Romanesque

Romanesque
Submitted by :
-Mitali Gondaliya 01
-Darshan Bavadiya 04
-Mansi Borad 06
-Urmila Dhameliya 09
-Nikhilesh Dhaduk 10
-Vatsal Gadhiya 11
-Dipti Patel 28
-Darshan Savsaiya 34
-Ridham Vekariya 39
-Rakesh Zinzala 40
Roman + Byzantine

Intro to Romanesque…
•Acc. to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "Romanesque" means
"descended from Roman" .
Romanesque
•Due to the collapse of
Roman Empire, it
developed in Western
Europe.
•It is the direct
modification of Roman
architecture which grew
in Italy, France, Germany,
Central Europe, Spain &
Britain.

History & Society…
•Romanesque architecture was the first distinctive style to spread across Europe
since the Roman Empire.
•With the decline of Rome, Roman building methods survived to an extent in
Western Europe, where successive Carolingian and Ottonian architects continued
to build large stone buildings such as monastery churches and palaces.
• In the more northern countries Roman building styles and techniques had never
been adopted except for official buildings. Although the round arch continued in
use, the engineering skills required to vault large spaces and build large domes
were lost. There was a loss of the formal vocabulary of the Classical Orders.
•In Rome several great basilicas continued in use as an inspiration to later builders.
Roman architecture also survived in Byzantine architecture with the 6th-century
octagonal Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna being the inspiration for the greatest
building in Europe, the Emperor Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel, Aachen, Germany,
built around the year AD 800.
Romanesque

•Architecture of this style also developed
in the north of Italy, parts of France in the
10th century.
•The style, sometimes called First
Romanesque or Lombard Romanesque.
•Romanesque building types ---
Churches
Castles
Monasteries
Fortified Towns
Norman – Romanesque in Britain
Ottonian – Romanesque in Germany
Romanesque
Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel, Aachen

Romanesque
• The election of the first Frankish King
Charlemagne (A.D. 799) as Holy Roman
Emperor marks the beginning of a new
era.
• From 800 he became the first Holy
Roman Emperor — the first recognized
emperor in Western Europe since
the collapse of the Western Roman
Empire three centuries earlier.
• Between the time of Charlemagne
(about 800 AD) and the beginning of
Romanesque two hundred years later,
people had built practically no big new
buildings.
• encouraged the building of churches
and monasteries using masonry.

•Much of Europe was
affected by feudalism in
which peasants held
tenure from local rulers
over the land that they
farmed in exchange
for military service.
•The result of this was
that they could be called
upon, not only for local
and regional spats, but to
follow their lord to travel
across Europe to the
Crusades, if they were
required to do so.
Romanesque

• The Crusades were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged
by much of Western Christian Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the
Holy Roman Empire. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the
Holy Land (from Muslim rule), fought over a period of nearly 200 years,
between 1095 and 1291.
• They brought about a very large movement of people and, with them, ideas
and trade skills, particularly those involved in the building of fortifications and
the metal working needed for the provision of arms, which was also applied to
the fitting and decoration of buildings.
• The continual movement of people, rulers, nobles, bishops, abbots, craftsmen
and peasants, was an important factor in creating a homogeneity in building
methods and a recognizable Romanesque style, despite regional differences.
Romanesque

Romanesque
• Godefroy de Bouillon a French knight,
leader of the First Crusade.

Romanesque
•Across Europe, the late 11th and 12th centuries saw an unprecedented growth in
the number of churches.
Monasticism
• or monkhood is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to
devote oneself fully to spiritual work. Males pursuing a monastic life are generally
called monks while female monastics are called nuns, lives in monasteries to stay
away from the secular world was established by the monk Benedict in the 6th
century.
•The Benedictine monasteries spread from Italy throughout Europe.
•The monasteries, also functioned as cathedrals, were a major source of power in
Europe. Bishops and the abbots of important monasteries lived and
functioned like princes.
•The monasteries were the major seats of learning of all sorts. Benedict had
ordered that all the arts were to be taught and practiced in the monasteries.
Within the monasteries books were transcribed by hand, and few people outside
the monasteries could read or write.

