The document provides an overview of Romanesque art and architecture in western Europe between the 11th and 12th centuries. It discusses the emergence of Romanesque architecture, with its emphasis on sculptural walls and vaulted structures. Monasteries were important centers of art production and pilgrimage sites proliferated, fueling a building boom across the continent. The style is characterized by thick walls, small windows, barrel and groin vaults, and sculpture integrated into church portals. Regional variations emerged, with Italy retaining timber roofs and England and Normandy experimenting with ribbed vaults.
Presentación sobre arte barroco en inglés para alumnado bilingüe de 2º ESO. Incluye características generales, y las particulares de Arquitectura, Escultura y Pintura, así como ejemplos sobre algunos autores y sus obras.
Presentación sobre arte barroco en inglés para alumnado bilingüe de 2º ESO. Incluye características generales, y las particulares de Arquitectura, Escultura y Pintura, así como ejemplos sobre algunos autores y sus obras.
Considered Italy's Camino, the Via Francigena is an ancient pilgrim trail starting at Canterbury Cathedral in Kent, UK, crossing France, Switzerland through the Alps and into Italy, on its way to Rome.
The Via Francigena route takes walkers through some of Europe's most spectacular landscapes, impressive heritage sites and historic landmarks: Canterbury cathedral and the Dover cliffs, the WWI battlefields of Northern France, the Champagne Region, the breath taking Alps, beautiful Tuscany and finally Rome, the eternal city.
In 1994 the Via Francigena was designated a Cultural Route by the Council of Europe and in 2004 it was designated a Major Cultural Route by the Council of Europe.
http://www.francigenaways.com
1. Sandrine Le Bail AP Art History
Romanesque Art
Western Europe
11th – 12th century
2. Objectives
• Explore the emergence of Romanesque
architecture – with its emphasis on the
aesthetic qualities of a sculptural wall – out of
early masonry construction technique.
• Investigate the integration of painting and
sculpture within the Romanesque building,
and consider the themes and subjects that
were emphasized.
3. Objectives
• Assess the cultural and social impact of
monasticism and pilgrimage on the design and
embellishment of church architecture.
• Explore the 11th and 12th centuries interest in
telling stories of human frailty and sanctity in
sculpture, textiles, and painting – stories that
were meant to appeal to the feelings as well
as to the minds of the viewers.
5. Historical Background
• End of the great migration
• Economic Growth
• Political stability
• Increase of the population
• Vikings Christianized (10th century): Normandy
/ Britain / Sicily
• Beginning of the reconquest of Spain by
Christians
9. Importance of the church
• Importance of the pope
• Monasteries – important economic and
intellectual centers
10. Age of pilgrimages
• Fear of Apocalypse in 1000
• Crusades (from 1095 to 15th century)
• Pilgrimages (Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago)
• Importance of Relics
• Last Judgment scenes popular
13. Consequence of pilgrimages
• Multiplication of the relics
• New important religious centers “building
boom”
• Massive flow of People – Need of a new kind
of architecture
• Flow of ideas around the continent
14. Characteristics of Romanesque
Architecture
• Revitalization of large scale architecture
(monumentality and solidity)
• Large apse
• Stone Roofs (fireproof)
In Italy – wood ceilings
• Thick walls
• Small Windows (dark interiors)
• Rib vaults
22. Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque takes its name from the Roman-like
barrel and groin vaults based on round
arches employed in many European churches
built between 1050 and 1200. Romanesque
vaults, however, are made of stone, not
concrete.
23. Romanesque Architecture
Numerous churches sprang up along the
pilgrimage roads leading to the shrine of Saint
James at Santiago de Campostela. These
churches were large enough to accommodate
crowds of pilgrims who came to view the relics
displayed in radiating chapels off the
ambulatory and transept.
53. Controversy in Burgundy: Citeaux vs
Cluny
Cluniacs:
Opulently
decorated
Cistercians:
Austere,
simple
Dignified
interiors
S. Bernard de
Clairvaux
54. Characteristics of Romanesque
Sculpture
• Revitalization of large scale sculpture
• Importance of the church portal sculpture
(Last Judgment)
• Flattened look / zigzagging drapery
• Importance of expression (bigger head and
hands)
• Hierarchy of scale
56. Romanesque sculpture
The Romanesque period brought the revival of
monumental stone relief sculpture in cloisters
and especially in church portals, where scenes
of Christ as last judge often greeted the faithful
as they entered the doorway to the road to
salvation.
