaic, and
frescodecoration.
• The ordinary bricks were like the Roman, about an inch and a half in
depth,and were laid on thick beds of mortar.
35. Material Construction and Technology
• brickwork necessitated special care in making mortar, which was composed of
lime and sand with crushed pottery, tiles, or bricks, and much of it remains as
hard as that in the best buildingsof Rome, while the core of the wall was
sometimes of concrete, as in the Roman period.
• The decorativecharacterof external facades dependedlargely on the
arrangement of the facing bricks, which were not always laid
horizontally,but sometimes obliquely,sometimes in the form of the
meander fret, sometimes in the chevron or herring bone pattern,and
in many other similar designs, giving great variety to thefacades.
• An attemptwas also made to ornament the rough brick exteriorsby the use
of stone bands and v decorativearches.
• Walls were sheeted internally with marble and vaults and domes with
colored glass mosaics on a goldenbackground
36. Material Construction and Technology
• In construction technology, the greatest contribution during the early
Christian and byzantine era was the discovery of the pendentives and
dome pendentives .
Pendentives –
• It is a curved supports shaped like an inverted triangle.
• It is used to hold a dome.
• Using pendentives , byzantine architects could build a higher and
wider dome.
37. Material Construction and
Technology
• Using pendentives and Dome on
pendentive, Byzantine architects were able
to adapt the circular profile of a dome roof to
a square plan
• By using several overlapping domes,
Byzantine architects were
able to create an intricate interior
structural system and external roof
system
• Intricate interior structural systems
combined with decoration and
lighting created fascinating interior
effects
38. Principals of organizations
• It is possible to understand forces and principles shaping Early Christian and
Byzantine architecture by examining the following issues:
– Religious Ritual
– Symbolism
– ConstructionTechnology
39. Principals of organizations - Religious Rituals
• The various ritual that comprise Christian religious worship played a
fundamentalpart in the evolutionof the Christian place of worship
• Design closely mirror rituals of thereligion
• The initial choice of the Basilica was because of its easy adaptability to a
Christianchurch
• Later when practices started changing, the alternative church forms evolved
• Ritual practices and function played a more significant influence on
church form during the Early Christian period than during the Byzantine
period
40. Principals of organizations - Symbolism
• Symbolism also played a significant role in the evolutionof the form of the
Christianchurch
• Spirituality and mysticism were integratedinto the experience of
churchspaces
• During Christian architecture,Symbolism in the experience of space become a
predominant issue indesign
• The use of light and decoration to createfascinatinginteriorsbut
function stillpredominated
41. Principals of organizations - Symbolism
• During the Byzantine period the Church itself became a symbol of thefaith
• The Church is viewed as a house of god and itsdesign and
constructionas a reflection of thissymbolism
• The scale of the church was thereforeincreased and its decoration became
morecomplex
• In this respect we see a contrastbetween an overriding emphasis in
Early Christian architectureon function and rituals, and in Byzantine
architecture onsymbolism
42. Principal of organization –
construction technology
• Constructiontechnologywas a major influence on Churchform during the
Early Christian and Byzantineperiod
• The Basilica was chosen during the Early Christian period partlyfor
its ease of construction
• Ease of constructionmeans places of worship could be provided for the
expandingbelievers
• During the Byzantine era, discovery of pendentivesand dome on
pedentiveschangedtechnology for church construction
• Provided means to achievechurch forms thatreflectedthe
significance of churchesas house of God