Romanesque
Pilgrimage
•One of the effects of the Crusades, which were intended to wrest the Holy Places
of Palestine from Islamic control, was to excite a great deal of religious change
which in turn inspired great building programs.
•The Nobility of Europe, upon safe return, thanked God by the building of a new
church or the enhancement of an old one.
• In medieval times, people made long trips
to visit the relics or resting places of revered
saints.
• The pilgrimages allowed for the exchange of
ideas including those of architecture and
construction. The pilgrim’s way was filled
with Romanesque churches, monasteries,
and castles.

Romanesque
• On the decline of the Roman Empire in 478AD,
the Romanesque style grew up in those countries
of Western Europe.
• Romanesque style is called that because it is a
little like Roman architecture with similarities
between the barrel vault and Round arch, but it
is made around 1000-1200 AD.
• Apart from its Roman origin, style owned
something to Byzantine art, which was carried
westwards along the great trade routes, by way
of such centers as Venice, Ravenna.
• With the church as the unifying force, this period
was devoted to the glorification of Christianity
and the church was the predominant building
type.
Conclusion…
• The factors of the
expansion of Romanesque
art were:
– Development of feudal
system,
that demanded works
(castles)
– The expansion of
religious orders
(Benedictines),
expanded the
monasteries
– The pilgrimage routes
– The crusades

Romanesque
Climate & Materials…
• Geographical position determined many of the peculiarities of the style in
each country.
• Use of local materials (stone or brick, marble or terra-cotta, ready-made
columns) depended on the region. The use of local materials, whether
stone (limestone, granite) or brick, marble or terra-cotta, varying
characteristics in each country over this wide area, with its different
geological formations.
• Climatic conditions contributed to differences of treatment of the north and
south.
North → window openings were enlarged
→ high-pitched roofs
South → small window openings
→ flat roofs

Romanesque
Climate & Materials…
Sant'Ambrogio, Milan is constructed
of bricks, 1099AD.
San Vittore alle Chiuse, Genga, Italy,
of undressed stone, has a
typically fortress-like
appearance. 1011AD

Basic Characteristics…
Romanesque
•characterized by semi-circular arches.
•Combining features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings.
•thick walls
•round arches
•sturdy piers
•groin vaults
•Barrel vaults
•large towers
•decorative arcading.
Architectural
elements
•Dark, solemn spaces
•Exterior is simple
•Modest Height
•Horizontal lines
•Multiple Units
General
Appearance

Romanesque
• stone was cut with precision
• a blocky, earthbound
appearance
• large, simple geometric
masses
• the exterior reflects the
interior structure and
organization
• interiors tend to be dark
because of the massive walls
that dictate small windows
• growing sophistication in
vaulting to span the large
spaces
• system of construction:
Arcuated
San Antonino, Piacenza, Italy 1104 AD

Romanesque
WALLS
characterized by arches at the
cornice, one series of corbel is
called “corbel table” or “blind
arch”
OPENINGS
• introduced the wheel window.
• the recessed plane of door jambs
also called as the order with
quarter shaft.
ROOF
• used the dome which is normally
found at the intersection of the
nave and transept.
• use of vaults.
wheel window and recessed arches,
San Pedro, Avila, Spain 1100

Romanesque
Columns
used variation of the Corinthian and
the Ionic capital with a twisted shaft
known as the “scallop”
• developed the cushion type
and the scalloped capital.
• Used the following shafts:
1. fluted
2. twisted or scallop
3. wreathed columns
4. zigzag
5. chevron

Moldings
• usually in vegetable & animal form
• elaborately carved
Romanesque
Ornament
•principal ornamentation were fresco
paintings.
•characteristic ornamentations in
sculpture, carvings and fresco
painting usually :
-Vegetables
-animal forms

Chevron
A zigzag molding used in
Romanesque archs.
Billet
molding formed by a series of circular,
cylinders, disposed alternately with the
notches in single or multiple rows.
Romanesque
• Some of the ornamentation and patterns
originated from the Northern tribes.

Lozenges
• tongue-like protrusions. A diamond
shape decoration found carved on pillars,
arches.
Romanesque
Star
• also called chip-carved star,
motive star flower, or saltire cross.