57. The leading patrons of Romanesque sculpture
and painting were the monks of the Clusiac
order. In contrast, the, Cirstercians under the
leadership of Bernard de Clairvaux, condemned
figural art in churches and religious books.
68. Romanesque in Italy
The regional diversity of Romanesque art and
architecture is especially evident in Italy, where
the heritage of ancient Rome and Early
Christianity was strongest.
69. Romanesque in Italy
Romanesque churches in Pisa and Florence have
timber roofs in contrast to the vaulted interiors
of northern European buildings. The exterior
often feature marble paneling of different
colors. Churches campaniles were usually
freestanding, as were baptistery, which took the
form of independent central-plan building.
80. Norman and English architecture
Norman and English Romanesque architects
introduced new features to church design that
later greatly influenced French gothic
architecture. Saint Etienne at Caen and Durham
cathedral are the earliest examples of the use of
rib groin vaults over a three-story (arcade-tribune-
clerestory) nave. The Durham builders
also experimented with quadrant arches in the
tribune to buttress the nave vault.
89. Romanesque Painting
• Manuscripts and Mural painting
• Figures outlined in black and colored
• Rich colors
• Bi dimensional (flat)
• No reality (figures float)
• Importance of drapery for decoration (no
definition of the body)
• Importance of human figure
92. Bayeux Tapestry, c.1070-1080
• Embroidery
• Norman Invasion of England (1066)
• Commissioned by Bishop Odo, half brother of
William the Conqueror
• 230 feet / 70,10 m.
• 628 human figures
• 731 animals
• 376 boats
• 70 buildings and trees
98. The Bayeux Tapestry
After their conversion to Christianity in the early
10th century, the Vikings settled on the northern
coast of France. From there, Duke William of
Normandy crossed the channel and conquered
England in 1066.
The Bayeux Tapestry chronicles that war – a
unique example of contemporaneous historical
narrative art in the Middle Age.
99. Romanesque Art is a mixture of:
• Roman style
• Insular Style
• Byzantine Style
100. Romanesque Art is a mixture of:
• Roman style
• Insular Style
• Byzantine Style
101. Romanesque Art is a mixture of:
• Roman style – Roman-style architecture
without concrete
• Insular Style – Interlace and abstracts animals
• Byzantine Style – Emotional depictions of Bible
stories and the fairly realistic bodies under the
drapery
102. Questions
• Discuss what is meant by the term
“Romanesque” and distinguish some of the key
stylistic features associated with architecture in
this style.
• Discuss the sculpture that was integrated into the
exteriors of Romanesque churches. Why was it
there? Whom did it address? What were the
prominent messages? Make reference to at least
one church discussed in this chapter.
103. Questions
• What is a pilgrimage site? How did pilgrimage
sites function for medieval Christians? Ground
you answer in a discussion of Santiago de
Campostela, focusinf on secific features that
were geared towards pilgrims.
104. Question
• Analyze one example of Romanesque work of
art in this chapter that tells a story of human
frailty. Who was the intended audience? How
does it style relate to the intended moral
message?
Editor's Notes
“Roman like” (19th century)
Stylistic trends for than historical period
Heir of the Carolingian architecture
In the same time than Ottonian
Stone vault – Arch – Roman
First appeared in 1818
Muslim in the South
Magyar (hungary in the North)
Normandy – Vikings
William the Conqueror conquested Britain in 1066
Every country with strong region
Importance of the Church
More innovative area – France
11th century less invasion – everybody is Christian
12th century – Sicily becomes Normand
No centralized power
Allegiance
Lot of conflict but an equilibrium has been reached – Economic growth (in particular in Italy)
Symbiotic relationship between lords and peasants
The Pope is the only unifying authority.
Church owned lot of land
(In France 1/3)
Atone - expier
What is a relic?
Miraculous.