Nailheads
• moulding featuring a series of small
contiguous projecting pyramids
Cable
• a convex molding carved in
imitation of a rope or cord, and used
to decorate the moldings of the
Romanesque style.
Romanesque

Fresco from Church of St. Clement, now
in Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya .
Stained glass, the Prophet Daniel from
Augsburg Cathedral, late 11th century.
Romanesque

Candlestick
(metal work)
Sculpture at Santiago Cathedral

Semi Circular Arch
• A round arch whose intrados is a full
semicircle.
Romanesque
Segmented Arch
• a shallow arch--- an arch that is less
than a semicircle

Stilted Arch
• An arch whose curve begins above
the impost line.
Romanesque
Horseshoe Arch
• also called the Moorish arch and
the Keyhole arch

Romanesque Capitals
•Block, cushion, or cubic capital: A simple
cube-like capital with bottom corners
tapered.
•The block capital is particularly
characteristic of Ottonian and
Romanesque architecture in Germany
and England.
Figured capital: A capital which is
decorated with figures of animals,
birds, or humans, used either
alone or combined with foliage.
The figures need not have any
meaning, although they may be
symbolic or part of a narrative
sequence.
Romanesque

• Recessed arch entrance
• Groin and barrel Vaults
• Blind arcade
• Absidioles and Ambulatory
• Square Towers
• Columns – paired, attached, decorated
• Tympanum
• Underground vaults
Romanesque

Romanesque

The half round arch and the barrel vault
A Lombard band is a decorative blind
arcade, usually exterior.
Romanesque
Basic Characteristics… barrel vault and the blind arcade

Romanesque
2 types of
Romanesque
Arches

Ambulatories-helped to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims. In this
arrangement, the aisles flanking the nave were extended alongside the
sanctuary and around the apse. Small relic chapels or niche shrines radiated out
from this ambulatory facilitating the flow of pilgrims.
St Martin of Tours, France
Absidioles – round chapels around the
ambulatory. Below: Cluny Abbey, France
1131Romanesque

Facade of Santa Maria, Cosmedin, with bell
tower, 6th C
Round arches at the facade of the
cathedral of LisbonRomanesque

South transept of Tournai Cathedral
Belgium, 12th century with
buttresses.
Facade of Angoulême Cathedral, France
with towers and rounded arches.
Romanesque

The Cathedral of Saint-Front,
Périgueux, France, has five domes
like Byzantine churches, but is
Romanesque in construction.
Romanesque

Mainz Cathedral, Germany, possibly the
earliest example of an internal elevation
of 3 stages
The cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain,
has large columns constructed of drums, with
attached shafts
Romanesque

The tympanum of Vézelay Abbey, Burgundy, France, 1130s, has much decorative spiral detail in
the draperies
Romanesque

• Also called Romanesque Portal.
They were later decorated and the
space between the doorhead and
the inner arch was filled by a stone
slab called a TYMPANIUM which
acted as the focal point of the
ornament.
Romanesque

Romanesque
Romanesque Building types…
• Churches
• Monasteries
• Castles
• Fortified Towns
• Christianity, the chief source of education
and culture, was gradually extending
throughout northern Europe, and the
erection of a church often resulted in the
foundation of a city.
• It was the main building
• It symbolized God’s kingdom
• The holiest part was the apse
• It had cross shape
• Symbolism was important:
– Circular parts reflect perfection so they were linked to God
– Squared parts are related to the human.

• Characteristics:
– Monumental, trying to imitate the Roman models in the Pilgrimage
churches.
– Small in country churches.
– They were designed for advertising Catholic church.
– They were lasting, made of stone.
– Plans could be:
• Latin cross
• Polygonal
• Basilical
Latin cross Polygonal Basilical
Romanesque
Romanesque Building types… Churches

Romanesque
Typical Plan
• 1. adopted the Greek and the Latin cross plan.
2. faces the east.
Saint Sernin, Toulouse,
France,1080 - 1120

• The Greek Cross Plan, with
four equal arms
Romanesque
St. Front, France – 1100 AD

Romanesque

Elevation:
• The church is covered by stoned vaults
• Wall are thick
• They need strong buttresses
• Foundations are strong
• Few windows
Romanesque
• Interior elevation: it consists of three
levels:
• First floor with columns or cross-shaped
pillars
• Second floor with the tribune (corridor
over looking the nave, over the aisles)
• Clerestory: area of windows opening to
the outside.

Romanesque
Churches… Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio
•The church is mostly built in brickwork of different origins and colors, with
parts of stone and white plastering. The current Romanesque church was begun
around 1080.
Plan
•belonged to the basilica type; consisted of a
central nave lighted from the clerestory, 2
side aisles, apse, atrium.
•the nave and the aisles of the existing basilica
correspond with those of the primitive church; the
atrium, however, which dates from the 9th century,
and two smaller apses, flanking a new central apse
of greater depth than the original, were erected.
•The altar occupies about the same place, and the
columns over the altar appear never to have been
disturbed; they still rest on the original pavement.

•the current appearance in the 12th
century -- The basilica plan of the
original edifice was maintained,
with an apse and two aisles, all with
apses, and a portico with arches
supported by semi-columns
and pilasters preceding the
entrance.
•used for baptism later (this custom
disappeared in the early 11th
century); the portico, whose
entrance has four blind arcades with
an open one in the centre, was later
used for civil and religious meetings.
Romanesque
The hut façade with the entrance portico.

Romanesque
•The hut-shaped façade has two orders of loggias: the
lower one has 3arcades of same span, which join the
portico ones, which are slightly higher. The upper loggia
was used by the bishops to bless the citizens.
•The portico's arcade are supported by pillars, flanked
by semi-columns. They have double archivolts, while the
portico's upper frame is decorated with Lombard bands,
which are repeated also on the façade.
•has two bell towers. The right one, called dei
Monaci ("of the Monks"), is from the 9th century and
has a severe appearance typical of defensive structures.
The left and higher one dates from 1144, the last two
floors having been added in 1889. It was likely designed
by the same architect of the Romanesque basilica, since
it contains the same decorative elements.
The Canons' bell tower.
Exterior

Romanesque
Interior
•The basilica has a semi-circular apse, and smaller, semi-circular chapels at the
end of the aisles; there is no transept. The interior has the same size as the
external portico.
•The ceiling features groin vaults, each supported by its own semi-pillar, which, in
the lower section, become a single pillar.
•The aisles' spans measure exactly half of those in the nave, and are supported by
lesser pillars. The galleries over the aisles support the vaults but
preclude clerestory windows.
•The third central span, on the left, is Romanesque ambon, has nine small
columns with decorated capitals and friezes, featuring animal and human figures,
as well as vegetable and fantastic motifs. The front of the ambon is decorated by
two gilt copper reliefs, depicting the symbols of two saints, St Matthew (praying
man) and John (eagle).

•The church also houses the tomb of Emperor Louis II, who died in Lombardy in
875. The crypt, located under the high altar, was built in the 9th century to
houses the remains of three saints venerated here: Ambrose, Gervasus and
Protasus.
Romanesque

Romanesque
• Churches
• Monasteries
• Castles
• Fortified Towns
•It was designed as the city of God.
•They had several dependencies:
1. Church
2. Cloister
3. Chapter room
4. Abbot’s house
5. Monks/ nuns rooms
6. Refectory
7. Hospital
1
2
34
5
6
7

Romanesque
• Churches
• Monasteries
• Castles
• Fortified Towns
• Castles were defensive
constructions
• They were fortified for providing
shelter.
• The wall was one of the essential
elements.
• They tend to be build in stepped
areas, easier to defend.

Rochester Castle, Kent, England
1130AD
Cardiffe Castle, England
1091AD
Romanesque
La Zisa, Palermo (A.D. 1154-66), is a
rectangular, three-storey Norman
castle with battlemented parapet, and
shows the influence of Saracenic art.

Romanesque
• Churches
• Monasteries
• Castles
• Fortified Towns
•A defensive wall is
a fortification used to defend
a city or settlement from
potential aggressors.
•In the heart of Tuscany, in the southwest corner of the Chianti region,
Monteriggioni castle was built in the second decade of the thirteenth century by
the Republic of Siena. Its original purpose was as a defensive outpost against
Siena’s rival, Florence.

Romanesque
Romanesque Building types… Fortified Towns
•Founded in the 11th century to protect the Spanish territories from the Moors, this
'City of Saints and Stones', the birthplace of St Teresa and the burial place of the
Grand Inquisitor Torquemada, has kept its medieval austerity.
•This purity of form can still be seen in the Gothic cathedral and the fortifications
which, with their 82 semicircular towers and nine gates, are the most complete in
Spain.

Romanesque
Romanesque Building types… Fortified Towns
• A Benedictine Abbey, Normandy, France. It is unquestionably the finest
example both of French medieval architecture and of a fortified abbey.
• The buildings of the monastery are piled round a conical mass of rock
which rises abruptly out of the waters of the Atlantic to the height of 90m, on
the summit of which stands the great church.