Santiago – Saint James
Less dangerous than Jerusalem and Rome
Attracted many French (// Charlemagne)
Along the road, may churches and abbeys, Hospice (lodging places) for the pilgrims
A year or more
Shrines on key point
Most wellknown because guide
Adaptation of Roman basilica
Many Romanesque churches use Barrel Vault or groin vault
Later building – Rib vault – taller and lighter
The concrete has been lost
Stone and mortar
The weight is load down to the walls onto the massive piers below
Higher – open larger window –
Fireproof
Weatherproof
Easy to maintain
Better acoustic
Fireproof
Waterproof
Excellent acoustic – gregorian musique
Church of the village
Massive
Ostentation
Ealiest example of pilgrimage church
On the tomb of S. Foy (3rd century martyrs)
Gold / gemstones on a wooden chore (85 cm)
Skull inside?
Power
Buttresses
Importance of ambulatory for crowds
Barrel vaults with vault to divided the space in bay
Massive piers with columns
Very nude – idea of the 19th century – back to a primitive faith
Lot of destruction
Tapestry and decoration
Around 1000 – fear of apocalypse – popular last judgement scene
Still colours
Tympanum _ Vision of the other world
Display biblical scenes over the doorway+More symbolic than realistic
You can understand even if you don’t know how to read
Mandorla
Right // Left
Just cloister, porch and lower part of the walls dates back from the 10th cent.
Archivolts
Rossette on the lintel
Christ larger than Conques
Frontal and imposing
24 elders focus their gaze on Christ
Elongated proprtion/ Big heads
Very stylized
Very stilized hairs and beard
Curles
Elongated figures to fit the trumeau
Diagonal feet // byzantine
Very long legs / shift of proportion
Enter the rght door and exit the left one
Jesus set within a mandorla surrounded by signs of the zodiac and seasonal activities – allegory of the time
Hierarchy of scale
Who Gilbertus? The scultor or the architect
Linear, twisting and writhing
Emacied
Weighing the soul // Egyptian
Influenced by classical tradition
No façade tower,
No westw orks
// Early Christian Basilicas
Pisa : republic – defeated the muslims – booty _ new cathedral
11-13th century
3 elements: tower, cathedral and baptisery
The transept can be used as a second church
Antiquity elements:
Columns / Arches
Arcades and blind arcades on the facese
Polychromy
// French portal
4 stories of freestanding columns – arcaded gallery
Double aisles in transept
Apses at the end of transpet
Wooden ceilng on the nave
Groin vault on the aisles
Flat wooden roof
Arches / corinthian and byzantine capital
Mosaic // byzantin
Elliptical Dome // islamic tradition
Crusade / trade in the mediteranee
Same arcades on the lower level than cathedral
Upper stories and dome later.
In Italy - bell tower divided from the Church
In Northern Europe, makes part of the church
6 stories od arcated galleries
Cylindrical leaning tower
Sense of unity of the entire complex
Inscription illustrates the pride the donors felt in havong such a significamt artist work for them.
Inspired by Early Christian sarcophagi
Domination of human figures / narrative breaks the frame
High relief
Spires – gothic
Exemple of Norman Architecture
Wanted by William the Conqueror
Façade:
3 vertical section – upwards thrust
3 horizontal section divided by stringcourses
!st vault – wood ceiling
Then rib vault
William de Calais, Durham bishop – Norman architecture
First use of rib vaults
Engish tradition : very long nace
Abstracts patterns on the piers derived from metalwork from Early Medieval art
Alternating rhythm of piers
Slighlty pointed arches foreshadows the Gothic
The Medieval Sixtine
Representation of the old testament
Borders / frame
Abel and Cain
People bigger than buiding
Legs are often crossed (dansing movement)
Big head and hands
Expressif
Elegant, curvilinear pattern
Drapery reaveled the body // Byzatine
Frontality / symmetry /
Flattened
Probably realized by women but designed by a man
Queen Mathilde
Norman Invasion of England
Stitching 8 colours of wool onto bleached linen
Made by women but designed by a man
Mabybe for the cathedral
Embrodery : a woven product in which the design is stitched into a premage fabric
Loom – metier à tisser
Flat
Schematic architecture
Fanciful beasts in upper and lower register
Inscription Fanciful beays in upper and lower register
Inscription on latein
Neutraò background
Flatness // no shadow
// Trajan’s column
on latein
Borders sometimes comment on the main scenes or show scenes of everyday life
Color used in a non-natural manner: different part of a horse are colored variously
Neutraò background
Flatness // no shadow
// Trajan’s column
Borders sometimes comment on the main scenes or show scenes of everyday life
Color used in a non-natural manner: different part of a horse are colored variously