• It is characterized by various
vaulted styles.
• Provence: pointed domes and
façades decorated with arches.
• side aisles around the semicircular
sanctuary forming the ambulatory
in which radiating chapels open.
Saint Trophime,
Arles
Romanesque
Romanesque in France…
• It was the original region of
Romanesque art.
• It appeared in Cluny’s abbey.
• From there it expanded thanks to
the pilgrimage routes, specially to
Santiago in Spain.
Abbey Church

• Burgundy: barrel-vaulted, three-aisled basilica.
• Normandy: Lombard influences with groined vaults supported by flying
buttresses and façades with two flanking towers.
Sainte Magdalene, Vezelay
Cluny
Romanesque
Romanesque in France…

• Italian provinces developed a great diversity of architectural styles.
– Lombardy with groined vaults of heavy proportions.
– Central Italy classical decorative elements: Corinthian capitals, coloured
marble, open arches, colonnades and galleries and façades with sculptures.
Saint Ambroggio, MilanSaint Miniato, Florence
Romanesque
Romanesque in Italy…

• South with Byzantine and
Arabic influences, using
mosaics, interlaced pointed-
arches.
• Three separate buildings: church,
baptistery and bell tower.
Cefalu, Sicily
Pisa Cathedral, in Tuscany, presents
three separate buildings. Romanesque
Romanesque in Italy…

• Churches were planned on a large scale
• They used to be very high
• They had an apse or sanctuary at each end.
• Numerous round or octagonal towers that
conferred them a picturesque silhouette.
Laach
Worms
Romanesque
Romanesque in Germany…

• Before the 10th century
were made of wood.
• Stone buildings were small
and roughly constructed.
• The Norman Romanesque
style replace the Saxon in
11th century.
Romanesque
Romanesque in England…
• Long, narrow buildings were constructed
with heavy walls and piers, rectangular
apses, double transepts and deeply
recessed portals
• Naves were covered with flat roofs, later
replaces by vaults, and side aisles were
covered with groined vaults.

• First Romanesque: Catalonia.
• In the 11th century the region
was almost assimilated to France.
• Due to this they receive the art
early.
• The rest of the Spain would
receive it with the pilgrimage.
Romanesque
Romanesque in Spain…
• Catalan churches present, in the
outside, ordered volumes.
• Wall are decorated with Lombard
bands, and blind arches and
galleries.
• The plan has three naves, with a
small narthex.
• The head has triple apse.

• Characteristics of pilgrimage churches:
– Plan with three to five aisles and a
transept
– In the transept there are radial chapels
– Inside there is a tribune
– The head has ambulatory and radial
chapels
Romanesque
• There are polygonal buildings too.
• They are related to the Temple.
• They are inspired in Jerusalem’s
Holy Sepulchre.
• Examples are Eunate, Torres del
Rio (both in Navarre) and
Veracruz (Segovia).

• It is deeply influenced by the
pilgrimage routes.
Romanesque
• Buildings are simple and small.
• It created a contrast in relation to
the refined Muslin architecture.
• They frequently have a covered
area in the outside for the
meetings of the councils.

• The best examples are:
– Santiago’s cathedral
– Fromista
– Sant Climent de Tahull
– San Pere de Roda
– San Juan de la Peña
• There are other buildings such as
castles (Loarre, in Huesca) or
bridges, essential for pilgrims
(Puentelarreina, Navarre)
Romanesque

Pisa Cathedral with Baptistery, Campanile and Campo Santo, together form
one of the most famous building groups in the world.
Romanesque
Religious…

Romanesque
Religious…
Architect Buscheto
Building Type Church Complex
Construction System Bearing masonry, cut
stone, white marble
Climate Mediterranean
Context
Church complex and
tower
•The cathedral is one of the finest of the Romanesque period and has a strongly
marked individuality.
•resembles other early Basilican churches in plan, with long rows of columns
connected by arches, double aisles, and a nave which has the usual timber roof.

Romanesque
Plan
1
2
2
1. Nave
2. Aisles
Religious…
A A’
B
B’

RomanesqueSection AA’
Religious…
Section BB’
•The cathedral is one of the finest of the Romanesque period and has a strongly
marked individuality.
•It resembles other early basilican churches in plan, with long rows of columns
connected by arches, double aisles, and a nave which has the usual timber roof.

•This is a five-naved cathedral with a
three-naved transept.
•The mosaics of the interior, as well as the
pointed arches, show a strong Byzantine
influence.
•The façade, of grey marble and white
stone set with discs of coloured marble.
•The original central door was in bronze
and made around 1180 by Bonanno
Pisano, while the other two were probably
in wood.
•Above the doors there are four rows of
open galleries with, on top.
Romanesque
Religious…
Pisa Cathedral façade

Romanesque
•The exterior has bands of red and white
marble, and the ground storey is faced
with wall relief by tiers of wall passages
which rise one above another right into
the gable.
•The transepts, each with an apse at the
end, were an advance on the simple
basilican plan.
•The elliptical dome over the crossing.
•The building depends for its interest on
its general proportions and on the
delicacy of its ornamental features, rather
than on any new structural development,
such as may be seen in northern Italy."
Marble columns
Romanesque
Religious…

Romanesque
Religious…
Upper facade arcades
Detail west facade arcades Detail upper north corner, west facade
View from east

Romanesque
Religious…
Interior pictures..
Apse with MosaicCoffer ceilingMosaic

Romanesque
Religious…
Tympanum

Romanesque
Religious…
•A baptistery is a religious building used
for the Christian ritual of baptism, a
widespread practice in the first centuries
of Christianity, but during the
Romanesque period was limited primarily
to northern and central Italy.
•is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical building
in Pisa, Italy.
•Construction started in 1152 to replace
an older baptistry, and when it was
completed in 1363, it became the second
building, in chronological order.
•designed by Diotisalvi, whose signature
can be read on two pillars inside the
building, with the date 1153.

Romanesque
Religious…
•an example of the transition
from the Romanesque style to
the Gothic style: the lower
section is in the Romanesque
style, with rounded arches, while
the upper sections are in the
Gothic style, with pointed arches.
•constructed of marble, plentiful
and often used in Italian
architecture.
•contains some important
furnishings, including a font and
Pisano pulpit. Baptistry font

•The stonework consists
of alternating bands of white
and gray marble.
•The façade is decorated with
20 blind arches pierced by
windows, interspersed by the
four doors of the baptistery
which face the four points of
the compass.
•Above this arcade a cornice
supports a loggia of arches
resting on slender columns.
Romanesque
Religious…
Alternating layers of white &
gray marble

Romanesque
Religious…
Baptistry portal
The portal, facing the facade of the cathedral, is flanked by two classical
columns, while the inner jambs are executed in Byzantine style. The lintel is
divided in two tiers.

Romanesque
Religious…
•is dedicated to St. John the Baptist.
•Circular in plan.
•total circumference measures 107.25 m; height is 54.86 m, taller than the leaning
tower of Pisa if you count the inclusion of the large statue of St. John the Baptist.
•The lower register of blind arcades repeats the pattern of the cathedral and
campanile.
•The construction of the Baptistery actually took place in two stages, accounting for its
long construction time. In the 14th century, the top story and the dome were added to
the building, completing its overall design and finalizing its construction.
•Constructed on the same unstable sand as the tower and cathedral, it leans 0.6
degrees toward the cathedral. Originally the shape of the Baptistery, according to
Diotisalvi, was different, with its pyramidal roof. After the death of the architect,
Nicola Pisano continued the work, changing the style, an external roof was added
giving the shape of a cupola. As a side effect of the two roofs, the pyramidal inner one
and the domed external one, the interior is acoustically perfect, making of that space
a resonating chamber.

Romanesque
The ground plan and design of the baptistery resemble that of the Rotunda of
Anastasis in the Basilica of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, which was reconstructed
after the Crusades and would have been seen by Pisan crusaders and traders.

Rotunda of Antasis
Romanesque
Religious…

columns
•Inside the Baptistery the
oldest mantles and capitals are to be
found on the first order of columns.
•decorated with figurative motifs, such
as the two-tailed mermaid and scenes
of combat between animals and
humans, symbolizing the battle
between good and evil.

Internal cupola
•The pilasters flanking the principal portal of the
baptistery, which faces east and the Cathedral, have
been decorated – on the left with rural scenes
representing the twelve months of the year, and on
the right with religious scenes including the Ascension
of Christ with Mary and the Apostles.
•The architrave over the door contains scenes from
the life of St John the Baptist, and a portrayal of Christ
standing between Mary, John the Baptist, the
Evangelists and angels.
Romanesque
Religious…
Scenes depicting 12 months

•It is the campanile, or freestanding bell
tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city
of Pisa, known worldwide for its
unintended tilt.
•situated behind the Cathedral and is the
3rd oldest structure in Pisa's Cathedral
Square after the Cathedral and the
Baptistry.
•construction began in 1173 and took
place in three stages over the course of
177 years, with the bell-chamber only
added in 1372.
•Architect - Bonanno Pisano
Romanesque
Tower…
View looking up

Entrance door to the bell tower bell
Romanesque

The inner ring of the bell tower
(7 bells)
The final story is the bell chamber itself, which has 16 arches.

Romanesque
Tower…
•The cylindrical campanile is 15.5m dia with blind arcades (like the cathedral).
•6 open arcaded galleries, and a belfry at the top with a narrower diameter.
•The height is 55.86m from the ground on the low side and 56.67m on the high side.
•Height from the foundation floor: 58.36 m
•Outer diameter of base: 15.484 metres
•Inner diameter of base: 7.368 metres
•Angle of slant: 3.97 degrees or 3.9 metres from the vertical.
•The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m.
•weight - 14,500 metric tons.
• The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the
north-facing staircase.
•A staircase spirals to the top (today visitors are not allowed to climb the 54m to the
top).

•Utilizing many columns
and arches, represents
an advanced
understanding of
weight and load
characteristics, showing
the Italian
architectures'
knowledge.
•With 207 columns
ranged around eight
stories, Tower of Pisa
looks like a massive
wedding cake.
•The bottom story
consists of 15 marble
arches. Each of the next
six stories contains 30
arches.

External loggia
Inner staircase
Aerial View of the square

Romanesque
Tower…
Leaning….Why ?
•Originally designed to be a bell tower, it actually stood upright for over 5 years,
but just after the completion of the 3rd floor (1178) it began to lean. The citizens of
Italy were shocked as it began to lean ever so slightly.
•The foundation, only 3m deep, was built on a dense clay mixture and impacted
the soil. As it turned out, the clay was not nearly as strong enough as required to
hold the tower upright, and so the weight of the tower began to diffuse downward
until it had found the weakest point.
•After this, construction halted for 100 years. The government hoped that the soil
would settle, giving it enough strength to hold the weight of the tower. As well, the
country was focused on its world war II with Genoa.

Romanesque
Romanesque Artists…
Goldsmiths and
metalworkers
•Hugo d'Oignies (before 1187–c. 1240)
•Roger (12th century)
•Renier de Huy (fl. 12th century)
•Nicholas of Verdun (1130–1205
Painters
•Berlinghiero Berlinghieri (1228 –
before 1236)
•Lucchese School (11th & 12th
centuries)
•Master of Pedret (early 12th century)
•Master of Taüll (fl. 12th century)
Sculptors
•Arnau Cadell (12th – 13th century)
•Benedetto Antelami (c. 1150 – c. 1230)
•Gislebertus (12th century)
•Hegvald (c. 1175-1200)
•Horder (fl. 12th century)
•Master of Cabestany
•Master Byzantios (c. 1175-1200)
•Master Mateo (c. 1150 - c. 1200)
•Othelric (c. 1180)
•Wiligelmo (c. 1099-1120

Romanesque Byzantine
Spread by Charlemagne King.
Factors : -Feudalism
-Crusades
-Pilgrims
-Monasticism
Spread by Constantine.
Inspired by Roman + Byzantine
Architecture
inspired by Roman + Moorish Architecture
characterized by
•thick walls
•round arches
•sturdy piers
•groin vaults
•Barrel vaults
•large towers
•decorative arcading.
characterized by the use of dome.
Onion dome (addition of pinnacles, turrets
and colored mosaics)
simple dome
melon- shaped dome
Churches
Monastries
Castles
Fortified towns
Churches
Building
typologies
•Recessed arch
entrance
•Blind arcade
•Absidioles
•Square Towers
•Columns –
paired, attached,
decorated
•Tympanum

Capital
Section

Animal or Vegetable form
Frescoes Painting
Sculpture
Metalwork
Not only architecture, this style
encouraged art too.
Eastern Emperor Leo III made strict
prohibition of worshipping any human or
animal form of sculpture. Since no statues
were permitted, painted figures
supplemented as a decorative feature in all
the eastern churches.

Romanesque

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